Separation of powers
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The document discusses the concept of separation of powers. It explains that there are three main powers in a state - the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The legislative power makes laws, the executive power enforces laws, and the judicial power punishes those who break laws. For a state to have separation of powers, each of these powers must be independent and able to act as a check on the others without any one power controlling the others.
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Violation of the doctrine of separation of powers and accountability of the j...
The constitution regulates the structures and functions of the principle organs of the Government. It also regulates relationship between the institutions of the government by setting out balance of power among them. Separation of power is a means to balance the power among these three branches of government. The three branches are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
Government give separate powers to all the three branches but at some point the separation of power by government is violated because it is the need of situation. For example; during the time of some internal aggression or attack by any other country state or national emergency has to be applied among the state or country. This also includes the violation of power because during emergency president rule applied on the state or country, state government cannot rule during the emergency. But, in this situation the violation has not been done intentionally therefore this is not called the violation of Doctrine of separation of power. This can be measured by the Check and Balance theory.
The modern design of the doctrine of separation of powers is to be found in the constitutional theory of John Locke (1632-1704).He wrote in his second treaties of Civil Government as follows: “It may be too great a temptation for the humane frailty, apt to grasp at powers, for the same persons who have power of making laws, to have also in their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from the law, both in its making and execution to their own private advantage” .
Any act done by Executive, Legislative or Judiciary cannot violate the Doctrine of separation of power because on each of these branches there are other two branches to check their acts and decisions given by them. Every branch has to give explanation about their each and every act and decision. Any wrong, unconstitutional or null and void decision taken by them can cause the impeachment order or arbitrary action against them.
This paper talks about the Doctrine of Separation of powers, Definition of Separation of Power, from where this doctrine has been adopted, violation of doctrine of separation of power, steps taken by government to control the violation of Doctrine of SOP . It also discuss the articles under which all the three branches of the government have their separate power. Role of all the three branches of government, relationship between Doctrine of SOP and Judicial Accountability. This paper will also discuss the relationship among all three branches of the Government and accountability of judiciary.
Key words: - Doctrine of SOP, Relationship between Branches of Government (Executive, legislative and Judiciary), Article 53, 245, 246 and other related, Check and balance theory, Accountability of Judiciary.
Theory on principle of separation of powers
The document discusses the theory of separation of powers and checks and balances. It outlines Montesquieu's formulation of separation of powers, with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches being separate and checking each other. While India's system does not strictly separate powers, it aims to separate functions as much as possible under a parliamentary system that requires cooperation between branches. Separation of powers is a guiding principle that is implemented to varying degrees based on different governmental systems.
What is separation of powers and how is it ineffective in Pakistan?
THEORY ON PRINCIPLES OF SEPARATION OF POWERS AND THE CONCEPT OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
Its IMPORTANCE, CRITICISM, Clear Distinctions, Role of Legislature, Role of Executive, NAB
Parliament, FIR, Police, Army, Role of Judiciary
Separation of Powers And our Constitution
Judiciary in Contradiction to concept of separation of powers
Powerful beaurucrac hy and Army Intervention, Legislative process and powerful executive in hurdle of applying concept of separation of powers
Policy Recommendation
Conclusion
System of Check and Balances is the balanced system overall.
Separation Of Powers
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention divided power between the national and state governments, and also separated the national government into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This created a system of separation of powers. To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, the founders established a system of checks and balances, allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others. For example, Congress checks the president through the power to override a veto or impeach, while the president checks Congress through the veto power and ability to call special sessions. This system aimed to prevent tyranny and protect individual liberties.
SOP presentation
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers in India. It defines separation of powers as a system where the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government are divided into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. While India does not strictly adhere to separation of powers, the Constitution includes several provisions that demonstrate the existence of the doctrine, such as vesting executive power in the President and vesting lawmaking power in Parliament. The judiciary has also affirmed separation of powers as part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
The relationship between the separation of powers
The document discusses the relationship between the separation of powers, rule of law, and parliamentary sovereignty in the British constitution. It outlines how the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are meant to be separated but checks on one another. While parliament has sovereignty, in practice the executive holds influence through party control of parliament. The rule of law requires all are equal before the law. However, recent developments like human rights laws and EU regulations have limited parliament's historic supremacy.
CHECKS AND BALANCES
The document discusses the concepts of checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism in the US government. It explains that checks and balances prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful by giving each branch some control over the others. For example, if the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds vote. Separation of powers divides power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Federalism shares power between national and state governments across three levels: federal, state, and local.
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of Power
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
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Violation of the doctrine of separation of powers and accountability of the j...
