The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Lattice Energy LLC - During February 2016 global temperatures were highest on...Lewis Larsen
Climatic data just-released by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) shows that February 2016 was the warmest February since 1880. Immediately following the hottest January ever recorded, the long-observed, persistent trend toward warmer global temperatures continues unabated. Regardless of whether global warming is man-caused or not, it would probably be prudent for society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities if the economic cost of doing so can be reasonable. This will eventually happen anyway because British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in less than 150 years at present rates of global energy consumption.
Lesson 18: Indeterminate Forms and L'Hôpital's RuleMatthew Leingang
L'Hôpital's Rule is not a magic bullet (or a sledgehammer) but it does allow us to find limits of indeterminate forms such as 0/0 and ∞/∞. With some algebra we can use it to resolve other indeterminate forms such as ∞-∞ and 0^0.
Lesson 14: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Section 021 ...Matthew Leingang
The exponential function is pretty much the only function whose derivative is itself. The derivative of the natural logarithm function is also beautiful as it fills in an important gap. Finally, the technique of logarithmic differentiation allows us to find derivatives without the product rule.
Lesson 19: The Mean Value Theorem (Section 021 handout)Matthew Leingang
The Mean Value Theorem is the most important theorem in calculus. It is the first theorem which allows us to infer information about a function from information about its derivative. From the MVT we can derive tests for the monotonicity (increase or decrease) and concavity of a function.
Lesson 14: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Section 041 ...Matthew Leingang
The exponential function is pretty much the only function whose derivative is itself. The derivative of the natural logarithm function is also beautiful as it fills in an important gap. Finally, the technique of logarithmic differentiation allows us to find derivatives without the product rule.
Lesson 19: The Mean Value Theorem (Section 041 handout)Matthew Leingang
The Mean Value Theorem is the most important theorem in calculus. It is the first theorem which allows us to infer information about a function from information about its derivative. From the MVT we can derive tests for the monotonicity (increase or decrease) and concavity of a function.
Lattice Energy LLC - During February 2016 global temperatures were highest on...Lewis Larsen
Climatic data just-released by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) shows that February 2016 was the warmest February since 1880. Immediately following the hottest January ever recorded, the long-observed, persistent trend toward warmer global temperatures continues unabated. Regardless of whether global warming is man-caused or not, it would probably be prudent for society to reduce future CO2 emissions from power generation activities if the economic cost of doing so can be reasonable. This will eventually happen anyway because British Petroleum has estimated that fossil fuel resources will be totally exhausted in less than 150 years at present rates of global energy consumption.
Lesson 18: Indeterminate Forms and L'Hôpital's RuleMatthew Leingang
L'Hôpital's Rule is not a magic bullet (or a sledgehammer) but it does allow us to find limits of indeterminate forms such as 0/0 and ∞/∞. With some algebra we can use it to resolve other indeterminate forms such as ∞-∞ and 0^0.
Lesson 14: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Section 021 ...Matthew Leingang
The exponential function is pretty much the only function whose derivative is itself. The derivative of the natural logarithm function is also beautiful as it fills in an important gap. Finally, the technique of logarithmic differentiation allows us to find derivatives without the product rule.
Lesson 19: The Mean Value Theorem (Section 021 handout)Matthew Leingang
The Mean Value Theorem is the most important theorem in calculus. It is the first theorem which allows us to infer information about a function from information about its derivative. From the MVT we can derive tests for the monotonicity (increase or decrease) and concavity of a function.
Lesson 14: Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Section 041 ...Matthew Leingang
The exponential function is pretty much the only function whose derivative is itself. The derivative of the natural logarithm function is also beautiful as it fills in an important gap. Finally, the technique of logarithmic differentiation allows us to find derivatives without the product rule.
Lesson 19: The Mean Value Theorem (Section 041 handout)Matthew Leingang
The Mean Value Theorem is the most important theorem in calculus. It is the first theorem which allows us to infer information about a function from information about its derivative. From the MVT we can derive tests for the monotonicity (increase or decrease) and concavity of a function.
The derivative of a composition of functions is the product of the derivatives of those functions. This rule is important because compositions are so powerful.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
The derivative of a composition of functions is the product of the derivatives of those functions. This rule is important because compositions are so powerful.
Lesson 18: Maximum and Minimum Values (Section 041 slides)Matthew Leingang
There are various reasons why we would want to find the extreme (maximum and minimum values) of a function. Fermat's Theorem tells us we can find local extreme points by looking at critical points. This process is known as the Closed Interval Method.
