The world statistics of infertile married couple is around 15 % while that in Indonesia is at the range of 12-15 %. Some methods have been devised to solve the problem; one of these is fertilization outside the womb or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In law, a child should be a subject of the law not an object. It’s very important to conduct a study that aims to determine the legality status and guarantee the civil rights of children born by in vitro fertilization. This is a normative legal research that focused on reviewing the rules of positive law through a legislative approach and conceptual approach. The study uses a qualitative analysis technique. The results showed that the status of a child born from an in vitro fertilization program is recognized if the situation complies with Article 2 (1) and Article 42 of the Marriage Act; that is considered as a legitimate child with the consequences of having a civil relationship with his/her parents and with the family of his/her parents. Whereas, a child born by an in vitro fertilization program through a surrogate mother or mother (the wife of legal husband) with sperms not originating from a legal husband, will be regarded as an illegitimate child, but still also get protection of his civil rights after the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Thus every child born through in vitro fertilization program should be guarded with strict regulations
Do laws and guidelines designed to regulate IVF help ? or hurt ?Dr Aniruddha Malpani
The document discusses regulations and guidelines surrounding assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF. It notes that while regulations aim to ensure safety, the guidelines vary widely between countries and can harm patients. The document argues that doctors should have discretion to make decisions for individual patients rather than being constrained by inflexible laws, and that some uniform baseline regulations and reporting can be beneficial for protecting patients and the field's reputation. However, over-regulation through arbitrary laws risks doing more harm than good.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Reproductive technology is increasing societal concerns by raising the risk of birth defects and medical costs, creating stressed parents who sometimes neglect or abandon their children. New technologies may allow genetic modification and artificial wombs, further exacerbating these issues. The future of reproductive technology remains difficult to control and may spiral out of control, worsening problems in societies around the world.
Ethical issues associated with fertility treatmentChris Willmott
Dr. Chris Willmott gave a presentation on the ethical issues associated with fertility treatment. He discussed various fertility procedures like IVF, egg/embryo donation, and surrogacy. He also outlined some of the debates around who should have access to treatment, how many embryos should be transferred, the fate of leftover embryos, genetic screening of embryos, and resource allocation issues. The talk examined arguments both for and against different procedures from various ethical perspectives.
This study analyzed the prevalence and patterns of congenital malformations in Duhok City, Iraq between 2006-2010. A total of 369 cases of congenital anomalies were identified among 79,227 live births, for a prevalence of 4.65 per 1,000 live births. The most common types of anomalies were central nervous system defects (44.98%), congenital heart diseases (14.09%), and chromosomal abnormalities (8.67%). Hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, and microcephaly were the most frequent central nervous system defects. Ventricular septal defect was the most common heart defect. Down syndrome was the leading chromosomal abnormality. The study aims to inform strategies to prevent birth
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
This research is based on the secondary data which tries to provide the clear analysis done over the debate between use of this scientific progress on pure humanitarian grounds to misuse of the same for commercialization across the globe by including the judicial responses of various nations like USA, UK, Australian and India and the legal as well as the contractual problems arising in India according to ICA 1872. This paper includes the ethical and and moral issues arising in India against and for the surrogacy with a cast study of Jan balaz v. anand municipality. This empirical research tries to open a window for the effective legislation, applications and proper guidelines to handle the concept of surrogacy in a prudent way so that it would further continue to fertile the infertile wombs.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of employee engagement and commitment of employees as well as its relationship with employees intention to quit the frontline bank employees in Bandung. The method used is descriptive verification, with a sampling of the population through disproportionate stratified random sampling technique, whereas for data collection questionnaire and conducted engineering. The research subjects were also as the unit of analysis in this study is the frontline employee (teller and customer service) that serve common customers, where this position is vulnerable to turnover, while in fact they are the spearhead of which is connected to the customer's bank. Samples were randomly selected from the 24 banks that are used in this study. A total of 317 respondents participated. Data were analyzed using the Smart PLS 2.0. Linear regression analysis showed no significant linear relationship, strong, and negative between the level of employee engagement and commitment of the employees on the intention to stop level.
Do laws and guidelines designed to regulate IVF help ? or hurt ?Dr Aniruddha Malpani
The document discusses regulations and guidelines surrounding assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF. It notes that while regulations aim to ensure safety, the guidelines vary widely between countries and can harm patients. The document argues that doctors should have discretion to make decisions for individual patients rather than being constrained by inflexible laws, and that some uniform baseline regulations and reporting can be beneficial for protecting patients and the field's reputation. However, over-regulation through arbitrary laws risks doing more harm than good.