The constitution regulates the structures and functions of the principle organs of the Government. It also regulates relationship between the institutions of the government by setting out balance of power among them. Separation of power is a means to balance the power among these three branches of government. The three branches are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
Government give separate powers to all the three branches but at some point the separation of power by government is violated because it is the need of situation. For example; during the time of some internal aggression or attack by any other country state or national emergency has to be applied among the state or country. This also includes the violation of power because during emergency president rule applied on the state or country, state government cannot rule during the emergency. But, in this situation the violation has not been done intentionally therefore this is not called the violation of Doctrine of separation of power. This can be measured by the Check and Balance theory.
The modern design of the doctrine of separation of powers is to be found in the constitutional theory of John Locke (1632-1704).He wrote in his second treaties of Civil Government as follows: “It may be too great a temptation for the humane frailty, apt to grasp at powers, for the same persons who have power of making laws, to have also in their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from the law, both in its making and execution to their own private advantage” .
Any act done by Executive, Legislative or Judiciary cannot violate the Doctrine of separation of power because on each of these branches there are other two branches to check their acts and decisions given by them. Every branch has to give explanation about their each and every act and decision. Any wrong, unconstitutional or null and void decision taken by them can cause the impeachment order or arbitrary action against them.
This paper talks about the Doctrine of Separation of powers, Definition of Separation of Power, from where this doctrine has been adopted, violation of doctrine of separation of power, steps taken by government to control the violation of Doctrine of SOP . It also discuss the articles under which all the three branches of the government have their separate power. Role of all the three branches of government, relationship between Doctrine of SOP and Judicial Accountability. This paper will also discuss the relationship among all three branches of the Government and accountability of judiciary.
Key words: - Doctrine of SOP, Relationship between Branches of Government (Executive, legislative and Judiciary), Article 53, 245, 246 and other related, Check and balance theory, Accountability of Judiciary.
Theory on principle of separation of powers
The document discusses the theory of separation of powers and checks and balances. It outlines Montesquieu's formulation of separation of powers, with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches being separate and checking each other. While India's system does not strictly separate powers, it aims to separate functions as much as possible under a parliamentary system that requires cooperation between branches. Separation of powers is a guiding principle that is implemented to varying degrees based on different governmental systems.
What is separation of powers and how is it ineffective in Pakistan?
THEORY ON PRINCIPLES OF SEPARATION OF POWERS AND THE CONCEPT OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
Its IMPORTANCE, CRITICISM, Clear Distinctions, Role of Legislature, Role of Executive, NAB
Parliament, FIR, Police, Army, Role of Judiciary
Separation of Powers And our Constitution
Judiciary in Contradiction to concept of separation of powers
Powerful beaurucrac hy and Army Intervention, Legislative process and powerful executive in hurdle of applying concept of separation of powers
Policy Recommendation
Conclusion
System of Check and Balances is the balanced system overall.
Separation Of Powers
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention divided power between the national and state governments, and also separated the national government into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This created a system of separation of powers. To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, the founders established a system of checks and balances, allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others. For example, Congress checks the president through the power to override a veto or impeach, while the president checks Congress through the veto power and ability to call special sessions. This system aimed to prevent tyranny and protect individual liberties.
SOP presentation
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers in India. It defines separation of powers as a system where the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government are divided into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. While India does not strictly adhere to separation of powers, the Constitution includes several provisions that demonstrate the existence of the doctrine, such as vesting executive power in the President and vesting lawmaking power in Parliament. The judiciary has also affirmed separation of powers as part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
The relationship between the separation of powers
The document discusses the relationship between the separation of powers, rule of law, and parliamentary sovereignty in the British constitution. It outlines how the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are meant to be separated but checks on one another. While parliament has sovereignty, in practice the executive holds influence through party control of parliament. The rule of law requires all are equal before the law. However, recent developments like human rights laws and EU regulations have limited parliament's historic supremacy.
CHECKS AND BALANCES
The document discusses the concepts of checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism in the US government. It explains that checks and balances prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful by giving each branch some control over the others. For example, if the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds vote. Separation of powers divides power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Federalism shares power between national and state governments across three levels: federal, state, and local.
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of Power
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
Separation of Power
The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
Separation of power
There are 3 organs such as Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. If they play their role without any interpretation then it may call seperation of Power.
Separation of powers
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes dividing the sovereign power of a state among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This was intended to prevent tyranny and protect liberty. He argued each branch should have distinct and independent powers to check the others. While complete separation is impossible, the theory emphasizes limiting concentration of power. It influenced government designs like the US Constitution's system of checks and balances among the three branches.
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The document discusses the federal system of government in Malaysia. It describes how Malaysia has a federal constitution and 13 state constitutions, with power shared between federal and state governments. The federal government comprises the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The monarch is the head of state. Each state has its own legislative assembly and chief minister. Separation of powers exists between the different branches of government at both the federal and state levels.
Week 3, montesquieu's separation of power
Montesquieu established the idea of separation of powers in his work The Spirit of Laws published in 1748. He argued that governmental power should be divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power. This introduced the concept of trias politica, or separation of powers, which later inspired constitutions like the United States Constitution. The legislative branch enacts laws, the executive branch implements and administers policy, and the judicial branch interprets laws and settles legal disputes.