Streamlining assessment, feedback, and archival with auto-multiple-choiceMatthew Leingang
Auto-multiple-choice (AMC) is an open-source optical mark recognition software package built with Perl, LaTeX, XML, and sqlite. I use it for all my in-class quizzes and exams. Unique papers are created for each student, fixed-response items are scored automatically, and free-response problems, after manual scoring, have marks recorded in the same process. In the first part of the talk I will discuss AMC’s many features and why I feel it’s ideal for a mathematics course. My contributions to the AMC workflow include some scripts designed to automate the process of returning scored papers
back to students electronically. AMC provides an email gateway, but I have written programs to return graded papers via the DAV protocol to student’s dropboxes on our (Sakai) learning management systems. I will also show how graded papers can be archived, with appropriate metadata tags, into an Evernote notebook.
Integration by substitution is the chain rule in reverse.
NOTE: the final location is section specific. Section 1 (morning) is in SILV 703, Section 11 (afternoon) is in CANT 200
Lesson 24: Areas and Distances, The Definite Integral (handout)Matthew Leingang
We can define the area of a curved region by a process similar to that by which we determined the slope of a curve: approximation by what we know and a limit.
Lesson 24: Areas and Distances, The Definite Integral (slides)Matthew Leingang
We can define the area of a curved region by a process similar to that by which we determined the slope of a curve: approximation by what we know and a limit.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
At times it is useful to consider a function whose derivative is a given function. We look at the general idea of reversing the differentiation process and its applications to rectilinear motion.
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few good examples.
Uncountably many problems in life and nature can be expressed in terms of an optimization principle. We look at the process and find a few good examples.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Lesson 17: Indeterminate Forms and L'Hopital's Rule (Section 041 handout)
1. Section 3.7
Indeterminate Forms and L’Hˆopital’s
Rule
V63.0121.041, Calculus I
New York University
November 3, 2010
Announcements
Announcements
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 2 / 24
Objectives
Know when a limit is of
indeterminate form:
indeterminate quotients:
0/0, ∞/∞
indeterminate products:
0 × ∞
indeterminate differences:
∞ − ∞
indeterminate powers: 00
,
∞0
, and 1∞
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 3 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
1
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
2. Experiments with funny limits
lim
x→0
sin2
x
x
= 0
lim
x→0
x
sin2
x
does not exist
lim
x→0
sin2
x
sin(x2)
= 1
lim
x→0
sin 3x
sin x
= 3
All of these are of the form
0
0
, and since we can get different answers in
different cases, we say this form is indeterminate.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 4 / 24
Recall
Recall the limit laws from Chapter 2.
Limit of a sum is the sum of the limits
Limit of a difference is the difference of the limits
Limit of a product is the product of the limits
Limit of a quotient is the quotient of the limits ... whoops! This is
true as long as you don’t try to divide by zero.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 5 / 24
More about dividing limits
We know dividing by zero is bad.
Most of the time, if an expression’s numerator approaches a finite
number and denominator approaches zero, the quotient approaches
some kind of infinity. For example:
lim
x→0+
1
x
= +∞ lim
x→0−
cos x
x3
= −∞
An exception would be something like
lim
x→∞
1
1
x sin x
= lim
x→∞
x csc x.
which does not exist and is not infinite.
Even less predictable: numerator and denominator both go to zero.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 6 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
2
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
3. Language Note
It depends on what the meaning of the word “is” is
Be careful with the language
here. We are not saying that
the limit in each case “is”
0
0
, and therefore nonexistent
because this expression is
undefined.
The limit is of the form
0
0
,
which means we cannot
evaluate it with our limit
laws.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 7 / 24
Indeterminate forms are like Tug Of War
Which side wins depends on which side is stronger.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 8 / 24
Outline
L’Hˆopital’s Rule
Other Indeterminate Limits
Indeterminate Products
Indeterminate Differences
Indeterminate Powers
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 9 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
3
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
4. The Linear Case
Question
If f and g are lines and f (a) = g(a) = 0, what is
lim
x→a
f (x)
g(x)
?
