The document summarizes a teaching manual for a biology class on the movement of food through the oesophagus and digestion in the stomach. It outlines the lesson plan which includes introducing the topic, presenting content through activities and charts, and consolidating learning. Key points covered are: 1. Food moves from the mouth to the stomach through the oesophagus using peristalsis, a wave-like muscular movement. 2. In the stomach, food undergoes mechanical and chemical digestion. The gastric gland secretes gastric juice containing mucus, pepsin, and hydrochloric acid to aid the process. 3. Digestion in the stomach takes around 4-5 hours, so regular

1. TEACHING MANUAL
Name of the teacher : Vidya P.Pillai Standard : IX.B
Name of the school : N.S.S.B.H.S, Pandalam Strength : 43/43
Subject : Biology Age : 14
Unit : Movement of food through Date : 25/06/14
Oesophagus and digestion in Duration : 45 min
Stomach
Curricular statement
Develops different dimensions of knowledge, process skills and attitudes on
the movement of the food through oesophagus and digestion in stomach
through lecture method, group discussion and evaluation by questioning.
Content analysis
New terms: Oesophagus, stomach, peristalsis, gastric gland, gastric
juice, pepsin
Facts: 1. Food from the mouth moves in to the stomach through
oesophagus.
2. Oesophagus and small intestine are tubular organs.
3. Food passes through the oesophagus by wave like
movement called peristalsis.
4. Stomach is a J – shaped sac.
5. The process of digestion inside the stomach takes 4-5 hrs

2. 6. The gland present in the stomach is the gastric gland.
7. Gastric gland secretes gastric juice.
Minor concept: 1. Movement of food through oesophagus
2. Chemical changes of food in stomach
Major concept: Peristalsis is a wave like movement of the walls of
oesophagus by which food passes from the mouth in
to the stomach where the mechanical and chemical
digestion of food takes place with the help of
secretions of gastric glands.
Learning objectives: The pupil,
1. recalls the structure of alimentary canal
2. recognize the movement of food through
oesophagus
3. explains the digestive process in stomach
4. understands the mechanical and chemical
digestion of food in stomach
5. applies the knowledge in understanding
how the process of digestion takes place
6. develops scientific attitude towards the
function of components of gastric juice
Pre-requisites : Digestion of food begins in mouth which is the
first part of alimentary canal.
Teaching learning : 1. Chart showing the structure of human
alimentary canal
resources 2. Picture on the movement of food through
oesophagus
3. Table showing components of gastric juice
4. Text book of STD IX by SCERT, Kerala
5. Activity cards

3. CLASSROOM INTERACTION PROCEDURE
EXPECTED
PUPIL
RESPONSE
INTRODUCTION
Teacher make rapport with students by asking
questions related contextual situation.
Teacher asking following questions for checking the
previous knowledge.
 Have you had your breakfast?
 What happens to the food that you had in the
morning?
To create a mental disequilibrium or problematic
situation teacher ask following question.
 For what purpose, the digestion of food takes
place in our body?
 Which part of our body is responsible for the
digestion of food?
For bridging teacher ask the following questions.
 In which part of the alimentary canal does the
digestion of food begins?
 What happens to the food after digestion in
mouth?
Yes
It undergoes
digestion
For the
liberation of
energy
Alimentary
canal
Mouth
Pupil will not
able to explain

4. PRESENTATION
ACTIVITY – I
Teacher shows a chart on different parts of human
alimentary canal and asks students to find out the organ
in to which the partially digested food enters after
digestion in the mouth.
Oesophagus (CB)
ACTIVITY – II
Teacher asks questions to the general class.
We know that oesophagus is a tubular organ. Then, how
food passes through this tubular organ in to the
stomach. Observe the picture and find out the answer.
Students give
their answers
CONSOLIDATION
 Food from the mouth first moves in to the
stomach through oesophagus.
 From the stomach food passes in to the small
intestine.


5. Peristalsis (CB)
ACTIVITY – III
Teacher gives a card containing the story of the
‘stomach’ to one of the student from the class and asks
him to read. Then teacher give some activity cards to
each group and asks student to find out the answers to
the questions in the card relating to the story of the
stomach through group discussion.
Students
observe the
picture and try
to find out the
answer.
CONSOLIDATION
 The special muscles on the wall of the
oesophagus contract behind the bowel.
 The waves of muscular contraction and
relaxation push the bowel forward.
 The process by which food passes through
the oesophagus by the wave like movement
of muscles is called peristalsis.

6. ACTIVITY CARD QUESTIONS
 How the food from the mouth reaches the
stomach?
 How mechanical digestion of food takes place in
stomach?
 Why it is said that there should be regular
intervals between the meals?
 Which are the organs in alimentary canal
responsible for the mechanical digestion of food?
Students listen
the story and
try to answer
the questions in
the card.
STORY OF THE STOMACH
Hay, friends. My name is stomach. I am a part of
the alimentary canal in your body. I am a J -
shaped sac. Digestion of the food that you eat is
my major function. The food you eat reaches me
through the oesophagus in about 8 seconds. But
the process of digestion in me takes about 4 - 5
hours. My constant movements help in the mixing
and grinding of food and this is an example for
mechanical digestion of food. Since I want 4 – 5
hours for the digestive process, you should keep
regular intervals between the meals.

7. Mechanical digestion (CB)
ACTIVITY – IV
Teacher shows a table on the components of gastric
juice and asks students to analyze the table.
Students
analyze the
table.
CONSOLIDATION
 Food from the mouth reaches the stomach
through oesophagus.
 The constant movement of the walls of the
stomach helps in the mechanical digestion of
food.
 The digestion in stomach takes 4 – 5 hours.
So there should be kept regular intervals
between the meals.
 Mouth and stomach are the organs in
alimentary canal responsible for mechanical
digestion of food.

8. Gland Digestive
juice
Components Functions
Gastric
gland
Gastric
juice
Mucus  Protect the
walls of the
stomach
from action
of enzymes.
Pepsin  Partially
converts
proteins in
to simpler
units called
peptones.
Hydrochloric
acid
 Destroys
microorganis
ms in food.
 Maintain the
pH suitable
for digestive
process.
Gastric juice (CB)
CONSOLIDATION
 The gland present in the stomach is the
gastric gland which secretes gastric juice.
 The components of gastric juice are mucus,
pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

9. CHALK BOARD SUMMARY
REVIEW
REVIEW
 Explain how food moves through oesophagus?
 Explain the chemical digestion of food in stomach?
 Explain the components of gastric juice?
FOLLOW UP ACTIVITY
 Draw a table showing the components of gastric juice and its
function.
BIOLOGY Std : IX.B
Digestion in stomach Str : 43/43
 Mouth oesophagus stomach
 Stomach - Gastric gland gastric juice Mucus
Pepsin
Hcl