Separation of powers
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers, which divides government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that each act as a check on the others' power. It originated from ancient Greek and Roman ideas of dividing government and was later described by Montesquieu. The founders implemented separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent tyranny and protect minority interests. Critics argue the system does not always function as intended in practice due to imbalances in power between branches and partisan gridlock preventing compromise.
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The U.S. Constitution established a system of separation of powers among the three branches of government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The framers derived this idea from Montesquieu and gave Congress lawmaking power, the president law enforcement power, and the judiciary law interpretation power. However, the framers also created a system of checks and balances where each branch has some control over the others to prevent abuse of power, such as Congress passing laws but the president can veto, and the president making treaties but the Senate must approve.
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Doctrine of separation of power
This document discusses the doctrine of separation of powers in the Philippines. It begins with a brief history of the concept dating back to Aristotle and mentions its inclusion in modern constitutions. The doctrine divides government power into three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is supreme in its own sphere but has checks on its power by the other branches. The purpose is to prevent monopoly of power and despotism. In the Philippines, the executive branch is headed by the president and enforces laws. The legislative branch is Congress, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives.
separation of powers
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes that a government's power be divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This prevents any one branch from holding absolute power. In his writings, Montesquieu argued the executive and legislative powers should be separate to protect liberty. Checks and balances allow each branch to limit the others' power. Bangladesh follows this model with Parliament (legislative), the Prime Minister and Cabinet (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). However, complete separation is difficult and some criticize that it can hinder efficient administration.
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This document discusses the structure and functions of the government. It explains that a government has three branches: the legislature, executive, and judiciary. The legislature creates laws, the executive implements laws and policies, and the judiciary interprets laws and settles disputes. Specifically, the legislature's roles are to make laws, oversee the executive, manage finances, elect leaders in some countries, and amend the constitution. The executive's roles are administrative, military, diplomatic, and legal functions. The judiciary's roles are to provide justice, protect citizen rights and the constitution, and invalidate unconstitutional laws.
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The document discusses several principles of the US Constitution including separation of powers, checks and balances, and the roles of the three branches of government. It explains that separation of powers divides the government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, giving each separate powers. Checks and balances allows each branch to limit the powers of the other branches to prevent any one from becoming too powerful.
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The principle of Separation of Powers
History and time has shown to human kind that concentrating too much power in the hands to a person further more when this people abuse and are not the ones the power should be concentrated to. History has shown that mankind has been a victim, millions of people died because of the overuse of the political power over passing the amount of power they should have. The case of Hitler, Enver Hoxha, Stalin and other dictators shows that the world should have an order of separation of powers.
The separation of powers is a very important element of judiciary functioning worldwide. In different countries and political systems the separation of powers is done in different ways and different structures. This essay tends to give information about the functioning of the separation of powers in different places.
First of all the essay will give some information about what the separation of powers mean, it will show a short history and the juridical impact of this separation.
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The document discusses the theory of separation of powers. It begins by defining separation of powers as dividing political powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power and encourages cooperation in policymaking.
It then covers the origins and purposes of separation of powers. John Locke and Montesquieu introduced the concept, arguing it was needed to avoid violence, cruelty, and despotism that can result from centralized power. The key purposes are to control and balance power between branches and abolish centralized power.
The document also examines implementations of separation of powers in different countries. The US system closely follows the theory with distinct congressional, executive, and judicial branches. Malaysia and the
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- People learn what they want to learn, not always what others try to teach them. This is illustrated through an anecdote about a dog learning from its owner's behavior, rather than the owner's intended lesson.
- Learning is an active process that requires participation like asking questions or practicing. Passive listening is not enough for learning to occur.
- Whenever we learn, we change and incorporate something new, which can be scary since it threatens our identity. However, seeking unfamiliar experiences through international learning provides more opportunities to learn from diverse others.
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The document discusses separation of powers in Malaysia. It explains that while Malaysia does not have absolute separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, it does apply a system of checks and balances. There is some overlap in membership and functions between the executive and legislative branches, with the monarch holding positions in both. However, checks like requiring the monarch to act on cabinet advice help prevent abuse of power. The legislative and judicial branches generally do not overlap, but both can influence the other's functions. Overall, Malaysia takes a liberal approach to separation of powers while still maintaining checks and balances between the branches.
Separation of power
There are 3 organs such as Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. If they play their role without any interpretation then it may call seperation of Power.
Separation of powers
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes dividing the sovereign power of a state among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This was intended to prevent tyranny and protect liberty. He argued each branch should have distinct and independent powers to check the others. While complete separation is impossible, the theory emphasizes limiting concentration of power. It influenced government designs like the US Constitution's system of checks and balances among the three branches.