Solution
The functions f and g can be written in the form
f (x) = m1(x − a)
g(x) = m2(x − a)
So
f (x)
g(x)
=
m1
m2
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 10 / 24
The Linear Case, Illustrated
x
y
y = f (x)
y = g(x)
a
x
f (x)
g(x)
f (x)
g(x)
=
f (x) − f (a)
g(x) − g(a)
=
(f (x) − f (a))/(x − a)
(g(x) − g(a))/(x − a)
=
m1
m2
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 11 / 24
What then?
But what if the functions aren’t linear?
Can we approximate a function near a point with a linear function?
What would be the slope of that linear function? The derivative!
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 12 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
4
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
5. Theorem of the Day
Theorem (L’Hopital’s Rule)
Suppose f and g are differentiable functions and g (x) = 0 near a (except
possibly at a). Suppose that
lim
x→a
f (x) = 0 and lim
x→a
g(x) = 0
or
lim
x→a
f (x) = ±∞ and lim
x→a
g(x) = ±∞
Then
lim
x→a
f (x)
g(x)
= lim
x→a
f (x)
g (x)
,
if the limit on the right-hand side is finite, ∞, or −∞.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 13 / 24
Meet the Mathematician: L’Hˆopital
wanted to be a military
man, but poor eyesight
forced him into math
did some math on his own
(solved the “brachistocrone
problem”)
paid a stipend to Johann
Bernoulli, who proved this
theorem and named it after
him! Guillaume Fran¸cois Antoine,
Marquis de L’Hˆopital
(French, 1661–1704)
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 14 / 24
Revisiting the previous examples
Example
lim
x→0
sin2
x
x
H
= lim
x→0
2 sin x
sin x → 0
cos x
1
= 0
Example
lim
x→0
sin2
x
numerator → 0
sin x2
denominator → 0
H
= lim
x→0
¡2 sin x cos x
numerator → 0
(cos x2) (¡2x
denominator → 0
)
H
= lim
x→0
cos2 x − sin2
x
numerator → 1
cos x2 − 2x2 sin(x2)
denominator → 1
= 1
Example
lim
x→0
sin 3x
sin x
H
= lim
x→0
3 cos 3x
cos x
= 3.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 15 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
5
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
6. Beware of Red Herrings
Example
Find
lim
x→0
x
cos x
Solution
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 16 / 24
Outline
L’Hˆopital’s Rule
Other Indeterminate Limits
Indeterminate Products
Indeterminate Differences
Indeterminate Powers
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 17 / 24
Indeterminate products
Example
Find
lim
x→0+
√
x ln x
This limit is of the form 0 · (−∞).
Solution
Jury-rig the expression to make an indeterminate quotient. Then apply
L’Hˆopital’s Rule:
lim
x→0+
√
x ln x = lim
x→0+
ln x
1/
√
x
H
= lim
x→0+
x−1
−1
2x−3/2
= lim
x→0+
−2
√
x = 0
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 18 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
6
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
7. Indeterminate differences
Example
lim
x→0+
1
x
− cot 2x
This limit is of the form ∞ − ∞.
Solution
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 19 / 24
Indeterminate powers
Example
Find lim
x→0+
(1 − 2x)1/x
Take the logarithm:
ln lim
x→0+
(1 − 2x)1/x
= lim
x→0+
ln (1 − 2x)1/x
= lim
x→0+
ln(1 − 2x)
x
This limit is of the form
0
0
, so we can use L’Hˆopital:
lim
x→0+
ln(1 − 2x)
x
H
= lim
x→0+
−2
1−2x
1
= −2
This is not the answer, it’s the log of the answer! So the answer we want
is e−2
.
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 21 / 24
Another indeterminate power limit
Example
lim
x→0
(3x)4x
Solution
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 22 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
7
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010
8. Summary
Form Method
0
0 L’Hˆopital’s rule directly
∞
∞ L’Hˆopital’s rule directly
0 · ∞ jiggle to make 0
0 or ∞
∞ .
∞ − ∞ factor to make an indeterminate product
00 take ln to make an indeterminate product
∞0 ditto
1∞ ditto
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 23 / 24
Final Thoughts
L’Hˆopital’s Rule only works on indeterminate quotients
Luckily, most indeterminate limits can be transformed into
indeterminate quotients
L’Hˆopital’s Rule gives wrong answers for non-indeterminate limits!
V63.0121.041, Calculus I (NYU) Section 3.7 L’Hˆopital’s Rule November 3, 2010 24 / 24
Notes
Notes
Notes
8
Section 3.7 : L’Hˆopital’s RuleV63.0121.041, Calculus I November 3, 2010