Lesson4
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The document discusses the notion of citizenship. It defines a citizen in a broad sense as a person who lives in a society, while a citizen in a narrow sense is a person who is a member of a state. All citizens can demand protection of their rights from the state. Citizens in the narrow sense enjoy political rights like voting, while citizens in the broad sense have general duties such as paying taxes.
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Taxes
The document discusses taxes and why they are necessary. It states that if citizens want free public services, they must pay for them through taxes. It also notes that while no one enjoys paying taxes, they are needed to fund services and it is citizens who elect government officials to manage tax revenue. The document stresses that citizens should work to expose any cases of corruption in tax collection or public spending.
Law
El documento define la ley como una regla respaldada por la violencia del estado. El estado es la organización que impone leyes en un territorio. Algunas reglas solo son válidas para grupos pequeños o por poco tiempo, mientras que las leyes son reglas que queremos que todos obedezcan siempre. El estado es la organización social que intenta asegurar el cumplimiento de las leyes mediante castigos para quienes las desobedecen.
NGOs and Civil Society
The document discusses Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and their role in civil society. It states that NGOs arise to help solve social problems left unaddressed by governments, such as aiding disabled people and feeding the hungry. NGOs are generally supported by volunteers who donate their time and money. They work on issues within countries and also provide aid to developing nations.
Democracy and Diversity
This document discusses democracy and diversity. It makes three key points:
1. The varied diversity of our society is protected by the freedoms we enjoy under our laws.
2. We should not fear differences among people as what is considered traditional is unknown to many and newcomers bring new ways of living.
3. In the face of unusual things, some surprise is normal at first but we should not let ourselves be intimidated and openness of mind is important in our modern society.
Lesson 11
The document discusses the rights concerning nature and the environment. It makes several key points:
1) Nature provides many resources for human beings, including raw materials for industry and sources of energy for economic development.
2) Nature is a source of aesthetic pleasure for humans through activities like walking, climbing mountains, and seeing the sea.
3) Most of nature is considered common property belonging to all of society and humanity, but this common property is not easily protected. Laws aim to defend natural heritage but require societal acceptance of environmental preservation.
Lesson 21
1. Politicians are representatives of the public and must obey directives and be responsible for their management. They must also obey laws strictly and citizens should demand it.
2. Those who break laws while in public office should face severe punishment.
3. As public money comes from taxpayers, public managers must provide exact accounts of spending. Mismanagement should not be tolerated.
Right
Este documento define los derechos humanos como algo que merecemos solo por ser humanos. Explica que los derechos humanos son las características de una vida humana digna y que pueden ser civiles, políticos o socioeconómicos. Los derechos civiles se relacionan con la libertad individual y la preservación de la vida y la propiedad, los derechos políticos con la participación en el estado, y los derechos socioeconómicos con la igualdad económica y social.
Oppression
This document defines and explains the concept of oppression over several sections. It states that oppression is violence against our rights, and that the absence of freedom and justice can both be considered forms of oppression. It further explains that in some societies, the state does not help and even takes advantage of the people, and that these societies characterized by dictatorships or tyrannies are considered to be in a state of oppression.
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Taxes
The document discusses taxes and why they are necessary. It states that if citizens want free public services, they must pay for them through taxes. It also notes that while no one enjoys paying taxes, they are needed to fund services and it is citizens who elect government officials to manage tax revenue. The document stresses that citizens should work to expose any cases of corruption in tax collection or public spending.
Law
El documento define la ley como una regla respaldada por la violencia del estado. El estado es la organización que impone leyes en un territorio. Algunas reglas solo son válidas para grupos pequeños o por poco tiempo, mientras que las leyes son reglas que queremos que todos obedezcan siempre. El estado es la organización social que intenta asegurar el cumplimiento de las leyes mediante castigos para quienes las desobedecen.
NGOs and Civil Society
The document discusses Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and their role in civil society. It states that NGOs arise to help solve social problems left unaddressed by governments, such as aiding disabled people and feeding the hungry. NGOs are generally supported by volunteers who donate their time and money. They work on issues within countries and also provide aid to developing nations.