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Week 3, montesquieu's separation of power
Montesquieu established the idea of separation of powers in his work The Spirit of Laws published in 1748. He argued that governmental power should be divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent the concentration of power. This introduced the concept of trias politica, or separation of powers, which later inspired constitutions like the United States Constitution. The legislative branch enacts laws, the executive branch implements and administers policy, and the judicial branch interprets laws and settles legal disputes.
Separation of powers
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers, which divides government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that each act as a check on the others' power. It originated from ancient Greek and Roman ideas of dividing government and was later described by Montesquieu. The founders implemented separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent tyranny and protect minority interests. Critics argue the system does not always function as intended in practice due to imbalances in power between branches and partisan gridlock preventing compromise.
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The U.S. Constitution established a system of separation of powers among the three branches of government - the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The framers derived this idea from Montesquieu and gave Congress lawmaking power, the president law enforcement power, and the judiciary law interpretation power. However, the framers also created a system of checks and balances where each branch has some control over the others to prevent abuse of power, such as Congress passing laws but the president can veto, and the president making treaties but the Senate must approve.
Administrative law
This document discusses administrative law and delegated legislation. It defines administrative law and outlines its key aspects, including the powers of administrative authorities, limits on those powers, required procedures, and judicial oversight. It then explains reasons for the growth of administrative law and delegated legislation, such as the expanding role of the state, inadequate judicial and legislative systems, and the need for flexibility and experimentation. It also summarizes principles of administrative law like natural justice, permissible vs. impermissible delegations of power, and conditional legislation.
Doctrine of separation of power
This document discusses the doctrine of separation of powers in the Philippines. It begins with a brief history of the concept dating back to Aristotle and mentions its inclusion in modern constitutions. The doctrine divides government power into three branches - executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is supreme in its own sphere but has checks on its power by the other branches. The purpose is to prevent monopoly of power and despotism. In the Philippines, the executive branch is headed by the president and enforces laws. The legislative branch is Congress, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives.
separation of powers
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes that a government's power be divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This prevents any one branch from holding absolute power. In his writings, Montesquieu argued the executive and legislative powers should be separate to protect liberty. Checks and balances allow each branch to limit the others' power. Bangladesh follows this model with Parliament (legislative), the Prime Minister and Cabinet (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). However, complete separation is difficult and some criticize that it can hinder efficient administration.
The government surya raj
This document discusses the structure and functions of the government. It explains that a government has three branches: the legislature, executive, and judiciary. The legislature creates laws, the executive implements laws and policies, and the judiciary interprets laws and settles disputes. Specifically, the legislature's roles are to make laws, oversee the executive, manage finances, elect leaders in some countries, and amend the constitution. The executive's roles are administrative, military, diplomatic, and legal functions. The judiciary's roles are to provide justice, protect citizen rights and the constitution, and invalidate unconstitutional laws.
Administrative law @ Dal Candra
This document provides an overview of the course "Administrative Law" taught by Dal Chandra. It is divided into 6 modules that cover: 1) Introduction to administrative law 2) Delegated legislation 3) Administrative tribunals and natural justice 4) Judicial review of administrative action 5) Administrative discretion and redress of grievances 6) Government liability. The introduction defines administrative law and traces its origins and evolution in India from ancient times to the modern welfare state. It explains the expanded role and powers of public administration that necessitated the growth of this legal field.
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The document discusses the many meanings and interpretations of the rule of law concept historically and across different legal and political systems. It outlines the emergence of rule of law from ancient Greek doctrines of rule by man to its modern conception distinct from rule by an absolute ruler. Formal theories developed by Dicey are criticized for being too narrow. Rule of law is linked to but not determined by democratic institutions and can be abused without protections for minorities. East Asian interpretations emphasize rule by law under the political leadership rather than individual rights. Ongoing debates examine relationships between legal orders and political realities.
Administrative law 2nd lecture
In this ppt we discuss the basic of administrative law with separation of power. It will helpful for those students who are preparing for law entrance examination. It will be also helpful for those students who are Pursuing LLB or LLM.
Committees & quasi judiciary
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Separation of powers_and_checks_and_balances judicial branch 2017
The document discusses several principles of the US Constitution including separation of powers, checks and balances, and the roles of the three branches of government. It explains that separation of powers divides the government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, giving each separate powers. Checks and balances allows each branch to limit the powers of the other branches to prevent any one from becoming too powerful.
seperation of powers
The document discusses the separation of powers as it relates to Commonwealth Caribbean countries. It outlines that there are three arms of government - the executive, legislature, and judiciary - with the executive formulating policy, the legislature making laws, and the judiciary adjudicating disputes. The concept of separation of powers originated with Aristotle and was later expanded on by Montesquieu, who argued the powers must be separated to prevent arbitrary rule and tyranny. While the UK model has near-complete fusion of the executive and legislature, Commonwealth Caribbean countries aim to maintain independence between the branches through checks and balances.
