Christian Wetterberg, Director of Governmental Affairs at LEGO, discusses safety assessments for toys according to Directive 2009/48/EC. The directive requires manufacturers to assess potential chemical, physical, and other hazards before placing a toy on the market. Assessments can be divided into three parts covering mechanical/physical/electrical hazards (covered by harmonized standards), hygiene/radioactivity hazards (no standards), and chemical hazards (some standards). The assessment aims to identify and minimize risks. It involves identifying hazards, applicable standards, and determining if all hazards are addressed. The assessment must be related to the final toy placed on the market. Proper assessments require knowledge of the toy, standards, restrictions, and hazards.
This document provides an overview and summary of the key changes in European Union regulations for cosmetics and beauty products under Regulation 1223/2009/EC, which will replace Directive 76/768/EEC on July 11, 2013. It outlines the six main steps for cosmetic product compliance and market entry in the EU, including designating a responsible person, product classification, building a product information file, notification, market entry, and remaining compliant. It also describes in detail the requirements for the product information file, safety assessment, and designation of a responsible person located within the EU.
The risk assessment identifies hazards for a music video shoot involving longboarding, being in the sun, and a scene where a character is hit. Potential injuries include falling, heat stroke, and hurting someone in a scene. Measures taken to prevent injury include an experienced longboard rider, providing food and drink to avoid heat stroke, and carefully filming the hitting scene. Additional risks include falling from a tree during filming and tripping on wires, which will be addressed by wearing strong shoes while climbing and moving wires as people exit the stage.
This document discusses privacy engineering and assurance. It begins by defining key privacy terminology like personally identifiable information and privacy principles. It then discusses elements of an accountable privacy program, including executive oversight, policies and processes, risk assessment, and complaint handling. The document outlines privacy activities across a product life cycle, including privacy impact assessments and risk management. It also discusses assessing privacy maturity and related business processes. Finally, it provides an example use case for conducting a privacy assessment.
This document outlines a business project proposal to start a toy manufacturing company called ARCHY. The project aims to produce affordable toys for children, especially in developing countries where financial constraints may limit access to toys. The proposal discusses conducting market research and surveys to identify popular toy types. It then outlines plans to import production equipment, hire and train workers, produce toy samples for testing, and refine the toys based on feedback. Finally, it discusses marketing, advertising, and manufacturing the toys for distribution, with the overall goals of providing joy to children and profitability for the business.
This document provides a template for conducting a risk assessment for a film production. It involves identifying hazards, who may be harmed, existing controls, risk levels, and further actions needed. Examples given include risks from hot sand, an on-set dog, and campfires. The assessment should also consider emergency contact information and communication abilities on location. Completing a full risk assessment with proper controls is important for safety on a film shoot.
This document provides a child product safety guide that details 26 potentially dangerous child-related products. For each product, information is given on why it poses a problem, how it can be dangerous to children, what to look for when buying or using the product including relevant European safety standards, and how to safely use the product. The guide aims to inform consumers and professionals about risks children face from products, educate on safe purchase and use of child products, and provide details on European safety standards for the products listed.
This document provides an overview and summary of the key changes in European Union regulations for cosmetics and beauty products under Regulation 1223/2009/EC, which will replace Directive 76/768/EEC on July 11, 2013. It outlines the six main steps for cosmetic product compliance and market entry in the EU, including designating a responsible person, product classification, building a product information file, notification, market entry, and remaining compliant. It also describes in detail the requirements for the product information file, safety assessment, and designation of a responsible person located within the EU.
The risk assessment identifies hazards for a music video shoot involving longboarding, being in the sun, and a scene where a character is hit. Potential injuries include falling, heat stroke, and hurting someone in a scene. Measures taken to prevent injury include an experienced longboard rider, providing food and drink to avoid heat stroke, and carefully filming the hitting scene. Additional risks include falling from a tree during filming and tripping on wires, which will be addressed by wearing strong shoes while climbing and moving wires as people exit the stage.
This document discusses privacy engineering and assurance. It begins by defining key privacy terminology like personally identifiable information and privacy principles. It then discusses elements of an accountable privacy program, including executive oversight, policies and processes, risk assessment, and complaint handling. The document outlines privacy activities across a product life cycle, including privacy impact assessments and risk management. It also discusses assessing privacy maturity and related business processes. Finally, it provides an example use case for conducting a privacy assessment.
This document outlines a business project proposal to start a toy manufacturing company called ARCHY. The project aims to produce affordable toys for children, especially in developing countries where financial constraints may limit access to toys. The proposal discusses conducting market research and surveys to identify popular toy types. It then outlines plans to import production equipment, hire and train workers, produce toy samples for testing, and refine the toys based on feedback. Finally, it discusses marketing, advertising, and manufacturing the toys for distribution, with the overall goals of providing joy to children and profitability for the business.
This document provides a template for conducting a risk assessment for a film production. It involves identifying hazards, who may be harmed, existing controls, risk levels, and further actions needed. Examples given include risks from hot sand, an on-set dog, and campfires. The assessment should also consider emergency contact information and communication abilities on location. Completing a full risk assessment with proper controls is important for safety on a film shoot.
This document provides a child product safety guide that details 26 potentially dangerous child-related products. For each product, information is given on why it poses a problem, how it can be dangerous to children, what to look for when buying or using the product including relevant European safety standards, and how to safely use the product. The guide aims to inform consumers and professionals about risks children face from products, educate on safe purchase and use of child products, and provide details on European safety standards for the products listed.
This document provides an overview of health and safety at Rhodes University. It introduces lab safety, hazardous materials, fire safety, and waste recycling. Regarding lab safety, it outlines general do's and don'ts and emphasizes the importance of identifying hazards and risks. Hazardous materials that require special disposal procedures are defined. Fire safety focuses on prevention, extinguishers, evacuation planning, and prohibiting smoking in certain areas. Waste recycling at Rhodes uses a two-bag system to separate disposable and recyclable materials.
