Lesson 4 ROCKS.pptx
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There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and hardens. Sedimentary rocks form over millions of years as layers of sediments deposited by rivers and wind harden together. Metamorphic rocks form from other rocks undergoing heat and pressure in the crust, changing their mineral structure.
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Rocks are classified into three main types - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground or on the surface. Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat and pressure altering other rock types. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments over millions of years at the bottoms of bodies of water. Each rock type has distinguishing features and examples.
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The document provides an overview of earth and life sciences topics including minerals, rocks, and the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It discusses how rocks are formed, classified, and the importance of studying rocks and minerals. It also summarizes the rock cycle and exogenic processes of weathering and erosion, describing the physical and chemical agents that break down rocks and how eroded materials are transported and deposited in new locations.
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The document provides an overview of earth and life sciences topics including minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. It discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed. The document also summarizes the processes of weathering and erosion, describing how physical and chemical breakdown of rocks is transported by agents and deposited in new locations.
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This document provides information about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It begins with the lesson objectives of classifying rocks into these three categories. It then discusses each rock type in detail, including their formation processes and examples. Various diagrams illustrate concepts like the rock cycle and types of metamorphism. Activities are included to help students understand rock identification and transformations through the rock cycle.
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This document provides an introduction to different types of rocks and their formation processes. It discusses igneous rocks such as granite and basalt that form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks like sandstone and limestone that form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks that form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat and pressure. It also introduces the rock cycle concept whereby rocks continuously transform between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types through geological processes over long periods of time.
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Rocks are classified into three main types - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground or on the surface. Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat and pressure altering other rock types. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments over millions of years at the bottoms of bodies of water. Each rock type has distinguishing features and examples.
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1. Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
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5. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure
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1. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies within the earth's crust
2. Extrusive igne
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Rocks on Earth can be classified into three categories based.pdf
Rocks on Earth can be classified into three categories based on the way they were formed.
Igneous rocks are formed through volcanic action. Sedimentary recks are formed by deposition.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks undergo a change due to extreme heat and
pressure. Rocks that have a volcanic origin are classifed as igneous and form when magma or lwa
cook and hardens. As the magma or lava cook; crystals begin to form. The size of the crystals
depends upon how fast the magma or lawa cools. If magma cools quickly, small crystals form and
can be observed on the rock surface, such as in basalt, for example. Lava can cool so quickly that
crystals do nothave time to form at all, such as with obsidian. If mogma cools slowly. larger
crystals form and can easily be seen on the surface of rock specimens. A common example of
igneous rock that exhibits large erystal formation is granite. When Earth's materials are deposited
in layers and pressed together over time, sedimentary rocks form. The formation of sedimentary
rock begins with the deposition of sediments. As layers are added, the oldest or lower layers that
were deposited first experience increased pressure. The sediments and the spaces between then
are crushed together in a process cal ied conpaction. During the cementation process, the
sediments are bound together when a solution fills in around the particles like glue. If the
rediments deposited are sand particles, such as in a beach environment, sandstone forms. If the
sediments are fine sit or clay-sited particles, commonly cal ed'mud;' such as those found in basins
worldwide, shaie forms, thestone typically forms from shells and other sediments deposited in
ocean environments. A quiet and undistubed ewironnent will sometimes lead to fossit formation
vithin the Layers of sedimentary deposition. Metamorphic rock forms when one type of rock
changes into another due to exposure to heat and pressure ofter cansed by morement of material
deep beneath Carthis surface. This change to rock appearance and cemposition takes an
entrenelylong tine. Metamorphle rocks are often characterized by wavy layers of mineral orytals or
by the presence of unusual mincrals. Any rock can become a metamorphic rock. For example, the
sedimentary rock ahule forms from layers of deposited sitt. When exposed to high pressure due to
scologic processes. the metamorphic rock slate forms. The sedimentary rock sandstone changes
to cuataite when exposed to extreme heat and pressure beneath Eath's surface. Another example
of a metamorphic rock is mable. which forms when limestone is exposed to extreme temperatures
or prescure. Igneous basalt changes to schikt in the metanorphic process. The interesting. thing
about the motamorplic nrocess is that any rock-igneous, metamorphic, or seclinentary-will change
and form now metamorphic rock given enough time, heat, andor pressure. The rock cycle
llustrates how rocks move on and under Earth's crust and change from one typ.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
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1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
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The document summarizes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks - and how they relate in the rock cycle. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form from compression of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and fluids. The rock cycle shows how all three rock types are interrelated and can transform into one another over time.