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The document discusses the three branches of power in Nepal - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch makes laws through the Constituent Assembly. The executive branch is headed by a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, and interprets laws and hears civil and criminal cases. Each branch has separate powers and provides checks and balances on the other branches under Nepal's system of governance.
The principle of Separation of Powers
History and time has shown to human kind that concentrating too much power in the hands to a person further more when this people abuse and are not the ones the power should be concentrated to. History has shown that mankind has been a victim, millions of people died because of the overuse of the political power over passing the amount of power they should have. The case of Hitler, Enver Hoxha, Stalin and other dictators shows that the world should have an order of separation of powers.
The separation of powers is a very important element of judiciary functioning worldwide. In different countries and political systems the separation of powers is done in different ways and different structures. This essay tends to give information about the functioning of the separation of powers in different places.
First of all the essay will give some information about what the separation of powers mean, it will show a short history and the juridical impact of this separation.
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The document discusses the theory of separation of powers. It begins by defining separation of powers as dividing political powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power and encourages cooperation in policymaking.
It then covers the origins and purposes of separation of powers. John Locke and Montesquieu introduced the concept, arguing it was needed to avoid violence, cruelty, and despotism that can result from centralized power. The key purposes are to control and balance power between branches and abolish centralized power.
The document also examines implementations of separation of powers in different countries. The US system closely follows the theory with distinct congressional, executive, and judicial branches. Malaysia and the
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- Learning is an active process that requires participation like asking questions or practicing. Passive listening is not enough for learning to occur.
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The document discusses Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and their role in civil society. It states that NGOs arise to help solve social problems left unaddressed by governments, such as aiding disabled people and feeding the hungry. NGOs are generally supported by volunteers who donate their time and money. They work on issues within countries and also provide aid to developing nations.
Right
Este documento define los derechos humanos como algo que merecemos solo por ser humanos. Explica que los derechos humanos son las características de una vida humana digna y que pueden ser civiles, políticos o socioeconómicos. Los derechos civiles se relacionan con la libertad individual y la preservación de la vida y la propiedad, los derechos políticos con la participación en el estado, y los derechos socioeconómicos con la igualdad económica y social.
Weekly news 2
The document provides updates on various companies and business news from 30 August to 5 September 2010. It discusses HTC moving to establish its own brand as it competes with the iPhone. It also mentions Maruti Suzuki building a new auto plant in India to produce 250,000 vehicles annually. Rishad Premji is appointed as the new chief strategy officer of Wipro. Ratan Tata is looking forward to retirement and the freedom it brings after leading the Tata group for many years. Britannia develops fortified energy snacks for anemic children through government schemes in India.
Lesson 35
The document discusses public health systems and retirement pensions. It explains that governments establish public health systems to help cover healthcare costs when people are ill, and pension systems to cover living expenses when they retire. It notes that as people age and can no longer work, their need for money does not cease. The government aims to improve management of these systems and considers different methods, and citizens should evaluate options and vote for the most efficient party.
The Family in the Constitution
The document discusses the family and its role in society. It states that (1) humans are social beings that live together in groups called societies, (2) the family is the smallest social unit and children deserve family protection, and (3) a family is composed of people related by biology or legal bonds.
Democracy and Diversity
This document discusses democracy and diversity. It makes three key points:
1. The varied diversity of our society is protected by the freedoms we enjoy under our laws.
2. We should not fear differences among people as what is considered traditional is unknown to many and newcomers bring new ways of living.
3. In the face of unusual things, some surprise is normal at first but we should not let ourselves be intimidated and openness of mind is important in our modern society.
Conflicts in our world
The document discusses conflicts around the world. It notes that only a few societies live peacefully as democracies where differences are solved through rational discussion. Many other societies have tyrannical governments that mistreat citizens and do not allow liberty or participation in government without fear. Additionally, countries engage in war due to nationalism or religious fanaticism and terrorists kill thousands worldwide.
The Spanish Parliament
The Spanish Parliament is composed of political representatives elected by universal, free and secret vote. It has two chambers: the Congress of Deputies, which elects the president of the government, and the Senate, which revises laws before promulgation. Spanish citizens over 18 can vote to elect representatives and senators and can also stand for election themselves.
Different cultures in coexistence
For thousands of years, traditional societies developed different cultures in isolation from one another. This led to hundreds of religions, thousands of languages and customs, as well as physical variations between populations. However, increased mobility due to industrialization has resulted in more mixed, complex and multicultural societies today. Under the laws of free countries, people of different origins and cultures can coexist peacefully.
Session 2 dealing with customers
Understanding customer attitudes is key to increasing sales. To do so, one must understand different types of customers, find potential customers through various means, research customers to identify their needs, and communicate effectively with empathy, research, and clear responses. Providing good customer service also means maintaining contact, dealing with complaints, and responding to inquiries, while ensuring customer satisfaction through meeting needs, keeping commitments, and providing excellent after-sale service.