Engineers have a responsibility to ensure safety and manage risk. They must consider how their designs could harm people and work to make their products safe based on an acceptable level of risk. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, assessing consequences, and controlling risks. Engineers must balance safety and cost. They also face uncertainties in design and changing conditions that require risk assessments. Regarding the environment, engineers should aim to minimize harm and promote sustainability based on approaches like utilitarianism or environmental ethics. Computer ethics similarly focuses on policies for technology's social impact and unethical uses of computers.
Chapter 6; eco labelling (oeko tex-100 and eu eco-label)Shaheen Sardar
The document summarizes information about two eco-labeling schemes - Oeko-Tex and the EU Ecolabel. Oeko-Tex is a voluntary certification system that tests textiles for harmful substances. It has four product classes based on a product's contact with skin. The EU Ecolabel aims to encourage environmentally friendly products and has criteria covering the entire life cycle from extraction to disposal. Both labels provide advantages to textile producers including health and environmental protections.
This document discusses principles and phases of preventive action for occupational safety and health (OSH). It outlines key international conventions and directives on OSH, including establishing national OSH policies, providing guidance to employers and workers, and including OSH training at all education levels. The principles of risk evaluation, preventive planning, and organizing adequate resources like qualified OSH staff are explained. Effective inspection and monitoring systems require upgrading institutions, training staff, coordinating between organizations, and developing OSH tools. A successful process involves commitment from all concerned parties.
This document provides guidance on planning preclinical testing for medical device development. It outlines key aspects to consider, including material selection, manufacturing methods, biocompatibility testing, study design, packaging and sterilization validation. Manufacturers are advised to review industry standards, evaluate all potential impacts to safety and performance, and plan timelines for all required activities and documentation. Attention to these details at the preclinical stage will help ensure a successful medical device design validation process.
This document provides an overview of safety audits in the chemical industry. It discusses the importance of safety, outlines major issues like the Bhopal gas disaster, and describes the objectives, types, and process of conducting a safety audit. The document also covers topics like occupational health and safety standards, OSHA regulations and inspections, documentation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of safety audits.
The document discusses the process manufacturers must go through to evaluate the biological safety of medical devices before marketing them. This includes systematically evaluating devices for bio-compatibility risks to avoid harming the human body. The ISO 10993 series provides international guidelines for biological evaluation and testing to confirm biocompatibility and mitigate risks to an acceptable level. Manufacturers must document their biological evaluation plan and testing program to support medical device assessment and ensure biological safety.
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children v2zq
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document provides an overview of chemical safety in the workplace. It discusses common chemicals that are hazardous, how chemicals can enter the body, and the importance of risk assessment. The key steps for risk assessment are outlined, including making an inventory, collecting safety information, assessing exposure, and implementing controls. Control methods like substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and PPE are described. Proper chemical storage, labeling, training and emergency response are important for effective chemical management.
Professional ethics in engineering requires managing safety and risk. Engineers have a responsibility to consider how their designs may impact people and to make products as safe as reasonably possible. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. Risk is the potential for something harmful to occur, and risk acceptance varies between individuals based on factors like age, experience, and physical condition. Engineers use various methods like testing and simulation to identify risks, analyze them, and find ways to reduce risks to acceptable levels given technical limitations and costs.
The document provides an overview of standards and standardization for nanotechnologies. It discusses why standards are important for nanotechnologies, the roles and types of standards, and major international organizations developing standards including ISO, IEC, CEN, and BSI. It outlines some key challenges for nanotechnology standardization and provides examples of existing and in-development standards.
The document provides an overview of standardization efforts for nanotechnologies. It discusses the importance of standards to ensure safe and responsible development. It outlines the roles of key international standardization committees (ISO, IEC, CEN) and describes their activities, including published standards, work programs, and areas of focus like terminology, measurement, and health/safety. Coordination across committees and with other stakeholders is emphasized to develop standards efficiently.
The document provides an overview of standardization efforts for nanotechnologies. It discusses the importance of standards to ensure safe and responsible development. It outlines the roles of key international standardization committees (ISO, IEC, CEN) and describes their activities, including published standards, work programs, and areas of focus like terminology, measurement, and health/safety. Coordination across committees and with other stakeholders is emphasized to develop standards efficiently.
This document provides guidance for armament shop-specific hazardous communication (HAZCOM) training. It outlines responsibilities for reviewing and approving the training, lists the HAZCOM program point of contact, and locations of safety data sheets. The training identifies processes, non-routine tasks, hazardous chemicals, and explains the purpose and format of labels and safety data sheets. It also describes the revised labeling requirements under the Globally Harmonized System including pictograms, signal words, and statements.
This document provides information on various apparel, footwear, textile and leather standards as well as product selection tools, certification programs, and raw material standards. It discusses standards and guidelines from organizations like OEKO-TEX, HIGG Index, ZDHC, GOTS, ISO, AAFA, ILO and others. The document presents information on each standard, their objectives, requirements and how they relate to sustainability in the apparel and textile industries.
This document provides an overview of WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) training. It describes the objectives of understanding hazards, protections, and information sources for hazardous products. It then details the six hazard classes, eight symbols, supplier and workplace labels, and material safety data sheets (MSDS) which provide nine sections of information about hazardous products and safety procedures. Personal protective equipment is also discussed. The training concludes with a quiz to test understanding.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and engineers as responsible experimenters. It begins by defining experimentation and noting how engineering projects can be viewed as experiments with uncertainties. It then compares engineering projects to standard scientific experiments, noting similarities around partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. Key contrasts discussed include the lack of experimental control groups in engineering, the involvement of human subjects, and differences in the goal of gaining knowledge. The document stresses that engineers must be conscientious experimenters who consider safety, health, human rights and informed consent when developing new technologies.