Democracy and Diversity
This document discusses democracy and diversity. It makes three key points:
1. The varied diversity of our society is protected by the freedoms we enjoy under our laws.
2. We should not fear differences among people as what is considered traditional is unknown to many and newcomers bring new ways of living.
3. In the face of unusual things, some surprise is normal at first but we should not let ourselves be intimidated and openness of mind is important in our modern society.
Lesson 11
The document discusses the rights concerning nature and the environment. It makes several key points:
1) Nature provides many resources for human beings, including raw materials for industry and sources of energy for economic development.
2) Nature is a source of aesthetic pleasure for humans through activities like walking, climbing mountains, and seeing the sea.
3) Most of nature is considered common property belonging to all of society and humanity, but this common property is not easily protected. Laws aim to defend natural heritage but require societal acceptance of environmental preservation.
Lesson 21
1. Politicians are representatives of the public and must obey directives and be responsible for their management. They must also obey laws strictly and citizens should demand it.
2. Those who break laws while in public office should face severe punishment.
3. As public money comes from taxpayers, public managers must provide exact accounts of spending. Mismanagement should not be tolerated.
Right
Este documento define los derechos humanos como algo que merecemos solo por ser humanos. Explica que los derechos humanos son las características de una vida humana digna y que pueden ser civiles, políticos o socioeconómicos. Los derechos civiles se relacionan con la libertad individual y la preservación de la vida y la propiedad, los derechos políticos con la participación en el estado, y los derechos socioeconómicos con la igualdad económica y social.
Oppression
This document defines and explains the concept of oppression over several sections. It states that oppression is violence against our rights, and that the absence of freedom and justice can both be considered forms of oppression. It further explains that in some societies, the state does not help and even takes advantage of the people, and that these societies characterized by dictatorships or tyrannies are considered to be in a state of oppression.
Different cultures in coexistence
For thousands of years, traditional societies developed different cultures in isolation from one another. This led to hundreds of religions, thousands of languages and customs, as well as physical variations between populations. However, increased mobility due to industrialization has resulted in more mixed, complex and multicultural societies today. Under the laws of free countries, people of different origins and cultures can coexist peacefully.
Lesson 30
The document discusses ways for students to get involved in their high school. It states that high school is our home for six hours per day, where we learn and make friends. It describes the high school as an organization where students can participate to help improve it, such as by electing a class delegate or representative to the school board. It recommends choosing intelligent, capable classmates for these roles and following school rules responsibly to foster the organization's functioning.
Lesson 27
This document discusses representative democracies. It states that while direct democracy is not practical due to obligations like jobs that keep people busy, representative democracy allows citizens to elect representatives to make laws and manage the government. It notes that modern democratic countries use a similar system of an elected parliament to make laws, a government to enact them, and a judiciary to ensure compliance. The document provides examples from Spain, where all adult citizens can vote and stand for office to represent fellow citizens and take part in politics to improve society.
The Family in the Constitution
The document discusses the family and its role in society. It states that (1) humans are social beings that live together in groups called societies, (2) the family is the smallest social unit and children deserve family protection, and (3) a family is composed of people related by biology or legal bonds.
Lesson 20
1. Politics is necessary for organizing the state and making laws, although some politicians unfortunately take advantage of their power by stealing money or committing crimes.
2. While corruption exists, most politicians help by creating laws and policies to improve society, and we should not assume all are corrupt.
3. If citizens feel more honest leaders are needed, they should consider running for political office themselves.
Globalization and Interdependence
The document discusses globalization and interdependence. It notes that historically, humankind was divided into thousands of small isolated communities, but that modern communication and transportation have reduced physical distances between societies. Today, traveling long distances and communicating in real time with people thousands of kilometers away is easily feasible. The internet also allows the sharing of information globally. As economic systems become more interlinked, knowledge of multiple languages is important for finding jobs. Nowadays, all societies are increasingly interconnected through economic and social ties, and humanity is evolving into a single global community. This phenomenon is referred to as globalization.