The Elections
The document discusses free elections in democratic countries. It states that in democracies, governments and parliaments are elected by citizens through free elections where every citizen can run for office or vote. It also notes that elections are multi-party, votes are secret, and no one can be forced to vote against their will.
The Welfare State
The document discusses the welfare state. It explains that in a free market system, people work and are paid money to buy goods and services. However, some cannot earn enough, so the state provides affordable services through taxes. Taxes force people to give some money to the state, which then pays for highways, schools, hospitals, and universities for all citizens. This system is called the welfare state. There is debate around whether the poor truly benefit and if the system is well designed to achieve its goals.
Development of Non-Violent Attitudes
The document discusses the development of non-violent attitudes. It states that while people are social, they are also individuals with different interests and wills. It notes that conflicts with others are normal but should be resolved through understanding different perspectives, negotiation, and compromise rather than violence. If an agreement cannot be reached, courts can decide the outcome in accordance with law. A civilized society avoids violence to attain peace and liberty.
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Dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an oppressive state where power is held by a single individual or group that has gained control through violence without citizens' consent. In dictatorships, citizens' rights are not respected and people can be imprisoned or killed by the state. Dictatorships are considered bad forms of government because they harm citizens and do not respect individual rights or economic freedom, resulting in poorer societies and lower standards of living compared to democratic systems of government.
Gov't distribute power citizen participation parliamentary and presidential
This document provides information about different forms of government and how they distribute power. It discusses federal, unitary, and confederation systems. A federal system divides power between a central authority and regional authorities. In a unitary system, power is held by one central authority. A confederation involves independent states banding together but retaining considerable independence, with regional authorities holding most power. Examples of each type are provided.
Principles of dem edited 2011
The document discusses the seven key principles of democracy in the United States as outlined in the US Constitution:
1) Popular sovereignty - Political power rests with the people who can create, alter and abolish their government.
2) Limited government - The government is restricted to only the powers granted in the Constitution.
3) Federalism - Power is distributed between the national, state and local governments.
4) Republicanism - The people vote for representatives to make laws on their behalf.
5) Separation of powers - Each branch of government has distinct powers to prevent abuse of power.
6) Checks and balances - Each branch oversees the others to prevent overreach and keep things balanced
Government systems
1) A unitary government concentrates power in the central government, which assigns powers and duties to smaller regional governments.
2) Examples of countries with unitary governments include the UK, France, Cuba, and Bolivia.
3) A confederation government distributes power among member states, but the central government has weak enforcement powers and requires high consensus for decisions.
Pakistan political system
The document discusses different forms of government. It defines a unitary state as having centralized power in a central government, while a federation shares power between a central government and states or provinces. A confederation is a loose organization of states that can choose to follow or not follow a weak central government. The key forms of government discussed are democracy, authoritarianism, the parliamentary system, and the presidential system. Democracy gives power to the people through voting, while authoritarianism concentrates power in a leader or elite group without free elections. The parliamentary system intertwines the executive and legislative branches, with the prime minister accountable to parliament. The presidential system separates powers, with the president as both head of state and head of government.
Power
The document defines power as the control of a state. A state is a social organization that imposes laws within a territory. It states that power needs to be limited and controlled, as it sometimes involves violence and can damage people. The government has power in society, and people elect the government through voting.
Constitution of the United States of America
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the US Constitution, including:
- The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and establishes how the government works and protects civil rights.
- It outlines the seven articles that make up the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and relations among states. It also establishes the amendment process.
- The six basic principles of the Constitution are popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism.
- The first ten amendments are the Bill of Rights, which protect civil liberties like freedom of religion, speech, press, right to bear arms, due process, and rights in criminal proceedings.
Oppression
This document defines and explains the concept of oppression over several sections. It states that oppression is violence against our rights, and that the absence of freedom and justice can both be considered forms of oppression. It further explains that in some societies, the state does not help and even takes advantage of the people, and that these societies characterized by dictatorships or tyrannies are considered to be in a state of oppression.
Theory of Seperation of Powers
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the concept of separation of powers. It notes that while the idea was first suggested by Aristotle, ancient Greece did not follow this distinction and powers were often exercised by the same person. The document outlines key thinkers like Polybius, Cicero, John Locke, and Montesquieu who further developed the concept. It states that Montesquieu is considered the father of the doctrine of separation of powers and his work influenced the US Constitution and French Revolution. However, the document also discusses criticisms of the theory, noting that absolute separation is not possible and modern democratic governments practice some degree of overlap and cooperation between branches.
Governments How do they distribute power 2011-12
There are three main types of government systems that distribute power differently: unitary, confederation, and federal. In a unitary system, a central government assigns power and duties to smaller local governments. Countries like the UK, France, Cuba, and Bolivia have unitary systems. Confederation systems distribute power among member governments, but the central government has weak enforcement powers and requires high agreement for decisions. Federal systems divide power between a central national government and state/provincial governments, with a constitution outlining each level's rights and responsibilities.