Industrial Safety Unit-I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIESNarmatha D
Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold LimitValue (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS
The document summarizes CPSC requirements for adult and children's clothing, including mandatory safety standards and voluntary standards. It discusses four types of safety concerns, strategies to prevent product hazards, and CPSC's role in monitoring voluntary standards and issuing technical regulations if needed to reduce risks. Key requirements outlined are flammability testing, tracking labels, lead and phthalate limits, and restrictions on drawstrings for children's garments. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring imported products comply with both U.S. regulations and voluntary consensus standards.
This document outlines the articles of association for ICRA Limited, an Indian company limited by shares.
It defines key terms used in the articles like "Act", "Annual General Meeting", "Articles", "Auditor", "Board of Directors", "Company", "Director", "Member", "Memorandum of Association", "Office", "Share" and others.
It discusses the company's authorized share capital of Rs. 15 crore divided into 1.5 crore equity shares of Rs. 10 each. It also covers maintenance of registers, rights of shareholders, issue of share certificates, joint shareholdings and renewal of defaced/lost certificates.
This document outlines regulations for companies offering shares or debentures to the public regarding applying to have the shares dealt with on a recognized stock exchange. It specifies that:
1) Companies must apply to one or more recognized stock exchanges before issuing a prospectus offering shares/debentures.
2) If permission is not granted within 10 weeks of closing subscription lists, any allotments are void, unless an appeal is pending.
3) Companies must repay application money if permission is not received or granted, with interest for delayed repayments.
This document provides an overview of health and safety at Rhodes University. It introduces lab safety, hazardous materials, fire safety, and waste recycling. Regarding lab safety, it outlines general do's and don'ts and emphasizes the importance of identifying hazards and risks. Hazardous materials that require special disposal procedures are defined. Fire safety focuses on prevention, extinguishers, evacuation planning, and prohibiting smoking in certain areas. Waste recycling at Rhodes uses a two-bag system to separate disposable and recyclable materials.
Engineers have a responsibility to ensure safety and manage risk. They must consider how their designs could harm people and work to make their products safe based on an acceptable level of risk. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, assessing consequences, and controlling risks. Engineers must balance safety and cost. They also face uncertainties in design and changing conditions that require risk assessments. Regarding the environment, engineers should aim to minimize harm and promote sustainability based on approaches like utilitarianism or environmental ethics. Computer ethics similarly focuses on policies for technology's social impact and unethical uses of computers.
Chapter 6; eco labelling (oeko tex-100 and eu eco-label)Shaheen Sardar
The document summarizes information about two eco-labeling schemes - Oeko-Tex and the EU Ecolabel. Oeko-Tex is a voluntary certification system that tests textiles for harmful substances. It has four product classes based on a product's contact with skin. The EU Ecolabel aims to encourage environmentally friendly products and has criteria covering the entire life cycle from extraction to disposal. Both labels provide advantages to textile producers including health and environmental protections.
This document discusses principles and phases of preventive action for occupational safety and health (OSH). It outlines key international conventions and directives on OSH, including establishing national OSH policies, providing guidance to employers and workers, and including OSH training at all education levels. The principles of risk evaluation, preventive planning, and organizing adequate resources like qualified OSH staff are explained. Effective inspection and monitoring systems require upgrading institutions, training staff, coordinating between organizations, and developing OSH tools. A successful process involves commitment from all concerned parties.
This document provides guidance on planning preclinical testing for medical device development. It outlines key aspects to consider, including material selection, manufacturing methods, biocompatibility testing, study design, packaging and sterilization validation. Manufacturers are advised to review industry standards, evaluate all potential impacts to safety and performance, and plan timelines for all required activities and documentation. Attention to these details at the preclinical stage will help ensure a successful medical device design validation process.
This document provides an overview of safety audits in the chemical industry. It discusses the importance of safety, outlines major issues like the Bhopal gas disaster, and describes the objectives, types, and process of conducting a safety audit. The document also covers topics like occupational health and safety standards, OSHA regulations and inspections, documentation methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of safety audits.
The document discusses the process manufacturers must go through to evaluate the biological safety of medical devices before marketing them. This includes systematically evaluating devices for bio-compatibility risks to avoid harming the human body. The ISO 10993 series provides international guidelines for biological evaluation and testing to confirm biocompatibility and mitigate risks to an acceptable level. Manufacturers must document their biological evaluation plan and testing program to support medical device assessment and ensure biological safety.
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children v2zq
Hazardous Chemicals in Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This document provides an overview of chemical safety in the workplace. It discusses common chemicals that are hazardous, how chemicals can enter the body, and the importance of risk assessment. The key steps for risk assessment are outlined, including making an inventory, collecting safety information, assessing exposure, and implementing controls. Control methods like substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and PPE are described. Proper chemical storage, labeling, training and emergency response are important for effective chemical management.
Professional ethics in engineering requires managing safety and risk. Engineers have a responsibility to consider how their designs may impact people and to make products as safe as reasonably possible. However, absolute safety is impossible to achieve. Risk is the potential for something harmful to occur, and risk acceptance varies between individuals based on factors like age, experience, and physical condition. Engineers use various methods like testing and simulation to identify risks, analyze them, and find ways to reduce risks to acceptable levels given technical limitations and costs.
The document provides an overview of standards and standardization for nanotechnologies. It discusses why standards are important for nanotechnologies, the roles and types of standards, and major international organizations developing standards including ISO, IEC, CEN, and BSI. It outlines some key challenges for nanotechnology standardization and provides examples of existing and in-development standards.
The document provides an overview of standardization efforts for nanotechnologies. It discusses the importance of standards to ensure safe and responsible development. It outlines the roles of key international standardization committees (ISO, IEC, CEN) and describes their activities, including published standards, work programs, and areas of focus like terminology, measurement, and health/safety. Coordination across committees and with other stakeholders is emphasized to develop standards efficiently.
