The document discusses human evolution, emphasizing the role of culture as a by-product of survival and biological capacities such as thinking, speaking, and gripping. It traces the development of human culture from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic Revolution, highlighting the shift from foraging to agriculture and the establishment of organized states. Additionally, it describes the significance of museums in preserving cultural heritage and mentions prominent museums worldwide.

1. HUMAN EVOLUTION

2. Cultural Beginnings
• Culture is defined as “that complex whole which
encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that
a person learns and shares as a member of a society”.
• It is a by-product of the attempt of humans to survive
their environment and to compensate for their biological
characteristics and limitations.

3. Biological Capacity for Culture
• Thinking Capacity- the primary component of humans that allowed for
culture is the developed brain. It has necessary parts for facilitating
pertinent skills such as speaking, touching, feeling, seeing and smelling.

4. Biological Capacity for Culture
• Speaking Capacity- as the brain is the primary source of human’s capacity
to comprehend sound and provides meaning to it, the vocal tract acts as the
mechanism by which sounds are produced and re produced to transmit
ideas and values.

5. Biological Capacity of Culture
• Gripping Capacity- Notice how your thumb relates with your fingers. This
capacity to directly oppose your thumb with your fingers is an exclusive trait
of humans. It allowed us to have a finer grip.

6. Types of Grip
• Power Grip- enabled humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object.
• Precision Grip-enabled humans to hold and pick objects steadily using
their fingers.

7. • Walking Capacity/Standing Capacity- primates have two forms of
locomotion.
• Bipedalism the capacity to walk and stand on two feet:
• Quadropedalism uses all four limbs. Apes are semi bipedal, humans are
the only fully bipedal primates.

8. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture

9. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture
• Oldowan Industry
Oldowan Chopper Core
Homo habilis

10. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture
Acheulian Hand axes
• Acheulian Industry

11. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture
• Mousterian Industry
Homo neanderthalensis
(Homo neanderthals)
Stone tool used by
homo neanderthals

12. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture
• Aurignacian Industry
Hohle fells bone flute

13. Humans Origins and the
Capacity for Culture
• Magdalenian industry

14. Processes of Cultural
Sociopolitical Evolution
• Paleolithic stage has provided the bases for the development of complex
human groups through the establishment of culture.

15. The Neolithic Revolution
• This period is characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence of the
early humans from foraging to agriculture. This dramatic shift affected the
other aspects of their lifestyle as foraging made them nomads and
agriculture encouraged permanent settlement. This shift in itself changed
the entire array of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and corresponding material
inventions

18. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• State
Political structure of an organized community that lives under a
government.
Elements of the State
Population - refers to the people that compose the state.
Territory - refers to the place where the people that compose the state are
located, and includes the land, natural resources and air space located within it.
Government - the institution empowered by the people to control and administer
the state.
Sovereignty - ability of the state to conduct its affairs and enact its authority
without interference from outside forces.

19. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• There are four primary theories on origins of state/ government.
• 1. Divine Right Theory- rulers ascended to power convinced that
their right to rule is based on their filial relationship with supernatural forces
and entities.

20. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• There are four primary theories.
• 2. Force Theory- a group forces members of another group to subject
themselves to their rules.

21. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• 3. Paternalistic Theory- the father essentially is the leader of the first
political unit, which grew as the number of the members of his family grew.

22. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• Social Contract- the creation of a state was a mutual agreement between
the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and security from outside threats.

23. Early Civilization and the Rise of
the State
• 4. Natural Theory- humans have an innate need to be part of a community.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle described humans as “political animals”,
as it is in their nature to indulge in politics.

24. The Role of Museum in
Preserving Human Heritage
• Museums are the repository of archaeological finds that allow people from
the contemporary period to reconstruct the culture and environment of their
ancestors.

25. 1. Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, USA
The Smithsonian Institution is the world's
largest museum, education and research
complex, with 19 museums and the
National Zoological Park.
The 45.52-carat deep blue Hope
Diamond is estimated to be worth
between $250 - $350 million. It was ever
so casually mailed to the Smithsonian in
a plain brown wrapper via registered mail
by donor Harry Winston. It's one of the
most visited museum objects in the
world.

26. 2. Le Louvre, Paris, France
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is the
world's second-largest art museum and a
historic monument in Paris, France, and is
best known for being the home of the
Mona Lisa.

27. 3. The Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece
one of the world’s most important
archaeological museums, with a collection
spanning over 1,500 years and a stunning
architecture designed by Swiss-American
architect Bernard Tschumi.

28. 4. State hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia
The State Hermitage Museum is a
museum of art and culture in Saint
Petersburg, Russia. The largest art
museum in the world, it was founded in
1764 when Empress Catherine the Great
acquired an impressive collection of
paintings from the Berlin merchant Johann
Ernst Gotzkowsky.

29. 5. The British Museum, London
Residing in the British Museum,
this 4,000-year-old clay tablet
relays in cuneiform the 1750 B.C.
copper merchant Nanni's
dissatisfaction with the quality
assurance and service of El-nasir.
It's the oldest customer service
complaint discovered to date.
The British Museum is a public institution dedicated
to human history, art and culture located in the
Bloomsbury area of London, England. Its
permanent collection of some eight million works is
among the largest and most comprehensive in
existence, having been widely collected during the
era of the British Empire.

30. The Rosetta Stone
this granodiorite stone slab is inscribed
with a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt, in
196 B.C. The decree appears in 3 scripts:
Demotic Egyptian, Greek, and Egyptian
hieroglyphs. Its discovery allowed
hieroglyphs to be deciphered for the first
time.

31. National Museum
• In the Philippines, the key museum that houses most of the country’s highly
valuable artifacts is the National Museum. There are local museums in the
country that were built by city or municipal governments to address the
need of preserving local history and traditions.

32. Spoliarium
Spoliarium is a Latin word referring to the
basement of the Roman Colosseum where
the fallen and dying gladiators are dumped
and devoid of their worldly possessions. At
the center of Luna's painting are fallen
gladiators being dragged by Roman
soldiers.

33. Intramuros Pot Shard.
• The Intramuros Pot Shard was only one of the 500 artifacts discovered by the
National Museum team at the San Ignacio Church Ruins in Intramuros, Manila.
However, this archaeological piece was the most significant for one reason: It
was the only artifact with ancient inscription recovered systematically.
• As for the inscription, it was later deciphered by Mrs. Esperanza B. Gatbonton,
a Cultural Heritage Advocate. By comparing the scripts with tagalog and
kapampangan, she came up with a tentative translation: “pa-la-ki” which can
be interpreted as “a-la-ke” or “alay kay.”

34. Local museums
Jose Rizal Shrine UPLB Museum of Natural History

35. Thank You.