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Reproductive technology is increasing societal concerns by raising the risk of birth defects and medical costs, creating stressed parents who sometimes neglect or abandon their children. New technologies may allow genetic modification and artificial wombs, further exacerbating these issues. The future of reproductive technology remains difficult to control and may spiral out of control, worsening problems in societies around the world.
Ethical issues associated with fertility treatmentChris Willmott
Dr. Chris Willmott gave a presentation on the ethical issues associated with fertility treatment. He discussed various fertility procedures like IVF, egg/embryo donation, and surrogacy. He also outlined some of the debates around who should have access to treatment, how many embryos should be transferred, the fate of leftover embryos, genetic screening of embryos, and resource allocation issues. The talk examined arguments both for and against different procedures from various ethical perspectives.
This study analyzed the prevalence and patterns of congenital malformations in Duhok City, Iraq between 2006-2010. A total of 369 cases of congenital anomalies were identified among 79,227 live births, for a prevalence of 4.65 per 1,000 live births. The most common types of anomalies were central nervous system defects (44.98%), congenital heart diseases (14.09%), and chromosomal abnormalities (8.67%). Hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, and microcephaly were the most frequent central nervous system defects. Ventricular septal defect was the most common heart defect. Down syndrome was the leading chromosomal abnormality. The study aims to inform strategies to prevent birth
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
This research is based on the secondary data which tries to provide the clear analysis done over the debate between use of this scientific progress on pure humanitarian grounds to misuse of the same for commercialization across the globe by including the judicial responses of various nations like USA, UK, Australian and India and the legal as well as the contractual problems arising in India according to ICA 1872. This paper includes the ethical and and moral issues arising in India against and for the surrogacy with a cast study of Jan balaz v. anand municipality. This empirical research tries to open a window for the effective legislation, applications and proper guidelines to handle the concept of surrogacy in a prudent way so that it would further continue to fertile the infertile wombs.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of employee engagement and commitment of employees as well as its relationship with employees intention to quit the frontline bank employees in Bandung. The method used is descriptive verification, with a sampling of the population through disproportionate stratified random sampling technique, whereas for data collection questionnaire and conducted engineering. The research subjects were also as the unit of analysis in this study is the frontline employee (teller and customer service) that serve common customers, where this position is vulnerable to turnover, while in fact they are the spearhead of which is connected to the customer's bank. Samples were randomly selected from the 24 banks that are used in this study. A total of 317 respondents participated. Data were analyzed using the Smart PLS 2.0. Linear regression analysis showed no significant linear relationship, strong, and negative between the level of employee engagement and commitment of the employees on the intention to stop level.
Social Innovation Applications And The Case Of UCCI (Uşak Chamber Of Commerce...inventionjournals
The importance of social innovation notion which has to consider social benefits in all innovative process and harmonize social entrepreneurship and innovation, rises day by day. Many of the businesses as they do not know the meaning of social innovation, they do not consider their operations as the part of social innovation. In this regard, based on the importance of social innovation the aim of this research is to determine if there is social entrepreneurship and social innovation applications and reveal what kind of social innovation work or activity is carried out in UCCI (Uşak Chamber of Commerce and Industry). In this study, case study method that is one of the qualitative research methods is used for exploratory research to analyze activities of UCCI within social innovation perspective. In the scope of research, UCCI has been examined under 7 categories according to the topics examined in Stanford Social Innovation Review Magazine 10th anniversary special edition (economic development, new products and services, supporting equality, health, employment, environment and poverty) which are said to be the subjects of nowadays’ social innovation works. As a result of this research, it is revealed that the practices of UCCI’s, which is in different categories, actually can be considered as social innovations. The fact that social innovation is quite a new concept, in this study necessity of supporting related projects for increasing social innovation practices is emphasized. Beside this, the importance on dissemination of social entrepreneurship is indicated in order to let social innovation to take place completely in businesses
A Study on Consumer Behaviour towards Branded Garments am ong Male Shoppersinventionjournals
In the age of identity crisis and need for differentiation, everyone is after uniqueness; particularly h ow one wishes to appear. India is a global market for fashion garments and there is a cut throat competition exi sting among brands. Companies are rigorously working on identifying consumer buying behaviour, preferences, creating awareness, and a positive attitude towards their brands in order to grab larger portion of the market. Therefore, it is become necessary to study the consumer behaviour towards various branded men`s garments. T he study emphasis on how consumer evaluate branded garments on the basis of style, texture, price, colour, adv ertisement and celebrity endorsements, preferences towards branded garments and reasons for purchasing bran ded garments. The researcher has used descriptive research design, conducted study only with 150 respondents from two Engineering college, Bangalore. Statistical tools like measurement of central tendency, Chi-Square ar e used to test and analyse the collected data. Finally, it is revealed that irrespective of age and education levels respondents are buying branded garments to enhance their style, ant to protect their self-respect.