The document provides an overview of standardization efforts for nanotechnologies. It discusses the importance of standards to ensure safe and responsible development. It outlines the roles of key international standardization committees (ISO, IEC, CEN) and describes their activities, including published standards, work programs, and areas of focus like terminology, measurement, and health/safety. Coordination across committees and with other stakeholders is emphasized to develop standards efficiently.
This document provides guidance for armament shop-specific hazardous communication (HAZCOM) training. It outlines responsibilities for reviewing and approving the training, lists the HAZCOM program point of contact, and locations of safety data sheets. The training identifies processes, non-routine tasks, hazardous chemicals, and explains the purpose and format of labels and safety data sheets. It also describes the revised labeling requirements under the Globally Harmonized System including pictograms, signal words, and statements.
This document provides information on various apparel, footwear, textile and leather standards as well as product selection tools, certification programs, and raw material standards. It discusses standards and guidelines from organizations like OEKO-TEX, HIGG Index, ZDHC, GOTS, ISO, AAFA, ILO and others. The document presents information on each standard, their objectives, requirements and how they relate to sustainability in the apparel and textile industries.
This document provides an overview of WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) training. It describes the objectives of understanding hazards, protections, and information sources for hazardous products. It then details the six hazard classes, eight symbols, supplier and workplace labels, and material safety data sheets (MSDS) which provide nine sections of information about hazardous products and safety procedures. Personal protective equipment is also discussed. The training concludes with a quiz to test understanding.
This document discusses engineering as social experimentation and engineers as responsible experimenters. It begins by defining experimentation and noting how engineering projects can be viewed as experiments with uncertainties. It then compares engineering projects to standard scientific experiments, noting similarities around partial ignorance, uncertainty in outcomes, and continuous monitoring. Key contrasts discussed include the lack of experimental control groups in engineering, the involvement of human subjects, and differences in the goal of gaining knowledge. The document stresses that engineers must be conscientious experimenters who consider safety, health, human rights and informed consent when developing new technologies.
Industrial Safety Unit-I SAFETY TERMINOLOGIESNarmatha D
Hazard-Types of Hazard- Risk-Hierarchy of Hazards Control Measures-Lead indicators- lag Indicators-Flammability- Toxicity Time-weighted Average (TWA) - Threshold LimitValue (TLV) - Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)- Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)- acute and chronic Effects- Routes of Chemical Entry-Personnel Protective Equipment- Health and Safety Policy-Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS
The document summarizes CPSC requirements for adult and children's clothing, including mandatory safety standards and voluntary standards. It discusses four types of safety concerns, strategies to prevent product hazards, and CPSC's role in monitoring voluntary standards and issuing technical regulations if needed to reduce risks. Key requirements outlined are flammability testing, tracking labels, lead and phthalate limits, and restrictions on drawstrings for children's garments. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring imported products comply with both U.S. regulations and voluntary consensus standards.
This document outlines the articles of association for ICRA Limited, an Indian company limited by shares.
It defines key terms used in the articles like "Act", "Annual General Meeting", "Articles", "Auditor", "Board of Directors", "Company", "Director", "Member", "Memorandum of Association", "Office", "Share" and others.
It discusses the company's authorized share capital of Rs. 15 crore divided into 1.5 crore equity shares of Rs. 10 each. It also covers maintenance of registers, rights of shareholders, issue of share certificates, joint shareholdings and renewal of defaced/lost certificates.
This document outlines regulations for companies offering shares or debentures to the public regarding applying to have the shares dealt with on a recognized stock exchange. It specifies that:
1) Companies must apply to one or more recognized stock exchanges before issuing a prospectus offering shares/debentures.
2) If permission is not granted within 10 weeks of closing subscription lists, any allotments are void, unless an appeal is pending.
3) Companies must repay application money if permission is not received or granted, with interest for delayed repayments.
The document provides an overview of business law and the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It discusses key topics like types of contracts, essential elements of a valid contract such as offer, acceptance and consideration. It also covers capacity to contract, free consent, void agreements, discharge of contracts, and remedies for breach of contract. Over 3 million cases are pending in Indian courts and more than 26 million cases are pending in subordinate courts, highlighting issues with the legal system.
1. Allotment refers to the acceptance of an offer to purchase shares. For allotment to be valid, certain requirements must be met including delivery of a prospectus to regulators, minimum application amounts, and minimum subscription levels being received.
2. Shares must also be listed on the stock exchange(s) mentioned in the prospectus.
3. Companies must complete allotment within 30 days of the subscription closing and obtain stock exchange approval for the basis of allotment. They must also complete trading formalities within 7 days of finalizing the allotment basis.
The document provides an overview of the key requirements for a first time issuer of securities conducting an initial public offering (IPO) in India. It discusses the eligibility criteria set by SEBI, including minimum public shareholding, promoters' contribution and lock-in period, pricing considerations, and issue structure. It also outlines the corporate governance requirements, disclosures required in the offer document, and the roles of various intermediaries involved. Special dispensations provided to public sector undertakings conducting an IPO are also highlighted.
1) Shares represent ownership in a company, with each share representing a unit of the company's total share capital. Share capital is the total funds raised by a company through the issue and sale of shares.
2) There are two main types of shares - preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares carry preferential rights to dividends and repayment of capital. Equity shares do not have preferential rights.
3) Within preference shares, there are various sub-types including cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, and redeemable preference shares. Equity shares represent the residual claim on a company's assets and earnings.
Entry norms for IPOs and further public offerings (FPOs) in India require companies to meet certain financial criteria to list. Companies can use alternative entry norms if they do not meet the primary criteria. Book building and fixed price methods are used to determine share prices in IPOs. Qualified institutional buyers are preferred investors for some offerings who must meet certain qualifications. Merchant bankers act as intermediaries between companies and investors in the primary market.