Weathering of rocks and minerals
weathering is the process of disintegration (physical breakdown) and decomposition (chemical breakdown) of rocks and minerals. In physical weathering, rocks are reduced in size but the chemical composition remains unaltered. In contrast, chemical weathering alter the chemical composition of rocks by changing the mineral constitutes. In weathering, primary minerals are decomposed to form secondary minerals. Weathering plays a vital role in soil formation.
Rock cycle
The rock cycle describes how the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - form and change into one another over geological time. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from the lithification of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks caused by heat and pressure deep within the Earth. Plate tectonic processes are responsible for driving the rock cycle as they move and transform rocks at the Earth's surface and deep underground.
Rocks on Earth can be classified into three categories based.pdf
Rocks on Earth can be classified into three categories based on the way they were formed.
Igneous rocks are formed through volcanic action. Sedimentary recks are formed by deposition.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks undergo a change due to extreme heat and
pressure. Rocks that have a volcanic origin are classifed as igneous and form when magma or lwa
cook and hardens. As the magma or lava cook; crystals begin to form. The size of the crystals
depends upon how fast the magma or lawa cools. If magma cools quickly, small crystals form and
can be observed on the rock surface, such as in basalt, for example. Lava can cool so quickly that
crystals do nothave time to form at all, such as with obsidian. If mogma cools slowly. larger
crystals form and can easily be seen on the surface of rock specimens. A common example of
igneous rock that exhibits large erystal formation is granite. When Earth's materials are deposited
in layers and pressed together over time, sedimentary rocks form. The formation of sedimentary
rock begins with the deposition of sediments. As layers are added, the oldest or lower layers that
were deposited first experience increased pressure. The sediments and the spaces between then
are crushed together in a process cal ied conpaction. During the cementation process, the
sediments are bound together when a solution fills in around the particles like glue. If the
rediments deposited are sand particles, such as in a beach environment, sandstone forms. If the
sediments are fine sit or clay-sited particles, commonly cal ed'mud;' such as those found in basins
worldwide, shaie forms, thestone typically forms from shells and other sediments deposited in
ocean environments. A quiet and undistubed ewironnent will sometimes lead to fossit formation
vithin the Layers of sedimentary deposition. Metamorphic rock forms when one type of rock
changes into another due to exposure to heat and pressure ofter cansed by morement of material
deep beneath Carthis surface. This change to rock appearance and cemposition takes an
entrenelylong tine. Metamorphle rocks are often characterized by wavy layers of mineral orytals or
by the presence of unusual mincrals. Any rock can become a metamorphic rock. For example, the
sedimentary rock ahule forms from layers of deposited sitt. When exposed to high pressure due to
scologic processes. the metamorphic rock slate forms. The sedimentary rock sandstone changes
to cuataite when exposed to extreme heat and pressure beneath Eath's surface. Another example
of a metamorphic rock is mable. which forms when limestone is exposed to extreme temperatures
or prescure. Igneous basalt changes to schikt in the metanorphic process. The interesting. thing
about the motamorplic nrocess is that any rock-igneous, metamorphic, or seclinentary-will change
and form now metamorphic rock given enough time, heat, andor pressure. The rock cycle
llustrates how rocks move on and under Earth's crust and change from one typ.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Lesson 4 ROCKS.pptx
- 2. Types of rocks in the Lithosphere There are THREE rock types: 1.Igneous rocks e.g. Granite 2.Sedimentary rocks e.g. Sandstone 3.Metamorphic rocks e.g. Marble
- 3. 1) Igneous rocks The temperature in the mantle is extremely high and is hot enough to melt rocks. When the rocks melt they form molten rock (thick liquid) called magma. When the magma cools down it forms igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks are basalt and granite.
- 4. Molten rock called magma
- 7. 2) Sedimentary rocks Rivers and wind can transport tiny fragments of rock called sediments. When sediments are deposited into shallow lakes or oceans, they form layers. Over millions of years the layers of sediments harden and form sedimentary rock. Examples: chalk, limestone, sandstone and shale. Sedimentary rocks may contain fossils of animals and plants.
- 9. 3) Metamorphic rocks Rocks which are exposed to the extreme pressures of moving tectonic plates, or extreme temperature of magma, can undergo chemical changes which changes their mineral structure. Examples of metamorphic rocks are marble and slate.
- 10. Properties of each type of rock :
- 11. THE END