Contemporary Theory of Management: A Comparative Study on Quantitative Approa...inventionjournals
This study inspects the contemporary theories of management contextually quantitative approach, system approach and contingency approach since the comparison mode of the study, quantitative approach treaties with mathematical tools and methods use for managerial decision, system approach divulged the interaction and interrelationship from the contemplation of whole as a system and contingency designate not the specification or particular issues of management or organizationally but the basis on situation or contingent. This study is formulated on the historical data of the contemporary issues of management that find three streaming based on findings of the Management modern theories. By the descriptive type study of the theories, it has been tried to acquaint with the distinctive and related focuses on these theories.
WORKERS’ PERSPECTIVE: BASIS OF SELECION AND JOINING A TRADE UNIONinventionjournals
Industrialization is the only key to economic development because it is the fundamental process to utilize the enormous available human assets and other physical & natural resources for the consistent advancement of a developing country, like India. Trade unions are nothing but a ―Pressure Group‖ (also known as Advocacy groups, interest groups, campaign groups, lobby groups, a protest group, or special interest groups), which exert a pressure and use various forms of advocacy on the management/ employers, or even on Govt. in order to influence policy, legislation, opinion, strategy, decisions etc. in favor of the workers/ employees. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the Decision-making power (management, employer or Govt.). Trade Unionism is a by-product of rapid industrialization right from the colonial era. A trade union is nothing but a well organized group of working class employees for protecting, sustain, and enhanced the group members’ interests and benefits on the basis of unity of strength. Its main objective is to protect & protest its members from exploitation and enhance & advance the interests & benefits of them. They are the most appropriate organizations for complementary and improving the relations between the employer and the employees. India now has more than 84,650 registered trade unions along with an unaccounted number of unregistered trade unions speckled across a wide spectrum of Indian trade & industries. This paper tries to understand what the basic philosophy of an employee behind the selection of a particular trade union over the others.
The Role of Organizational Commitment as Mediator for Individual Characterist...inventionjournals
This study has the objectives to test and analyze the effect of individual characteristic and organizational culture toward organization commitment of employees at PT. Bank Bukopi n Tbk. Makassar Branch Office, also to analyze the direct and indirect effect toward employee’s performance. PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk. Makassar Branch Office is very attentive toward its employee’s individual characteristic with indicator locus of control and authoritarianism in several activities. The same goes for organizational culture variable with dominant indicator of individual initiative, by developing 5 (five) basic values which become the core of firm cultural development, that are 1) Profesionalism, 2) Respect Others, 3) Integrity, 4) Dedicated to Customer, and 5) Excellence which abbreviated as PRIDE which means being proud or having pride. Study unit of this paper is employees in PT Bank Bukopin Tbk Makassar Branch Office with population 280 employees. Respondent as sample in this study is 74 employees. Sample determination was using purposive sampling technique. Analysis method used to test hypotheses was variance -based Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS3) program. Result of this study revealed that there is effect of individual characteristic, organizational culture toward organization commitment. This study’s result also showed that there is direct and indirect effect of individual characteristic and organizational culture toward employee’s performance enhancement, which is mediated by organization commitment
This article provides a concise explanation of medieval philosophy. Some key points:
1) Medieval philosophy is primarily a Christian philosophy that is based on and reflects Christian religious concepts.
2) Major advocates of medieval philosophy include Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, who viewed philosophy as studying the nature of God as the highest reality and first cause.
3) During this period, God was seen as the highest reality and creator, and the world was viewed as orderly and dependent on God. Human reason was limited in understanding ultimate reality.
Reconstruction towards Model for Dispute Resolution of Islamic Business in In...inventionjournals
The document discusses the dispute resolution mechanisms for Islamic business in Indonesia's religious courts. Currently, the mechanisms still follow Dutch colonial-era laws and procedures rather than purely sharia-based principles. This causes resolution to be lengthy and costly. The author argues that reconstruction is needed to strengthen non-litigation options like sharia arbitration and ensure religious court rulings are recognized. Doing so would help restore sharia-compliant economic relationships and dispute settlement in Indonesia based on Islamic faith.
Analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning systems for Industrial Proc...inventionjournals
O documento analisa a eficiência energética de sistemas de ar condicionado em uma indústria no Polo Industrial de Manaus. O objetivo é comparar sistemas de expansão direta (ar) e indireta (água) para reduzir o consumo de eletricidade. Os resultados mostram que os chillers centrífugos são a melhor opção, permitindo redução de 40% nos custos com eletricidade devido ao tempo de retorno do investimento ser menor.
The Effect of Social Media Marketing To Brand Loyalty (Case Study at the Univ...inventionjournals
This document examines the effect of social media marketing on brand loyalty at Budi Luhur University in Jakarta. It finds that offering advantageous campaigns, appearing on various social media platforms, and offering relevant content have a significant positive effect on brand loyalty, while offering popular content and applications do not. The study uses a survey of 325 students to analyze how campaign benefits, content relevance, platform variety, popularity, and applications influence brand loyalty. It finds that social media marketing explains 23.2% of brand loyalty factors at the university.
Arundhati Deshmukh has over 15 years of experience in business development, project management, and proposal engineering roles in the process automation industry. She is currently a Business Development Manager at Emerson Process Management India, where she identifies business opportunities, demonstrates product capabilities, and coordinates quotation development. Previously, she held roles as an Assistant Manager for project execution and proposals, a Proposal Engineer focusing on safety systems, and an Internal Sales Support Engineer. She holds a B.E. in Instrumentation and an Executive Management certificate from IIM Lucknow.
Tushar Rakhecha is seeking a challenging position where he can utilize his skills and abilities. He is currently pursuing a B.Tech in Computer Science from Arya College of Engineering & I.T, Jaipur with a 64.68% aggregate. His technical skills include languages like C, C++, Java and databases like MySQL. He has completed projects on an online learning website, a restaurant management system, and a tourism website for Rajasthan. Tushar has received training in Android application development, Oracle Certified Java Professional and AutoCAD. He is Oracle certified in Java SE 6 Programming and AutoCAD certified.
This document discusses a study on how ethics and morality play a role in decisions about using assisted reproductive technology (ART) when dealing with infertility. A survey of 100 people with varying religions, genders, and education levels asked about their knowledge of ART types and risks, and whether moral values would affect their choices. Most had some ART knowledge but 39% did not know risks. While 81% felt ART is ethical in some infertility cases, responses showed religion, gender, and education did not significantly impact ART decisions. The document then analyzes the results and discusses religious views on different ART methods and their health risks to better inform views on the ethical issues around using these technologies.
[Ali Amerjee] Surrogacy Legal and Ethical ConundrumAli Amerjee
The document discusses various aspects of surrogacy including definitions, methods, assisted reproductive techniques used, legal issues around commercial surrogacy in different countries, proposed legislation in India, health issues related to surrogacy, and legal issues around surrogacy contracts. It analyzes topics such as parenthood determination, enforceability of surrogacy contracts, and their constitutionality. The conclusion states that the legal position on surrogacy in India remains ambiguous and more research is needed on its health implications before decisions are made.
Objective Look at Abortion Legalization The Case of Nepalijtsrd
bortion remained one of most debatable issue across the globe. In most countries there exist pro and anti abortion groups. In countries where abortion is regarded as abominable act, there are some window of opportunity for women to terminate pregnancy based of medical ground While others made termination of pregnancy null and void. But in all situations the moral and human right issue underpinning abortion is how the act is classified a murder or not murder . The anti abortion movements support the right of fetus to life and pro abortion movements support the right of mother as the determinant of the right of fetus to life or not. Researchers have further expanded the argument to the point of where does life begins If life begins in the womb, then abortion can be classified as murder. Legalizing abortion is religiously unacceptable but pro abortion groups tried to established the fact that, what is in the womb is not yet human, it has no human name and cannot enjoy human right. pro abortion movements have achieved some successes as many countries have fully legalized or conditionally permit abortion. Currently countries around Asia, Africa, Europe, America which does not allow abortion have softened their stands against. China, Nepal and other have removed any barriers against abortion and with the creation of enabling environment that enhances it. This review paper examined abortion law in Nepal under very section and pinpoint some of the gains and the shortfalls. Lokmani Giri | Ahotovi Thomas Ahoto "Objective Look at Abortion Legalization: The Case of Nepal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33034.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33034/objective-look-at-abortion-legalization-the-case-of-nepal/lokmani-giri
Does Commercial Surrogacy deserve to be banned in IndiaRashmi Kulkarni
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
The document discusses the commercial surrogacy industry in India, including factors in favor such as helping infertile couples and the Indian economy, concerns about exploitation of surrogates, and the need for comprehensive regulation. It analyzes the ban on commercial surrogacy for foreigners and its potential consequences, recommending that India establish regulations to protect all parties and avoid unintended issues arising from the ban.