This document discusses several key concepts related to corporate law, including ultra vires acts, constructive notice, and the doctrine of indoor management. It defines ultra vires as acts beyond a company's objects clause, and notes that ultra vires contracts are void from the beginning. The doctrine of constructive notice holds that those dealing with a company are deemed to have notice of its memorandum and articles of association, while the doctrine of indoor management protects outsiders as long as a contract is consistent with these public documents. The document also examines exceptions and consequences of ultra vires acts, and the binding effect of a company's memorandum and articles of association on members and outsiders.
This document provides an overview of the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines key concepts related to contracts such as agreement, promise, offer, acceptance, consideration, and enforceability. It also discusses formation of a valid contract and discharge of a contract. Breach of contract is discussed as well, noting there are two types: actual breach and anticipatory breach. Remedies for breach are outlined as rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. The document serves as an introductory guide to concepts in contract law under the Indian Contract Act.
Procedure for incorporating a public limited companyvideoaakash15
The document outlines the procedure for incorporating a public limited company in India. Key steps include:
1) Selecting a suitable name that is not already in use and meets naming guidelines.
2) Drafting the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.
3) Having at least seven members subscribe to the Memorandum of Association.
4) Filing required forms and documents with the Registrar of Companies along with registration fees.
5) Receiving a certificate of incorporation from the Registrar of Companies to form the company if documents are in order.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trading blocs, and international business treaties. It discusses how the WTO was established in 1995 as the third pillar of global economic governance after the IMF and World Bank. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and incorporates agreements on goods, services, and intellectual property. However, it has compromised by allowing regional trade blocs and being dominated by major powers like the US, EU, and Japan in setting rules. Regionalism and concerns over developing country interests have led some like India to view WTO membership negatively.
This document outlines a course on legal aspects of business. The 16-week course will be taught in semester 2 by K.R. Venkateswaran and cover key Indian business laws including the Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Partnership Act, Negotiable Instruments Act, Companies Act, Consumer Protection Act, and Information Technology Act. Students will be evaluated through an in-house assignment worth 40% and an end-term test worth 60% of their total marks. The teaching method will involve explaining legal provisions, discussing practical problems, and providing notes and handouts to students.
1) An agreement by a minor to take shares in a company is void, and shares allotted to a minor can be repudiated by the company with repayment of money received for the shares.
2) A minor can also repudiate the share allotment and claim repayment of amounts paid. If the minor's name remains on the register of members during minority, they do not incur shareholder liabilities and cannot be held as a contributory if the company winds up.
3) If a minor acquires fully paid shares by transfer or transmission, their name may be admitted to the register of members.
Mergers and amalgamations allow companies to achieve synergies, economies of scale, tax advantages, and strengthen their financial position. The Companies Act of 1956 allows for compromises or arrangements between companies and their creditors/members, including schemes for reconstruction or amalgamation involving transfer of undertakings between companies. Closure of an industrial undertaking requires 60 days advance notice to the government, with compensation of 15 days pay per year of service over 6 months paid to eligible workers. Certain circumstances like acts of God or eminent domain may exempt employers from these requirements.
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- The document appears to be a workbook or study guide for a course on legal environment of business. It contains 4 parts that cover basic concepts, case studies, applied theory, and model questions.
- The contents page lists the chapters covered in Part I as including introductions to legal environment, business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities.
- No other substantive information could be summarized from the document as it only provides brief descriptions of the chapter contents and structure of the workbook, without presenting any of the actual chapter contents.
This document defines and explains key concepts regarding four types of contracts:
1. Contract of indemnity - Where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the promisor or another.
2. Contract of guarantee - Where one party promises to perform if a third party defaults. Sureties are liable for the principal debtor's obligations unless otherwise stated.
3. Contract of bailment - The delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, to be returned or disposed of according to the bailor's directions.
4. Contract of agency - Where one person acts for another, called the principal. Agents have duties to their principal and rights like remuneration. Agency can be terminated
The IT Act, 2000 was enacted to implement electronic commerce standards set by UNCITRAL. The Act extends to all of India and recognizes electronic records, digital signatures, and online transactions as legally valid. It defines key terms related to digital signatures and cybercrimes. Non-compliance may result in contravention, which requires compensation up to 1 crore rupees, or offenses, which carry punishments like fines or imprisonment. The Act also applies to offenses committed outside India involving computers in India.
This document summarizes key aspects of various Indian intellectual property laws, including the Trade Marks Act, Patents Act, and Copyright Act. It notes that WTO regulates international trade and IP rights, and that India is a signatory to TRIPS. The main acts governing IP in India are described, along with important provisions around trademarks, patents, and copyright. For trademarks, it outlines registration procedures and grounds for refusal. For patents, it discusses application procedures, subject matter eligibility, infringement, and duration of rights. For copyright, it notes that registration is optional but provides evidentiary benefits.
The preamble establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic that aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and enacted on January 26, 1950. It establishes a federal structure with three lists delineating powers of central and state governments. The constitution guarantees fundamental rights like equality, freedom of speech and religion. It also establishes fundamental duties and directive principles of state policy. The hierarchy of courts includes the Supreme Court, high courts and district courts, with the Supreme Court having writ jurisdiction to enforce fundamental rights.
The document summarizes key provisions related to the appointment and duties of auditors and directors under Indian company law.
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1. Safety Assessment according to
Directive 2009/48/EC
Christian Wetterberg
Director Governmental Affairs
LEGO Group
2. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
Speaker presentation
Christian Wetterberg
Director Governmental Affairs, LEGO
•Convenor of the working group responsible for EN 71-1
in the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
•Chairman of the technical committee for toy safety in
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
•Participant in the toy expert sub-group that elaborated
guidelines for the technical documentation under the
new Toy Safety Directive (TSD)
3. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
The requirement
The requirement is found in 2009/48/EC, article 18:
Manufacturers shall, before placing a toy on the market,
carry out an analysis of the chemical, physical,
mechanical, electrical, flammability, hygiene and
radioactivity hazards that the toy may present, as well as
an assessment of the potential exposure to such hazards.