State and its elements
The document defines the key elements of the state as population, territory, government, and sovereignty. It distinguishes the state from society, nation, and government. The state is defined as a permanent political organization that exists independently within a fixed territory and exercises sovereignty, while government refers specifically to the ruling administration through which the state functions. Society predates the state and is broader than the state, while nation refers more to a cultural or ethnic identity than a legal-political entity. The branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - are also summarized, along with some of their core powers and functions.
Major Principles of the Constitution
The document outlines the 7 major principles of the US Constitution: popular sovereignty, republicanism, limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights. Popular sovereignty means the authority of the people to govern themselves. Republicanism refers to a representative government where voters elect representatives. Limited government means the Constitution outlines specific powers of each branch to prevent misuse of power. Federalism allows states to govern themselves on certain issues while the national government handles issues concerning all Americans. Separation of powers splits the government into three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial - to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. Checks and balances allows each branch to limit the power of the other branches. Individual rights protects the
Chapter 04 presentation on powers
1. Federalism divides power between the national and state governments, with certain powers delegated to each.
2. The national government has expressed, implied, and inherent powers outlined in the Constitution, while states have reserved powers not granted to the national government.
3. Some powers, like taxation, are concurrent between the two levels, while others, like treaty-making, are exclusive to the national government.
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Gov't distribute power citizen participation parliamentary and presidential
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Según el filósofo alemán Ernst Cassirer, el ser humano se caracteriza por su capacidad simbólica de crear símbolos y estructuras simbólicas que usa para construir y comprender la realidad. Las principales esferas del universo simbólico humano incluyen la religión, la ciencia, el arte, la ética y la política.
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Cultural and social diversity
In modern societies, there is more diversity among people in terms of their origins, physical appearances, languages spoken, religions practiced, and cuisines available. Societies have become less uniform over time as globalization has increased migration and cultural exchange. Modern societies encompass a variety of differences among individuals and communities.
Globalization and Interdependence
The document discusses globalization and interdependence. It notes that historically, humankind was divided into thousands of small isolated communities, but that modern communication and transportation have reduced physical distances between societies. Today, traveling long distances and communicating in real time with people thousands of kilometers away is easily feasible. The internet also allows the sharing of information globally. As economic systems become more interlinked, knowledge of multiple languages is important for finding jobs. Nowadays, all societies are increasingly interconnected through economic and social ties, and humanity is evolving into a single global community. This phenomenon is referred to as globalization.
The Protection of Human Rights
1. One of the most effective ways to protect human rights is to make laws to enforce them, as democratic states ordinarily respect human rights through checks and controls.
2. As rights are protected by law, violations can be denounced to judges and exposed publicly to enlist public opinion for preservation.
3. To make the protection of human rights possible, a government and society that believe in human rights are needed - that is, a democratic state, as human rights violations are less common and flagrant in democracies than dictatorships.
Common Goods and Public Services
This document discusses common goods and public services. It states that in society we have many facilities and services that we can use for free, such as roads, libraries, hospitals and schools, which are provided and managed by the government. It explains that citizens pay for these services through taxes. It emphasizes that in order to maintain these public services, citizens must pay taxes and elect a government that can manage them efficiently. Every four years citizens must evaluate the government's management of public services and elect a new party if the current one is not performing adequately.
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The document defines the rule of law as the condition where the government obeys the laws of the state. It explains that under the rule of law, rulers cannot do whatever they want and must check that their actions are allowed by law. It states that the rule of law is applied in all democratic states and that democracy requires the government's obedience to law. The document ends by listing questions for exercises about the importance of laws, freedom, democracy and the rule of law.
Lesson 30
The document discusses ways for students to get involved in their high school. It states that high school is our home for six hours per day, where we learn and make friends. It describes the high school as an organization where students can participate to help improve it, such as by electing a class delegate or representative to the school board. It recommends choosing intelligent, capable classmates for these roles and following school rules responsibly to foster the organization's functioning.
Lesson 29
This document discusses ways for citizens to be involved in democracy. It argues that citizens should participate in politics by voting, joining political parties, running for office, and providing oversight of elected representatives. Citizens need to understand how their government works and have a political viewpoint in order to effectively participate. Democracy requires active involvement from citizens, not just voting occasionally.
Democracy
The document defines democracy as a state where people choose their rulers through elections and laws protect citizens' rights. It explains that democracy comes from Greek words meaning "people" and "power" and that in a democracy, citizens decide who governs and what the government does. The document states that for a democracy to exist, it requires not just free elections but also respect for citizens' rights.
Lesson 28
1. In a democracy, citizens must decide how the state is administered through public opinion, which is formed by citizens expressing ideas, discussing problems and potential solutions, and reaching agreements.
2. The traditional means of forming public opinion were newspapers and mass media, but now the internet allows any citizen to make their voice heard and participate in discussions.