The Protection of Human Rights
1. One of the most effective ways to protect human rights is to make laws to enforce them, as democratic states ordinarily respect human rights through checks and controls.
2. As rights are protected by law, violations can be denounced to judges and exposed publicly to enlist public opinion for preservation.
3. To make the protection of human rights possible, a government and society that believe in human rights are needed - that is, a democratic state, as human rights violations are less common and flagrant in democracies than dictatorships.
Lesson 25
The document discusses the political model of the Spanish Constitution. It notes that the Constitution is the chief law of Spain and establishes the basis for organizing the Spanish state. The current Constitution was approved in 1978. According to the Constitution, Spain is organized into autonomous regions with their own parliaments and governments. These regions have a high degree of self-governance and can create their own laws. One such autonomous region is Galicia.
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an oppressive state where power is held by a single individual or group that has gained control through violence without citizens' consent. In dictatorships, citizens' rights are not respected and people can be imprisoned or killed by the state. Dictatorships are considered bad forms of government because they harm citizens and do not respect individual rights or economic freedom, resulting in poorer societies and lower standards of living compared to democratic systems of government.
The Elections
The document discusses free elections in democratic countries. It states that in democracies, governments and parliaments are elected by citizens through free elections where every citizen can run for office or vote. It also notes that elections are multi-party, votes are secret, and no one can be forced to vote against their will.
The Fight against Poverty
This document discusses strategies for fighting poverty. It states that traditional means of production like agriculture are not enough to support large populations or allow for a high standard of living. For this reason, societies without developed industry tend to be poor. It suggests that poorer societies can become richer by applying modern industrial techniques, establishing trade with developed nations, educating citizens for industry, allowing immigration, lowering tariffs, investing locally, and relocating industry. However, humanitarian aid and relief efforts do not create wealth in the same way as economic development. The document stresses distinguishing economic development measures from humanitarian assistance.
Lesson7
The document discusses the division of constitutional rights into four categories: civil, political, economic, and social. It provides examples of the main rights that fall under each category, such as freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under civil rights, and paid holidays and unemployment insurance under economic rights. The document is a lesson on classifying and understanding different types of constitutional rights.
Lesson5
The document discusses the concept of justice according to a lesson on the topic. It states that justice is giving each person what they deserve, with the things people deserve listed in the Declaration of Human Rights and depending on human dignity. It further notes that the Spanish Constitution guarantees human rights, making justice one of the core values of the Constitution.
Lesson 8
The document discusses equality of rights and diversity. It notes that human rights are a recent development, even in Europe. Many societies have states that do not recognize some human rights. Finally, it states that human rights are valid for all people worldwide, not just those in European democratic societies, and that all forms of discrimination based on differences must be condemned.
Lesson6
1. The document discusses the concepts of equity and solidarity. It defines equity as the equal distribution of duties and rights among citizens, and solidarity as mutual help among members of society.
2. It states that equity and solidarity mainly affect economic matters. In Spain, taxes are used to fund state expenses and services that benefit all citizens, helping to compensate economic differences.
3. The revenue from taxes pays for facilities and services like public libraries, hospitals, and schools that benefit everyone in society and help equalize economic conditions.
Lesson 19
The document discusses personal options concerning legislation in a democracy. It states that in a democracy, citizens must obey laws but are not required to agree with them. It also discusses how freedom to disagree with laws is important in a democracy and that all political opinions should be respected and allowed to participate in public discourse. The document notes that some people disagree with aspects of the current political and economic system and that some defend ideologies like anarchism or communism that failed in the 20th century.
Lesson 12
This document discusses consumer rights and duties. It notes that when consumers buy or hire something, they are entering into a contract that must be fairly observed. If consumers do not get what they paid for, they have been deceived and have cause for complaint. Consumers can denounce any injustice they suffer, regardless of whether it was intentional or not. Businesses and professionals operate under regulations and laws aimed at protecting consumers, and municipal consumer information offices can help consumers seek agreements if they feel mistreated.