The requirement is in place since 20 July, 2011 also
for chemical hazards although the new chemical
requirements do not come into force 20 July, 2013
4. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
The aim
The aim of a safety assessment is to identify and
minimize risks before the toy is placed on the market
• The safety assessment is defined as: “An analysis of the
hazards that the toy may present and an assessment of
the potential exposure to such hazards.”
• A risk is defined as: “The probable rate of occurrence of
a hazard causing harm and the degree of severity of the
harm. “
• The safety assessment is thus a form of risk assessment.
5. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
The three parts
The safety assessment can be divided in three parts:
•Mechanical, physical, flammability and electrical hazards
for which harmonized standards exist
•Hygiene and radioactivity hazards for which currently
there are no harmonized standards available and the
safety assessment is used instead
•Chemical hazards for which some standards exist and
where the mandatory safety assessment is considered to
be an alternative to EC Type examination for chemical
hazards that are not covered by harmonized standards
6. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
When is it performed?
At what stage should the safety assessment be
performed?
• The assessment can be carried out at any stage of the
development process
• For many companies the safety assessment is an
integrated part of the product development process
• There will be more options open to assess and manage
hazards if they are identified at an early stage
• Regardless of when it is carried out, the safety
assessment must relate to the toy that will finally be
placed on the market
• Do not confuse with risk assessments carried out under
RAPEX for products already placed on the market
7. Safety assessment in 2009/48/EC
Information and skills needed
• Knowledge about the toy (how is it used, by whom,
which materials are used, which substances are used)
• Knowledge of applicable standards (including the
assessments required by the standard)
• Knowledge of applicable restrictions imposed on certain
substances and the scope of these restrictions
• Knowledge about emerging issues
• Knowledge about hazards and ability to identify hazards
• Ability to evaluate risk
Note: It is permitted to use third party services for
the safety assessment (not NB). However, the
manufacturer is always responsible for its content
8. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
Mechanical and physical, flammability and electrical hazards
(harmonized standards exist)
The toy:
•Identify users and intended and foreseeable use
•Identify hazards
The standards
•Identify applicable standards (EN 71-1, EN 71-2, EN 71-8,
EN 62115)
•Determine if they cover all hazards
Decision
OK? Redesign?
EC type examination?
Note: Particular requirements for these hazards are
found in TSD, Annex II - Parts I, II and IV
9. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
The process
Identify toy
Describe use
Identify hazards
Identify applicable
harmonised, referenced standards
NO
Are all hazards covered by the
harmonised and referenced
standards?
YES
Are any applicable notices
published in OJEU list of
standards?
Risk management or EC
type examination
NO
YES
OK to place the toy
on the market
10. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
Identifying hazards
Ways of identifying hazards
Use sources of reference:
Experience, consumer complaints, weekly RAPEX list, CPSC
recalls, other standards (ISO and ASTM), newsletters, trade
associations, European Commission’s guidance document,
etc.
Consider the unexpected:
Unusual play patterns, unusual play environments,
innovative materials, etc.
Standards are written for today’s products
Be extra careful when designing innovative products
11. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
Managing residual risks
• A toy that presents a hazard not covered by harmonized,
referenced standards, should be submitted to EC type
examination or its design should be changed
• The manufacturer may find that a hazard is covered by the
standard but wishes to go further, e.g. by applying other
standards, adding warnings or giving advice to consumers
• In some cases the standards themselves require that a
“mini” risk assessment is made when checking
compliance with specific requirements
12. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
Examples of assessment required by a standard
”Mini” risk assessments required by EN 71-1:
• Determine if toy material is visually clean and free from
infestation
• Assess if toys that fail the test for sharp edges or sharp
points present an unreasonable risk of injury
• Assess if tubes and rigid components in the form of
projections constitute a puncture hazard (only then do
they need to be protected)
• Assess if a driving mechanism has sufficient power to
injure fingers or other parts of the body (otherwise it is
not covered by certain requirements)
13. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
The LEGO Group approach as an example
• LEGO® produces a building system: A new, approved
element shall be possible to use in all building sets for the
same intended age group
• For each new element an ”Element risk assessment” is
performed at the design stage, based on internal product
safety requirements
• For each new model a ”Model review” (incl. a ”Model risk
assessment”) is performed in addition
• At start of production a ”Toy safety report” is elaborated
based on tests to internal requirements
• Thereafter implementation of internal production control
• Finished goods testing should bring no surprises
15. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
The LEGO Groups internal requirements - examples
• DUPLO® (for children all age groups) : Internal design cup used – a
36,4 mm small parts cylinder (normal is 31,4 mm) for all elements
• All elements used near the mouth (e.g. resembling humans, animals
or food) shall comply with internal 1,5” template (approx 38 mm)
LEGO Design cup
LEGO 1,5” template
16. Mechanical, physical, flammability, electrical
The LEGO Groups internal requirements – examples (cont.)
• The flame is moulded in soft material and with an initiated bend to
ensure it does not constitute a hazardous projection
• An umbrella is supplied with a ”collar” with a 10 mm diameter ending
17 mm from the end of the stick to avoid potential puncturing of ear
drum
17. Hygiene and radioactivity
Hygiene and radioactivity hazards
(no harmonized standards available)
Hazards related to hygiene can be either related to:
• The risk of microbiological contamination of toys that
contain liquids or natural materials such as nuts, pips, etc.
• The possibility to clean and/or wash the toy (for < 3 years)
• Hazards related to radioactivity are so far unheard of in
toys but need to be considered
Note: There is no explicit expectation that toys will
be submitted to EC Type examination to verify that
there are no hygiene or radioactivity hazards
Note: Particular requirements for these hazards are
found in TSD, Annex II - Parts V and VI
18. Hygiene and radioactivity
Microbiological hazards, infection and sickness:
TSD - Requirement
Toys must be designed and manufactured in such a way as to meet
hygiene and cleanliness requirements in order to avoid any risk
of infection, sickness or contamination.