The document discusses different types of surrogacy. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate is biologically related to the child but intends to relinquish the child to others. Compensated surrogacy involves paying the surrogate to carry the child, which is legal in some countries. Gestational surrogacy uses in vitro fertilization so the surrogate is not biologically related to the child. The document also discusses legal, ethical, and moral considerations around surrogacy.
The term in vitro, from the Latin meaning in glass, is used, because early biological experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism from which they came, were carried out in glass containers such as beakers, test tubes, or petri dishes.
Snowflake babies _ the ambiguities within embryo adoption legislationMorganGeurts
Through my HDFS 2200H Introduction to Life Span Development Honors course, I collaborated with a group on a literary analysis on the topic of Embryo Adoption Legislation.
Social Innovation Applications And The Case Of UCCI (Uşak Chamber Of Commerce...inventionjournals
The importance of social innovation notion which has to consider social benefits in all innovative process and harmonize social entrepreneurship and innovation, rises day by day. Many of the businesses as they do not know the meaning of social innovation, they do not consider their operations as the part of social innovation. In this regard, based on the importance of social innovation the aim of this research is to determine if there is social entrepreneurship and social innovation applications and reveal what kind of social innovation work or activity is carried out in UCCI (Uşak Chamber of Commerce and Industry). In this study, case study method that is one of the qualitative research methods is used for exploratory research to analyze activities of UCCI within social innovation perspective. In the scope of research, UCCI has been examined under 7 categories according to the topics examined in Stanford Social Innovation Review Magazine 10th anniversary special edition (economic development, new products and services, supporting equality, health, employment, environment and poverty) which are said to be the subjects of nowadays’ social innovation works. As a result of this research, it is revealed that the practices of UCCI’s, which is in different categories, actually can be considered as social innovations. The fact that social innovation is quite a new concept, in this study necessity of supporting related projects for increasing social innovation practices is emphasized. Beside this, the importance on dissemination of social entrepreneurship is indicated in order to let social innovation to take place completely in businesses
A Study on Consumer Behaviour towards Branded Garments am ong Male Shoppersinventionjournals
In the age of identity crisis and need for differentiation, everyone is after uniqueness; particularly h ow one wishes to appear. India is a global market for fashion garments and there is a cut throat competition exi sting among brands. Companies are rigorously working on identifying consumer buying behaviour, preferences, creating awareness, and a positive attitude towards their brands in order to grab larger portion of the market. Therefore, it is become necessary to study the consumer behaviour towards various branded men`s garments. T he study emphasis on how consumer evaluate branded garments on the basis of style, texture, price, colour, adv ertisement and celebrity endorsements, preferences towards branded garments and reasons for purchasing bran ded garments. The researcher has used descriptive research design, conducted study only with 150 respondents from two Engineering college, Bangalore. Statistical tools like measurement of central tendency, Chi-Square ar e used to test and analyse the collected data. Finally, it is revealed that irrespective of age and education levels respondents are buying branded garments to enhance their style, ant to protect their self-respect.
Contemporary Theory of Management: A Comparative Study on Quantitative Approa...inventionjournals
This study inspects the contemporary theories of management contextually quantitative approach, system approach and contingency approach since the comparison mode of the study, quantitative approach treaties with mathematical tools and methods use for managerial decision, system approach divulged the interaction and interrelationship from the contemplation of whole as a system and contingency designate not the specification or particular issues of management or organizationally but the basis on situation or contingent. This study is formulated on the historical data of the contemporary issues of management that find three streaming based on findings of the Management modern theories. By the descriptive type study of the theories, it has been tried to acquaint with the distinctive and related focuses on these theories.