G7.pptx
The document provides information about citizenship from a Grade 7 citizenship book. It defines citizenship and what it means to be a citizen. It outlines the key elements of citizenship in Ethiopia, including that citizenship is inherited primarily by descent according to Ethiopian law. To become a naturalized citizen in Ethiopia, foreigners must meet requirements such as having lived in Ethiopia for 4 years, being able to communicate in an Ethiopian language, and taking an oath of allegiance.
Essay Airplane Travel
The document discusses drug use among young people in Papua, Indonesia. It reports that drug use rates in Papua are the lowest in Indonesia at 0.8%, though surveys of students found slightly higher rates ranging from 1-1.7% depending on the location. The most common drug used is marijuana, but urine tests also found other drug types circulating among students.
Lesson 16
The document discusses the economic dimension of human society. It states that no one can survive alone and that we need other people, both emotionally and physically. It also notes that we need food, shelter, and a certain level of material comfort to avoid physical suffering. Most of our material needs are met through our economic system, which is powered by industry and organized through the free market.
Rights.pptx
1. The document is a power point presentation by Omveer Singh on the topic of rights submitted to his teacher Sakshi mam. It discusses the meaning, definition, features, types and basis of rights.
2. The key types of rights discussed are natural rights, moral rights, legal rights, human rights, and fundamental rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights.
3. Citizenship can primarily be acquired by birth based on parentage (jus sanguine) or place of birth (jus soli). Citizenship can also be lost through marriage to a foreign national, resignation, long absence from the country, renouncing dual citizenship, application, adoption
Lesson3
The document discusses how socio-cultural models can influence self-esteem. It notes that not all influences from society are positive, as some ideas promote dangerous behaviors like substance abuse or environmental pollution. The document argues that to be happier, individuals must critically analyze ideas in their society and only accept those that are truly valuable, and that being critical is important to help others avoid becoming victims of wrong ideas or hidden agendas.
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Different cultures in coexistence
For thousands of years, traditional societies developed different cultures in isolation from one another. This led to hundreds of religions, thousands of languages and customs, as well as physical variations between populations. However, increased mobility due to industrialization has resulted in more mixed, complex and multicultural societies today. Under the laws of free countries, people of different origins and cultures can coexist peacefully.
Lesson 30
The document discusses ways for students to get involved in their high school. It states that high school is our home for six hours per day, where we learn and make friends. It describes the high school as an organization where students can participate to help improve it, such as by electing a class delegate or representative to the school board. It recommends choosing intelligent, capable classmates for these roles and following school rules responsibly to foster the organization's functioning.
Lesson 27
This document discusses representative democracies. It states that while direct democracy is not practical due to obligations like jobs that keep people busy, representative democracy allows citizens to elect representatives to make laws and manage the government. It notes that modern democratic countries use a similar system of an elected parliament to make laws, a government to enact them, and a judiciary to ensure compliance. The document provides examples from Spain, where all adult citizens can vote and stand for office to represent fellow citizens and take part in politics to improve society.
The Family in the Constitution
The document discusses the family and its role in society. It states that (1) humans are social beings that live together in groups called societies, (2) the family is the smallest social unit and children deserve family protection, and (3) a family is composed of people related by biology or legal bonds.
Lesson 20
1. Politics is necessary for organizing the state and making laws, although some politicians unfortunately take advantage of their power by stealing money or committing crimes.
2. While corruption exists, most politicians help by creating laws and policies to improve society, and we should not assume all are corrupt.
3. If citizens feel more honest leaders are needed, they should consider running for political office themselves.
Globalization and Interdependence
The document discusses globalization and interdependence. It notes that historically, humankind was divided into thousands of small isolated communities, but that modern communication and transportation have reduced physical distances between societies. Today, traveling long distances and communicating in real time with people thousands of kilometers away is easily feasible. The internet also allows the sharing of information globally. As economic systems become more interlinked, knowledge of multiple languages is important for finding jobs. Nowadays, all societies are increasingly interconnected through economic and social ties, and humanity is evolving into a single global community. This phenomenon is referred to as globalization.
