Lesson7
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The document discusses the division of constitutional rights into four categories: civil, political, economic, and social. It provides examples of the main rights that fall under each category, such as freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under civil rights, and paid holidays and unemployment insurance under economic rights. The document is a lesson on classifying and understanding different types of constitutional rights.
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The document provides a brief history of urban form from early settlements to modern times. It covers the key determinants and elements that shaped cities at different periods, including:
- Early settlements were shaped by natural features and trade routes, with organic growth structures.
- Medieval cities had defensive walls, marketplaces, and churches at their core.
- Renaissance and Baroque cities emphasized aesthetics, urban scenery, and aggrandizement of rulers through architectural projects.
- 19th century cities underwent grand renewals focused on hygiene, mobility, and speculation through plans like Haussmann's redesign of Paris.
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Image of the city
Kevyn introduced a concept of planning that was the base for understanding and visualising The Planning Aspects; important for the budding planners.
The presentation initiates the same understanding and invokes a means for better understanding of 'Planning'.
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Here are some key points that could be discussed:
- Hofstede's model provides a useful framework for analyzing and comparing cultural differences, but it also has limitations since cultures are complex and not fully defined by these dimensions.
- People's experiences and perspectives are shaped by their cultural background, so seeing issues through another cultural lens aided by models like Hofstede's can foster cross-cultural understanding.
- However, models also risk overgeneralizing or oversimplifying cultures. Individual experiences within a culture can vary widely.
- Overall, Hofstede's dimensions seem most helpful when used as a starting point for discussion rather than a definitive analysis, and with an understanding of both their benefits and limitations
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3. In the face of unusual things, some surprise is normal at first but we should not let ourselves be intimidated and openness of mind is important in our modern society.
Understanding Democracy
This document provides an introduction to democracy by summarizing its origins in ancient Athens and distinguishing it from modern democracy. It begins by explaining that democracy first emerged in ancient Greece as rule by the people through direct citizen participation. However, citizenship was limited to free male landowners. Modern democracy involves indirect rule through elected representatives and protects minority rights, unlike ancient democracies which sometimes formed tyrannies of the majority. It then outlines the key criteria for distinguishing democracies today, including free elections, civil liberties, and constitutional limits on government power. The document concludes by explaining democracy faces a universal tension between liberty and order that constitutions aim to balance.
Cultural and social diversity
In modern societies, there is more diversity among people in terms of their origins, physical appearances, languages spoken, religions practiced, and cuisines available. Societies have become less uniform over time as globalization has increased migration and cultural exchange. Modern societies encompass a variety of differences among individuals and communities.
Different cultures in coexistence
For thousands of years, traditional societies developed different cultures in isolation from one another. This led to hundreds of religions, thousands of languages and customs, as well as physical variations between populations. However, increased mobility due to industrialization has resulted in more mixed, complex and multicultural societies today. Under the laws of free countries, people of different origins and cultures can coexist peacefully.
Globalization and Interdependence
The document discusses globalization and interdependence. It notes that historically, humankind was divided into thousands of small isolated communities, but that modern communication and transportation have reduced physical distances between societies. Today, traveling long distances and communicating in real time with people thousands of kilometers away is easily feasible. The internet also allows the sharing of information globally. As economic systems become more interlinked, knowledge of multiple languages is important for finding jobs. Nowadays, all societies are increasingly interconnected through economic and social ties, and humanity is evolving into a single global community. This phenomenon is referred to as globalization.
The Fight against Poverty
This document discusses strategies for fighting poverty. It states that traditional means of production like agriculture are not enough to support large populations or allow for a high standard of living. For this reason, societies without developed industry tend to be poor. It suggests that poorer societies can become richer by applying modern industrial techniques, establishing trade with developed nations, educating citizens for industry, allowing immigration, lowering tariffs, investing locally, and relocating industry. However, humanitarian aid and relief efforts do not create wealth in the same way as economic development. The document stresses distinguishing economic development measures from humanitarian assistance.
Conflicts in our world
The document discusses conflicts around the world. It notes that only a few societies live peacefully as democracies where differences are solved through rational discussion. Many other societies have tyrannical governments that mistreat citizens and do not allow liberty or participation in government without fear. Additionally, countries engage in war due to nationalism or religious fanaticism and terrorists kill thousands worldwide.
The Protection of Human Rights
1. One of the most effective ways to protect human rights is to make laws to enforce them, as democratic states ordinarily respect human rights through checks and controls.
2. As rights are protected by law, violations can be denounced to judges and exposed publicly to enlist public opinion for preservation.
3. To make the protection of human rights possible, a government and society that believe in human rights are needed - that is, a democratic state, as human rights violations are less common and flagrant in democracies than dictatorships.
Executive Power
The document defines and explains the concept of executive power. It states that the executive power is the state organization responsible for applying and enforcing laws, and is commonly called the government. The government's role is to make and apply rules/laws to allow society to work and live together in an organized manner. In democratic states, citizens elect representatives to make laws and form the government which applies them.