Action needed
• Toys containing liquid or aqueous based material (paint,
modeling clay, etc.) or natural materials (nuts, pips, etc.)
should be evaluated for the presence of microbiological
contamination.
• This requires testing to e.g. a protocol adopted by the
notified bodies: “Microbiological safety of toys containing
aqueous media”*, or to methods described in the European
Pharmacopeia (EP) or in the US Pharmacopeia (USP)
* http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/toys/files/recommendations/protocol_no_2_microbiological_safety_of_toys_rev_1_en.pdf
19. Hygiene and radioactivity
Cleaning/washing requirement in TSD
A toy intended for use by children under 36 months must be
designed and manufactured in such a way that it can be
cleaned. A textile toy shall, to this end, be washable, except if
it contains a mechanism that may be damaged if soak
washed. The toy shall fulfil the safety requirements also after
having been cleaned in accordance with this point and the
manufacturer’s instructions.
20. Hygiene and radioactivity
Cleaning/washing - the process
Is the toy intended for
children under 3 years?
NO
Toy not covered by the
requirements
YES
Is it a textile toy?
NO
Make sure the toy can be
cleaned. Add cleaning
instructions if appropriate.
YES
Does it contain a
mechanism that can be
damaged by soak wash?
YES
NO
Make sure the toy can be soak
washed. Add soak washing
instructions if appropriate.
Make sure the toy can be
cleaned. Add cleaning
instructions if appropriate.
21. Hygiene and radioactivity
Radioactivity – the requirement and process
Radioactivity – particular requirements
Toys shall comply with all relevant measures adopted
under Chapter III of the Treaty establishing the
European Atomic Community.
Has radioactive
material been added?
YES
Do not place toy on
the market
NO
OK to place the toy
on the market
22. Chemicals
Chemical hazards
(some harmonized standards available)
Chemical hazards regard adverse effects on human health
due to exposure, during foreseeable use, to the chemical
substances or mixtures of which the toys are composed or
which they contain.
Note: SA considered as an alternative to EC Type
examination for chemical hazards that are not
covered by harmonized standards
Note: Particular requirements for these hazards are
found in TSD, Annex II – Part III
23. Chemicals
Chemical requirements in TSD from 2013
(rough summary!)
• Toys shall comply with other relevant EU-legislation
• CMR-substances shall not be used in accessible parts of toys
in concentrations exceeding CLP-limits - Reg 1278/2008
(derogations for FCM-material and substances in App A)
• 55 allergenic fragrances shall not be used over trace levels
and for 11 other special marking is required
• Cosmetic toys shall comply with cosmetics directive
• Migration limits for 19 substances in 3 material categories
• Nitrosamines prohibited in “under 3 toys” and toys
intended for mouthing – low migration limits apply
24. Chemicals
Available standards (not before 2013)
•
•
•
•
•
EN 71-3 “Migration of certain elements”
EN 71-4 “Chemical experimental sets”
EN 71-5 “Chemical toys other than chemical sets”
EN 71-7 “Fingerpaints”
EN 71-X “N-Nitrosamines and Nitrosatable substances”
• EN 71-9 “Organic chemical compounds” (not referenced in
the OJEU – does not give presumption of conformity)
No standards available for CMR-substances or fragrances
Note: The assessment can reduce and/or target testing.
Testing only needs to be considered for substances that can
reasonably be expected to appear in the toy in question.
25. Chemicals
Scope of the chemical safety assessment
• A major part is the assessment of the likelihood of the
presence in the toy of prohibited or restricted substances
• It should, however, also cover other chemical hazards (and
exposure to these) presented by substances presently not
prohibited/ restricted but commonly known as undesirable
in toys because of their inherent hazards
• A chemical safety assessment shall therefore consider all
applicable regulations and directives and additional
relevant information on other substances that children may
be exposed to when playing.
Note: Other relevant legislations are e.g. REACH (Regulation
1907/2006) and RoHS (Dir. 2002/95/EC) for electronic toys)
26. Chemicals
What are the ideal conditions for a successful
chemical safety assessment?
• The bill of materials (BOM) includes only approved materials
that are traceable (tradenames are known)
• A bill of substance (BOS) is available for all materials
• All substances in the BOS have been evaluated and found
• not to exceed concentration and/or migration limits in
applicable legislation/standards, and
• not to present an inherent hazard (if the defined user can
be exposed to them)
• No changes are made to the BOM or BOS unless the new
material/substance has been assessed and approved
• SDSs are available for all chemicals used in the production
(when required by REACH)
27. Chemicals
When does the safety assessment need to be updated
• Changes are made to the product (design, raw materials,
additives, paints, etc.) that may affect the safety aspects
• Changes occur in legal requirements or in standards
• New scientific information on a specific substance
becomes available
• Consumer complaints suggest that the toy presents a risk
• Recalls are made of similar toys after a risk assessment
If these factors do not change there is no need to renew the
safety assessment. Instead – focus on production control
28. Chemicals
What are poor conditions for a successful chemical
safety assessment?
• The materials in the BOM are not traceable (i.e., it is not
possible to ensure that they are the same from time to time)
• Materials are sourced only based on price (i.e. there are no
long-standing relationships with trustworthy suppliers)
• The BOS is not known for any materials
• No SDSs are available for the chemicals used
• Suppliers/manufacturers are not aware of applicable limit
values in regulations/standards
• Changes are frequently made to the product
• Test reports do not clearly link results to individual items
29. Chemicals
No exact “truth” for the chemical safety assessment
• It is a company decision how to best minimize chemical risk.
Every company is different and different models can be used
• The more control a manufacturer has, the less dependent he
will be on others (through declarations/statements etc)
• The chemical safety assessment is required so as to ensure
that a manufacturer carefully considers the chemical hazards
that the toy, its materials and contained substances might
present to the health of the child
There may be no “truth” but good and bad approaches.