The Protection of Human Rights
1. One of the most effective ways to protect human rights is to make laws to enforce them, as democratic states ordinarily respect human rights through checks and controls.
2. As rights are protected by law, violations can be denounced to judges and exposed publicly to enlist public opinion for preservation.
3. To make the protection of human rights possible, a government and society that believe in human rights are needed - that is, a democratic state, as human rights violations are less common and flagrant in democracies than dictatorships.
Lesson 25
The document discusses the political model of the Spanish Constitution. It notes that the Constitution is the chief law of Spain and establishes the basis for organizing the Spanish state. The current Constitution was approved in 1978. According to the Constitution, Spain is organized into autonomous regions with their own parliaments and governments. These regions have a high degree of self-governance and can create their own laws. One such autonomous region is Galicia.
Dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an oppressive state where power is held by a single individual or group that has gained control through violence without citizens' consent. In dictatorships, citizens' rights are not respected and people can be imprisoned or killed by the state. Dictatorships are considered bad forms of government because they harm citizens and do not respect individual rights or economic freedom, resulting in poorer societies and lower standards of living compared to democratic systems of government.
The Elections
The document discusses free elections in democratic countries. It states that in democracies, governments and parliaments are elected by citizens through free elections where every citizen can run for office or vote. It also notes that elections are multi-party, votes are secret, and no one can be forced to vote against their will.
The Fight against Poverty
This document discusses strategies for fighting poverty. It states that traditional means of production like agriculture are not enough to support large populations or allow for a high standard of living. For this reason, societies without developed industry tend to be poor. It suggests that poorer societies can become richer by applying modern industrial techniques, establishing trade with developed nations, educating citizens for industry, allowing immigration, lowering tariffs, investing locally, and relocating industry. However, humanitarian aid and relief efforts do not create wealth in the same way as economic development. The document stresses distinguishing economic development measures from humanitarian assistance.
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Lesson7
The document discusses the division of constitutional rights into four categories: civil, political, economic, and social. It provides examples of the main rights that fall under each category, such as freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under civil rights, and paid holidays and unemployment insurance under economic rights. The document is a lesson on classifying and understanding different types of constitutional rights.
Lesson5
The document discusses the concept of justice according to a lesson on the topic. It states that justice is giving each person what they deserve, with the things people deserve listed in the Declaration of Human Rights and depending on human dignity. It further notes that the Spanish Constitution guarantees human rights, making justice one of the core values of the Constitution.
Lesson 8
The document discusses equality of rights and diversity. It notes that human rights are a recent development, even in Europe. Many societies have states that do not recognize some human rights. Finally, it states that human rights are valid for all people worldwide, not just those in European democratic societies, and that all forms of discrimination based on differences must be condemned.
Lesson6
1. The document discusses the concepts of equity and solidarity. It defines equity as the equal distribution of duties and rights among citizens, and solidarity as mutual help among members of society.
2. It states that equity and solidarity mainly affect economic matters. In Spain, taxes are used to fund state expenses and services that benefit all citizens, helping to compensate economic differences.
3. The revenue from taxes pays for facilities and services like public libraries, hospitals, and schools that benefit everyone in society and help equalize economic conditions.
Lesson 19
The document discusses personal options concerning legislation in a democracy. It states that in a democracy, citizens must obey laws but are not required to agree with them. It also discusses how freedom to disagree with laws is important in a democracy and that all political opinions should be respected and allowed to participate in public discourse. The document notes that some people disagree with aspects of the current political and economic system and that some defend ideologies like anarchism or communism that failed in the 20th century.
Lesson 12
This document discusses consumer rights and duties. It notes that when consumers buy or hire something, they are entering into a contract that must be fairly observed. If consumers do not get what they paid for, they have been deceived and have cause for complaint. Consumers can denounce any injustice they suffer, regardless of whether it was intentional or not. Businesses and professionals operate under regulations and laws aimed at protecting consumers, and municipal consumer information offices can help consumers seek agreements if they feel mistreated.