3. When many citizens share the same ideas, they can form a political party to try to implement those ideas in how the state is organized and governed.
Lesson 27
This document discusses representative democracies. It states that while direct democracy is not practical due to obligations like jobs that keep people busy, representative democracy allows citizens to elect representatives to make laws and manage the government. It notes that modern democratic countries use a similar system of an elected parliament to make laws, a government to enact them, and a judiciary to ensure compliance. The document provides examples from Spain, where all adult citizens can vote and stand for office to represent fellow citizens and take part in politics to improve society.
State
The document discusses the relationship between states and societies. It states that the state is a social organization that imposes laws on a territory, but it is not the same as society. While the state organizes some aspects of society through establishing basic rules and laws, it does not organize all of society. Society contains many organizations beyond just the state.
Lesson 26
1. The document discusses the rule of law in democratic countries. It states that in democracies, the law applies equally to all, including politicians and civil servants, and that no one is above the law.
2. It also explains that the government exists to serve the people, not the other way around. Furthermore, the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches helps enforce compliance with the law.
3. The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch oversees legal proceedings and punishment for violations. Citizens should support this system to help the state function properly under the rule of law.
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Separation of powers
- 1. Separation of Powers Separation of Powers La separaci´on de poderes Definition The independence of each one of the main organizations of the state. Di Ind@"pend@ns @v "I:tS w2n @v D@ "meIn O:rg@n@"zIS@nz @v D@ "steIt Separation of Powers April, 2015 1 / 8
- 2. Separation of Powers Separation of Powers La separaci´on de poderes Definition The independence of each one of the main organizations of the state. Di Ind@"pend@ns @v "I:tS w2n @v D@ "meIn O:rg@n@"zIS@nz @v D@ "steIt La independencia de cada una de las principales organizaciones del estado. Separation of Powers April, 2015 1 / 8
- 3. Separation of Powers Explanation I There are different organizations in the state that are called powers. They are three, the legislative power, the executive power and the judicial power. Their ends and rules are different. Separation of Powers April, 2015 2 / 8
- 4. Separation of Powers Explanation I There are different organizations in the state that are called powers. They are three, the legislative power, the executive power and the judicial power. Their ends and rules are different. Hay diferentes organizaciones en el estado, que se llaman poderes. Son tres y se llaman poder ejecutivo, poder legislativo y poder judicial. Sus fines y reglas son diferentes. Separation of Powers April, 2015 2 / 8
- 5. Separation of Powers Explanation II The legislative power makes the laws that everybody must obey. It is also called Parliament. Separation of Powers April, 2015 3 / 8
- 6. Separation of Powers Explanation II The legislative power makes the laws that everybody must obey. It is also called Parliament. El poder legislativo hace las leyes que todos debemos cumplir. Se llama tambi´en Parlamento. Separation of Powers April, 2015 3 / 8
- 7. Separation of Powers Explanation III The executive power enforces the laws. It is also called Government. Separation of Powers April, 2015 4 / 8
- 8. Separation of Powers Explanation III The executive power enforces the laws. It is also called Government. El poder ejecutivo obliga a todos a cumplir las leyes. Se le llama tambi´en Gobierno. Separation of Powers April, 2015 4 / 8
- 9. Separation of Powers Explanation IV The judicial power punishes the people that break the laws. It is also called Courts. Separation of Powers April, 2015 5 / 8
- 10. Separation of Powers Explanation IV The judicial power punishes the people that break the laws. It is also called Courts. El poder judicial castiga a todos los que no cumplen las leyes. Se le llama tambi´en Tribunales. Separation of Powers April, 2015 5 / 8
- 11. Separation of Powers Explanation V Each one of these organizations must be independent, that is to say, no one can command over the other ones. This is called Separation of powers. Separation of Powers April, 2015 6 / 8
- 12. Separation of Powers Explanation V Each one of these organizations must be independent, that is to say, no one can command over the other ones. This is called Separation of powers. Cada una de esas organizaciones tienen que ser independientes, es decir, ninguna puede mandar en la otra. A eso se le llama Separaci´on de poderes. Separation of Powers April, 2015 6 / 8
- 13. Separation of Powers Explanation VI If each power of the state is separated from the others, each one can survey the others’ working and balance their eventual malfunction. Separation of Powers April, 2015 7 / 8
- 14. Separation of Powers Explanation VI If each power of the state is separated from the others, each one can survey the others’ working and balance their eventual malfunction. Si cada poder del estado est´a separado de los otros, cada uno puede supervisar el funcionamiento de los otros y equilibrar su eventual mal funcionamiento. Separation of Powers April, 2015 7 / 8
- 15. Separation of Powers Exercises What is separation of powers? What is an organization? What is the state? What is being independent? What is power? What is freedom? What is oppression? What is a dictatorship? Why is opression bad? Why is separation of powers good? Separation of Powers April, 2015 8 / 8