NGOs and Civil Society
The document discusses Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and their role in civil society. It states that NGOs arise to help solve social problems left unaddressed by governments, such as aiding disabled people and feeding the hungry. NGOs are generally supported by volunteers who donate their time and money. They work on issues within countries and also provide aid to developing nations.
Civil Protection
1. The document discusses civil protection, which is the state system for protecting citizens from natural and man-made disasters. Natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, while man-made disasters are terrorist attacks, traffic accidents, and industrial accidents.
2. Civil protection coordinates emergency responders like police, firefighters, and medical teams to minimize the impact of disasters on the population. It is funded by taxpayer money and managed by civil servants overseen by elected politicians.
3. The purpose of civil protection is to provide assistance to citizens when disasters strike and ensure the state is adequately preparing emergency response services.
Separation of powers
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers. It explains that there are three main powers in a state - the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The legislative power makes laws, the executive power enforces laws, and the judicial power punishes those who break laws. For a state to have separation of powers, each of these powers must be independent and able to act as a check on the others without any one power controlling the others.
The Family in the Constitution
The document discusses the family and its role in society. It states that (1) humans are social beings that live together in groups called societies, (2) the family is the smallest social unit and children deserve family protection, and (3) a family is composed of people related by biology or legal bonds.
Taxes
The document discusses taxes and why they are necessary. It states that if citizens want free public services, they must pay for them through taxes. It also notes that while no one enjoys paying taxes, they are needed to fund services and it is citizens who elect government officials to manage tax revenue. The document stresses that citizens should work to expose any cases of corruption in tax collection or public spending.
Lesson 35
The document discusses public health systems and retirement pensions. It explains that governments establish public health systems to help cover healthcare costs when people are ill, and pension systems to cover living expenses when they retire. It notes that as people age and can no longer work, their need for money does not cease. The government aims to improve management of these systems and considers different methods, and citizens should evaluate options and vote for the most efficient party.
The Welfare State
The document discusses the welfare state. It explains that in a free market system, people work and are paid money to buy goods and services. However, some cannot earn enough, so the state provides affordable services through taxes. Taxes force people to give some money to the state, which then pays for highways, schools, hospitals, and universities for all citizens. This system is called the welfare state. There is debate around whether the poor truly benefit and if the system is well designed to achieve its goals.
Common Goods and Public Services
This document discusses common goods and public services. It states that in society we have many facilities and services that we can use for free, such as roads, libraries, hospitals and schools, which are provided and managed by the government. It explains that citizens pay for these services through taxes. It emphasizes that in order to maintain these public services, citizens must pay taxes and elect a government that can manage them efficiently. Every four years citizens must evaluate the government's management of public services and elect a new party if the current one is not performing adequately.
Rule of Law
The document defines the rule of law as the condition where the government obeys the laws of the state. It explains that under the rule of law, rulers cannot do whatever they want and must check that their actions are allowed by law. It states that the rule of law is applied in all democratic states and that democracy requires the government's obedience to law. The document ends by listing questions for exercises about the importance of laws, freedom, democracy and the rule of law.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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- 1. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro enavarro@edu.xunta.es 13 de octubre de 2014 Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 1 / 11
- 2. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 1. Our constitutional rights can be divided into civil, political, economical and social. We are going to mention the main ones. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 2 / 11
- 3. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 1. Our constitutional rights can be divided into civil, political, economical and social. We are going to mention the main ones. 1. Nuestros derechos constitucionales pueden dividirse en civiles, polticos, economicos y sociales. Vamos a mencionar los principales. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 2 / 11
- 4. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 2. Civil rights are freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom of assembly, freedom of press, and freedom of conscience. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 3 / 11
- 5. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 2. Los derechos civiles son libertad de expresion, libertad de asociacion, libertad de reunion, libertad de prensa, y libertad de conciencia. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 4 / 11
- 6. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 3. Political rights are freedom to elect political representatives and freedom to be elected as political representatives. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 5 / 11
- 7. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 3. Los derechos polticos son libertad de elegir representantes polticos y libertad de ser elegido como representante poltico. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 6 / 11
- 8. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 4. Economical rights are paid holidays, health insurance, and unemployment insurance. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 7 / 11
- 9. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 4. Los derechos economicos son vacaciones pagadas, seguro sanitario, y seguro de desempleo. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 8 / 11
- 10. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 5. Social rights are right to privacy, right to intellectual property, etc. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 9 / 11
- 11. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights 5. Los derechos sociales son derecho a la privacidad, derecho a la propiedad intelectual, etc. Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 10 / 11
- 12. Civil, political, economical and social rights Emilio Navarro Lesson 7 Civil, political, economical and social rights Exercises What is a right? Why do we have rights? What does civic mean? Who is a citizen? What does political mean? What is a state? What does economical mean? What is the free market economy? What does social mean? What is a society? Emilio Navarro Civil, political, economical and social rights 13 de octubre de 2014 11 / 11