G7.pptx
The document provides information about citizenship from a Grade 7 citizenship book. It defines citizenship and what it means to be a citizen. It outlines the key elements of citizenship in Ethiopia, including that citizenship is inherited primarily by descent according to Ethiopian law. To become a naturalized citizen in Ethiopia, foreigners must meet requirements such as having lived in Ethiopia for 4 years, being able to communicate in an Ethiopian language, and taking an oath of allegiance.
Essay Airplane Travel
The document discusses drug use among young people in Papua, Indonesia. It reports that drug use rates in Papua are the lowest in Indonesia at 0.8%, though surveys of students found slightly higher rates ranging from 1-1.7% depending on the location. The most common drug used is marijuana, but urine tests also found other drug types circulating among students.
Lesson 16
The document discusses the economic dimension of human society. It states that no one can survive alone and that we need other people, both emotionally and physically. It also notes that we need food, shelter, and a certain level of material comfort to avoid physical suffering. Most of our material needs are met through our economic system, which is powered by industry and organized through the free market.
Rights.pptx
1. The document is a power point presentation by Omveer Singh on the topic of rights submitted to his teacher Sakshi mam. It discusses the meaning, definition, features, types and basis of rights.
2. The key types of rights discussed are natural rights, moral rights, legal rights, human rights, and fundamental rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights.
3. Citizenship can primarily be acquired by birth based on parentage (jus sanguine) or place of birth (jus soli). Citizenship can also be lost through marriage to a foreign national, resignation, long absence from the country, renouncing dual citizenship, application, adoption
Lesson3
The document discusses how socio-cultural models can influence self-esteem. It notes that not all influences from society are positive, as some ideas promote dangerous behaviors like substance abuse or environmental pollution. The document argues that to be happier, individuals must critically analyze ideas in their society and only accept those that are truly valuable, and that being critical is important to help others avoid becoming victims of wrong ideas or hidden agendas.
How To Use Headings In An Essay
The document summarizes similarities between Martin Luther King Jr. and Aung San Suu Kyi, two leaders who advocated for democracy and human rights through nonviolent resistance. Both believed peaceful protest was the path to achieving democracy and overcoming oppression. They were social activists who worked to empower ordinary people and stand up against oppressive regimes in their countries through civil disobedience.
WriterS Block
The document discusses Dorothy Wordsworth and John Keats, two writers from the Romantic period in the 18th century. Romanticism challenged Enlightenment norms and valued emotion, vision, and intuition over reason. Dorothy Wordsworth was William Wordsworth's sister and had a profound influence on his work. John Keats was a poet known for his odes and sonnets celebrating beauty. Both writers produced works embracing Romantic ideals of passion and nature.
Lesson 17
The document discusses the relationship between political freedom and economic liberty. It argues that economists have proven free markets work better than state-controlled economies, and that governments can harm the economy by levying high taxes, enacting burdensome regulations, or imposing arbitrary standards. The state hinders economic functioning when it raises taxes too high or sets rules that are difficult to comply with. If taxes are too high, entrepreneurs and professionals may work less or commit fraud to avoid high tax burdens.
Social Studies Chapter 1 - Citizenship
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These slides introduce Chapter 1: Citizenship to the Secondary 3 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus 2016.
These slides are divided into 4 areas.
1. 4 ways to become a Singaporean [Slide 4]
2. Advantages of joining Singapore Society [Slide 26]
3. Disadvantages of joining Singapore Society [Slide 50]
Part 1 Video Citizenship
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHvaEBoCG70&ab_channel=MrGohBR
Part 2 Video Advantages of Citizenship
https://youtu.be/Cdp-0krqL14
Any feedback is welcome.
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1 bachillerato - leccion 63
Según el filósofo alemán Ernst Cassirer, el ser humano se caracteriza por su capacidad simbólica de crear símbolos y estructuras simbólicas que usa para construir y comprender la realidad. Las principales esferas del universo simbólico humano incluyen la religión, la ciencia, el arte, la ética y la política.