The closer one can get to the ideal situation the better
30. Chemicals
The approach in the guidance document
1. Identification
• Identify substances and materials
2. Characterisation
• Determine if they are:
In scope of legal restriction
In scope of standards
Suspected/undesired
3. Assessment
• Likelihood of a material containing more than permitted
amounts of a restricted substance or amounts of nonrestricted substances that would mean risk (hazard/exposure)
Prohibited/restricted
Not prohibited/restricted (Classified/Non classified)
31. Chemicals
Identification of substances and materials
Identify substances and materials:
• BOM needed and BOS desirable (usually available for
formulated mixtures and polymers )
• Store (M)SDS - a legal requirement and a great help
• Note info on where/how the material is used (for exposure)
In case only limited info is available:
• Worst case assumptions/”where used” data
• Supplier declarations that substances are not used
• Safety assessment of substances carried out by supplier
• Perform selected tests
32. Chemicals
Identification
Needed for a full
chemical safety
assessment
Only relevant for
accessible parts
Specific for every
trade name
Will become
more and more
important in the
future
Bill of Substances
Requires control
of raw materials to
avoid surprises
Needed for a good chemical
safety assessment
Can be found
through the
(M)SDS
33. Chemicals
Characterization stage
1. In scope of legal restriction?
Use CAS-number to check:
• Classified as CMR (Annex VI of CLP 1272/2008)?
• Fragrance?
• Subject to REACH (may depend on how article is used –
mouthable…, prolonged skin contact…)
• subject to other applicable legislation (RoHS, national)
2. In scope of standards?
• Use BOM/BOS and check EN 71-3 & EN 71-9 (in specific cases
also 71-4, 71-5 or 71-7)
3. Suspected/undesired substance?
• Classified for health effect other than CMR (Annex VI of CLP):
• Self-classification on SDS?
• Check databases, follow industry info, check RAPEX etc
34. Chemicals
Assessment
Assess the likelihood of a material containing
• more than permitted amounts of a restricted substance, or
• amounts of non-restricted that would mean risk (considering
hazard and exposure)
1.Classified as prohibited/restricted:
•Need to know percentage of substance in material
•Check if limits are exceeded (total conc. or migration)
•If BOM is not present:
• “Where used-data” (assume worst-case). If worst-case
shows “no go”, then
• Testing
35. Chemicals
Assessment (continued)
2. Not classified as prohibited/restricted
• Classified for other health effects in CLP
• Exposure and hazard will decide the risk. Consider
• Age group, Foreseeable use, Exposure routes
(ingestion, inhalation, dermal)
• Use industry experience (e.g. ABS does not normally
show migration of monomers but PVC-plasticizers
could migrate). If data is not available assume worstcase (100 % migration) and if worst-case shows “no
go” then test to see real migration
• Not classified in CLP
• Follow advice from industry associations, follow NGOs,
individual authorities etc and risk-manage
36. Chemicals
Summary: The LEGO Groups identification/characterization/
assessment (resins, inks, glue, lubricants etc)
• Obtain supplier name and substance/mixture trade name
and CAS-number, as well as amount or %-age used
• Check classification and possible specific concentration limit
in CLP (1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging)
• If substance is CMR, check against limit values
• If classified as e.g. acute toxicity, corrosive properties, ability
to trigger allergic reactions, evaluate exposure and define risk
• Check REACH Annex XVII, RoHS (when applicable),
fragrances/nitrosamines and EN 71-9
• Check other databases/lists (SIN-list, Bfr, SVHC, NGO-lists etc)
• Run substance through automated toxicological assessment
(utilizing “SciVera Lens”)
37. Chemicals
Using the CLP
• Find CAS-number (e.g through ESIS European chemical
Substances Information System) http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
• Use table 3.1 in ANNEX VI of CLP (1272/2008)
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/toys/documents/rele
vant-legislation/index_en.htm and:
• Search for the CAS-number and read classification/specific
concentration limit (Carc 1B, Muta 1B, Repr 1 B, SCL 0,01 %)
38. Chemicals
Using the CLP (continued)
• If there is no SCL (Specific concentration limit) the general
limits apply (until 2015 different limits may apply in DPDdirective 1999/45/EC).
Example from CLP:
39. Chemicals
Alternatives to full BOS
Inks, coatings, lubricants and glues
• Normally possible to get SDS since solvents are used and thus
SDSs are elaborated
Plastics and paper
• Possible to request Food contact material-certificates
• For paper: Certificate regarding lead and optical agents
Metals
• Test certificates for EN 71-3, Nickel release, Total lead.
Supplier certificate for CMRs
Textiles
• Test certificates for Azo-dyes
• Request Ökotex-certification and certificate for formaldehyde
and Nonylphenole
Add REACH and when applicable RoHS
40. Internal Production Control
Internal Production Control
• Continuously adapt to type of production and experience
• Where and during which phase could a “quality dip” have
serious effects (in warehouse, in production, after
production, etc)
• Statistical sampling depending on experience, total numbers
produced, sensitivity of production
• Example: Small parts is critical in assembled toys for children
under three. Therefore LEGO applies 100 % tension test check
on heads of DUPLO-figures and wheels of DUPLO-wagons
41. Internal Production Control
An example from the LEGO Group
External
Internal
Raw material
supplier
Yearly test
Assembly
Component
supplier
Yearly test
Batch size test at
selected suppliers
Part supplier
Yearly test
Batch size test at
selected suppliers
Moulding
Random visual
inspection of assembled
elements
Visual inspection of set
of elements one time per
shift.
Decoration
Periodic visual
inspections by
operators.
Minimum frequency –
1x per hour.
Results of periodic in process inspections
must be documented.
Prepack
1 internal sample per
5000 produced - used
for DPMO calculation
and reporting.
Final Pack
1 internal sample per
2000 produced - used
for DPMO calculation
and reporting.
Yearly chemical test of
all play materials in the
product.