The document discusses the key concepts of architecture including function, form, and structure. It explains how buildings stand up through different structural systems like post and beam, arches, vaults, domes, and buttresses. Different examples are provided to illustrate each structural type. The document also covers forces that structures must withstand like compression, tension, and bending. Additionally, it discusses how materials like stone, concrete, cast iron, and steel have been innovatively used in architecture over time.

1. Art in the 3 rd Dimension: Architecture Reading: Artforms , 189-205 Terms/Concepts: function, form, structure, compression, stretching, bending, post and beam, arch, keystone, arcade, vault, barrel vault, groin vault, dome, squinch, pendentive, buttress, pier buttress, flying buttress, coffer.

2. Key Issue for Every Building 1. Function: how the building is used. 2. Form: how the building looks. 3. Structure: how the building stands up.

3. Key Issue for Every Building 1. Function: how the building is used. 2. Form: how the building looks. 3. Structure: how the building stands up.

4. Architecture: Art and Science “ As an art , architecture both creates interior spaces and wraps them in an expressive shape .” “ As a science , architecture is a physical problem: How does a structure hold up its own weight and loads placed on it” --Patrick Frank, Artforms , 189.

5. Forces a Structure Works with Compression (  ) Tension (   ) Bending (  )

6. Forces a Structure Works with Compression (  ) Tension (   ) Bending (  )

7. Forces a Structure Works with Compression (  ) Tension (   ) Bending (  )

8. Structures: Post and Beam (Also known as Post and Lintel ) Example: Stonehenge, Salisbury, England, c. 2500 BCE Post and Beam: Weight Distribution Beam (or Lintel) Post Post

9. Structures: Post and Beam (Also known as Post and Lintel ) Example: Temple of Poseidon, Athens, c. 430 BCE Post and Beam: Weight Distribution Beam (or Lintel) Post Post

10. Structures: Post and Beam (Also known as Post and Lintel ) Example: Frank Lloyd Wright, Ennis House, 1924. Post and Beam: Weight Distribution Beam (or Lintel) Post Post

11. Structures: Arches Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Byzantine Cathedral, Jerada, Syria, 5 th century CE

12. Structures: Arches Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 10 th century CE

13. Structures: Arches Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Triumphal Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, c. 98-117 CE.

14. Structures: Arches Arcade: Weight Distribution

15. Structures: Arches Arcade Example: Pont du Gard (Aqueduct), France, c. 1 st century CE

16. Structures: Vaults Barrel Vault Groin Vault

17. Structures: Vaults Barrel Vault Barrell Vault Example: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy, 1303 CE

18. Structures: Vaults Groin Vault Palazzo della Ragione, Venice, Italy, 16 th century

19. Structures: Domes Dome on Squinches Dome on Pendentives Dome on a cylinder

20. Structures: Domes Dome on Squinches Example: Alai Gate, New Delhi, India, 1311.

21. Structures: Domes Dome on Pendentives Example: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 563 CE.

22. Structures: Domes Dome on a Cylinder Example: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 693 CE

23. Structures: Buttresses Pier Buttress Flying Buttress

24. Structures: Buttresses Pier Buttress Example: Westminster Abbey, London, c. 1245.

25. Structures: Buttresses Flying Buttress Example: Cathedral de Notre Dame, Paris, 1163-1345 CE.

26. Structures: Suspension Suspension Structure Example: Jeppesen Terminal Building, Denver International Airport, 1994

27. Structures: Shell Shell Structure Example: Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1957-1973.

28. Materials Innovative: Stones Inca Stonework (no mortar), Cuzco, c. 13 th century CE Stonewall with Mortar

29. Material Innovations: Concrete Concrete Example: Pantheon, Rome, 126 CE

30. Material Innovations: Cast Iron Cast Iron Example: Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851.

31. Material Innovations: Steel Steel Beams Example: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, New York, 1956-1958

32. Question: How does a building interact with its environment? Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.

33. Question: How does a building interact with its environment? Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.

34. Question: How does a building interact with its environment? Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.

35. Question: How does a building interact with its environment? Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.

36. Question: How does the viewer fit into or interact with the space? Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE. Human

37. Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space? Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE. Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15 th century CE

38. Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space? Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE. Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15 th century CE

39. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? The Roman Basilica

40. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.

41. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.

42. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? The Christian Basilica.

43. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? The Christian Basilica, Aula Palatina, built 3 rd century by Constantius Chlorus, converted to a church in the late 4 th century

44. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.

45. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? Frank Gehry, Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003.

46. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.

47. Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building? Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.