Development of Non-Violent Attitudes
The document discusses the development of non-violent attitudes. It states that while people are social, they are also individuals with different interests and wills. It notes that conflicts with others are normal but should be resolved through understanding different perspectives, negotiation, and compromise rather than violence. If an agreement cannot be reached, courts can decide the outcome in accordance with law. A civilized society avoids violence to attain peace and liberty.
Understanding Democracy
This document provides an introduction to democracy by summarizing its origins in ancient Athens and distinguishing it from modern democracy. It begins by explaining that democracy first emerged in ancient Greece as rule by the people through direct citizen participation. However, citizenship was limited to free male landowners. Modern democracy involves indirect rule through elected representatives and protects minority rights, unlike ancient democracies which sometimes formed tyrannies of the majority. It then outlines the key criteria for distinguishing democracies today, including free elections, civil liberties, and constitutional limits on government power. The document concludes by explaining democracy faces a universal tension between liberty and order that constitutions aim to balance.
Cultural and social diversity
In modern societies, there is more diversity among people in terms of their origins, physical appearances, languages spoken, religions practiced, and cuisines available. Societies have become less uniform over time as globalization has increased migration and cultural exchange. Modern societies encompass a variety of differences among individuals and communities.
Conflicts in our world
The document discusses conflicts around the world. It notes that only a few societies live peacefully as democracies where differences are solved through rational discussion. Many other societies have tyrannical governments that mistreat citizens and do not allow liberty or participation in government without fear. Additionally, countries engage in war due to nationalism or religious fanaticism and terrorists kill thousands worldwide.
Executive Power
The document defines and explains the concept of executive power. It states that the executive power is the state organization responsible for applying and enforcing laws, and is commonly called the government. The government's role is to make and apply rules/laws to allow society to work and live together in an organized manner. In democratic states, citizens elect representatives to make laws and form the government which applies them.
Civil Protection
1. The document discusses civil protection, which is the state system for protecting citizens from natural and man-made disasters. Natural disasters include floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, while man-made disasters are terrorist attacks, traffic accidents, and industrial accidents.
2. Civil protection coordinates emergency responders like police, firefighters, and medical teams to minimize the impact of disasters on the population. It is funded by taxpayer money and managed by civil servants overseen by elected politicians.
3. The purpose of civil protection is to provide assistance to citizens when disasters strike and ensure the state is adequately preparing emergency response services.
Separation of powers
The document discusses the concept of separation of powers. It explains that there are three main powers in a state - the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The legislative power makes laws, the executive power enforces laws, and the judicial power punishes those who break laws. For a state to have separation of powers, each of these powers must be independent and able to act as a check on the others without any one power controlling the others.
Lesson 35
The document discusses public health systems and retirement pensions. It explains that governments establish public health systems to help cover healthcare costs when people are ill, and pension systems to cover living expenses when they retire. It notes that as people age and can no longer work, their need for money does not cease. The government aims to improve management of these systems and considers different methods, and citizens should evaluate options and vote for the most efficient party.
The Welfare State
The document discusses the welfare state. It explains that in a free market system, people work and are paid money to buy goods and services. However, some cannot earn enough, so the state provides affordable services through taxes. Taxes force people to give some money to the state, which then pays for highways, schools, hospitals, and universities for all citizens. This system is called the welfare state. There is debate around whether the poor truly benefit and if the system is well designed to achieve its goals.
Common Goods and Public Services
This document discusses common goods and public services. It states that in society we have many facilities and services that we can use for free, such as roads, libraries, hospitals and schools, which are provided and managed by the government. It explains that citizens pay for these services through taxes. It emphasizes that in order to maintain these public services, citizens must pay taxes and elect a government that can manage them efficiently. Every four years citizens must evaluate the government's management of public services and elect a new party if the current one is not performing adequately.
Rule of Law
The document defines the rule of law as the condition where the government obeys the laws of the state. It explains that under the rule of law, rulers cannot do whatever they want and must check that their actions are allowed by law. It states that the rule of law is applied in all democratic states and that democracy requires the government's obedience to law. The document ends by listing questions for exercises about the importance of laws, freedom, democracy and the rule of law.
The Spanish Parliament
The Spanish Parliament is composed of political representatives elected by universal, free and secret vote. It has two chambers: the Congress of Deputies, which elects the president of the government, and the Senate, which revises laws before promulgation. Spanish citizens over 18 can vote to elect representatives and senators and can also stand for election themselves.
Lesson 29
This document discusses ways for citizens to be involved in democracy. It argues that citizens should participate in politics by voting, joining political parties, running for office, and providing oversight of elected representatives. Citizens need to understand how their government works and have a political viewpoint in order to effectively participate. Democracy requires active involvement from citizens, not just voting occasionally.
Democracy
The document defines democracy as a state where people choose their rulers through elections and laws protect citizens' rights. It explains that democracy comes from Greek words meaning "people" and "power" and that in a democracy, citizens decide who governs and what the government does. The document states that for a democracy to exist, it requires not just free elections but also respect for citizens' rights.
Lesson 28
1. In a democracy, citizens must decide how the state is administered through public opinion, which is formed by citizens expressing ideas, discussing problems and potential solutions, and reaching agreements.
2. The traditional means of forming public opinion were newspapers and mass media, but now the internet allows any citizen to make their voice heard and participate in discussions.
3. When many citizens share the same ideas, they can form a political party to try to implement those ideas in how the state is organized and governed.
State
The document discusses the relationship between states and societies. It states that the state is a social organization that imposes laws on a territory, but it is not the same as society. While the state organizes some aspects of society through establishing basic rules and laws, it does not organize all of society. Society contains many organizations beyond just the state.
Lesson 26
1. The document discusses the rule of law in democratic countries. It states that in democracies, the law applies equally to all, including politicians and civil servants, and that no one is above the law.
2. It also explains that the government exists to serve the people, not the other way around. Furthermore, the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches helps enforce compliance with the law.
3. The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch oversees legal proceedings and punishment for violations. Citizens should support this system to help the state function properly under the rule of law.
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Lesson4
- 1. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro enavarro@edu.xunta.es 2 de octubre de 2014 Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 1 / 7
- 2. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 1. A citizen in a broad sense is a person who lives in a society. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 2 / 7
- 3. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 1. A citizen in a broad sense is a person who lives in a society. 1. Un ciudadano en sentido lato es una persona que vive en una sociedad. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 2 / 7
- 4. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 2. A citizen in a narrow sense is a person who is a member of a state. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 3 / 7
- 5. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 2. A citizen in a narrow sense is a person who is a member of a state. 2. Un ciudadano en sentido estrecho es una persona que es miembro de un estado. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 3 / 7
- 6. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 3. All citizens can demand from the state protection of their rights. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 4 / 7
- 7. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 3. All citizens can demand from the state protection of their rights. 3. Todos los ciudadanos pueden demandar del estado proteccion de sus derechos. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 4 / 7
- 8. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 4. The citizens in the narrow sense enjoy political rights, as voting to elect political representatives or being elected. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 5 / 7
- 9. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 4. The citizens in the narrow sense enjoy political rights, as voting to elect political representatives or being elected. 4. Los ciudadanos en sentido estricto disfrutan de derechos polticos como votar para elegir representantes polticos o ser elegidos. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 5 / 7
- 10. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 5. The citizens in the broad sense have some general duties, as paying taxes. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 6 / 7
- 11. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship 5. The citizens in the broad sense have some general duties, as paying taxes. 5. Los ciudadanos en sentido lato tienen algunos deberes generales, como pagar impuestos. Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 6 / 7
- 12. The notion of citizenship Emilio Navarro Lesson 4 The notion of citizenship Exercises: Are you a citizen in the narrow sense? Why? Which is your state? Why? Are you a citizen in the broad sense? Why? Which is your society? Why? Could you live without a society? Why? Could you be member of another society? How? Could you be member of another state? How? Name three duties of a citizen in a broad sense. Name two rights of a citizen in a broad sense. Why do we pay taxes? Emilio Navarro The notion of citizenship 2 de octubre de 2014 7 / 7