WORKERS’ PERSPECTIVE: BASIS OF SELECION AND JOINING A TRADE UNIONinventionjournals
Industrialization is the only key to economic development because it is the fundamental process to utilize the enormous available human assets and other physical & natural resources for the consistent advancement of a developing country, like India. Trade unions are nothing but a ―Pressure Group‖ (also known as Advocacy groups, interest groups, campaign groups, lobby groups, a protest group, or special interest groups), which exert a pressure and use various forms of advocacy on the management/ employers, or even on Govt. in order to influence policy, legislation, opinion, strategy, decisions etc. in favor of the workers/ employees. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the Decision-making power (management, employer or Govt.). Trade Unionism is a by-product of rapid industrialization right from the colonial era. A trade union is nothing but a well organized group of working class employees for protecting, sustain, and enhanced the group members’ interests and benefits on the basis of unity of strength. Its main objective is to protect & protest its members from exploitation and enhance & advance the interests & benefits of them. They are the most appropriate organizations for complementary and improving the relations between the employer and the employees. India now has more than 84,650 registered trade unions along with an unaccounted number of unregistered trade unions speckled across a wide spectrum of Indian trade & industries. This paper tries to understand what the basic philosophy of an employee behind the selection of a particular trade union over the others.
The Role of Organizational Commitment as Mediator for Individual Characterist...inventionjournals
This study has the objectives to test and analyze the effect of individual characteristic and organizational culture toward organization commitment of employees at PT. Bank Bukopi n Tbk. Makassar Branch Office, also to analyze the direct and indirect effect toward employee’s performance. PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk. Makassar Branch Office is very attentive toward its employee’s individual characteristic with indicator locus of control and authoritarianism in several activities. The same goes for organizational culture variable with dominant indicator of individual initiative, by developing 5 (five) basic values which become the core of firm cultural development, that are 1) Profesionalism, 2) Respect Others, 3) Integrity, 4) Dedicated to Customer, and 5) Excellence which abbreviated as PRIDE which means being proud or having pride. Study unit of this paper is employees in PT Bank Bukopin Tbk Makassar Branch Office with population 280 employees. Respondent as sample in this study is 74 employees. Sample determination was using purposive sampling technique. Analysis method used to test hypotheses was variance -based Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS3) program. Result of this study revealed that there is effect of individual characteristic, organizational culture toward organization commitment. This study’s result also showed that there is direct and indirect effect of individual characteristic and organizational culture toward employee’s performance enhancement, which is mediated by organization commitment
This article provides a concise explanation of medieval philosophy. Some key points:
1) Medieval philosophy is primarily a Christian philosophy that is based on and reflects Christian religious concepts.
2) Major advocates of medieval philosophy include Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, who viewed philosophy as studying the nature of God as the highest reality and first cause.
3) During this period, God was seen as the highest reality and creator, and the world was viewed as orderly and dependent on God. Human reason was limited in understanding ultimate reality.
Reconstruction towards Model for Dispute Resolution of Islamic Business in In...inventionjournals
The document discusses the dispute resolution mechanisms for Islamic business in Indonesia's religious courts. Currently, the mechanisms still follow Dutch colonial-era laws and procedures rather than purely sharia-based principles. This causes resolution to be lengthy and costly. The author argues that reconstruction is needed to strengthen non-litigation options like sharia arbitration and ensure religious court rulings are recognized. Doing so would help restore sharia-compliant economic relationships and dispute settlement in Indonesia based on Islamic faith.
Analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning systems for Industrial Proc...inventionjournals
O documento analisa a eficiência energética de sistemas de ar condicionado em uma indústria no Polo Industrial de Manaus. O objetivo é comparar sistemas de expansão direta (ar) e indireta (água) para reduzir o consumo de eletricidade. Os resultados mostram que os chillers centrífugos são a melhor opção, permitindo redução de 40% nos custos com eletricidade devido ao tempo de retorno do investimento ser menor.
The Effect of Social Media Marketing To Brand Loyalty (Case Study at the Univ...inventionjournals
This document examines the effect of social media marketing on brand loyalty at Budi Luhur University in Jakarta. It finds that offering advantageous campaigns, appearing on various social media platforms, and offering relevant content have a significant positive effect on brand loyalty, while offering popular content and applications do not. The study uses a survey of 325 students to analyze how campaign benefits, content relevance, platform variety, popularity, and applications influence brand loyalty. It finds that social media marketing explains 23.2% of brand loyalty factors at the university.
Arundhati Deshmukh has over 15 years of experience in business development, project management, and proposal engineering roles in the process automation industry. She is currently a Business Development Manager at Emerson Process Management India, where she identifies business opportunities, demonstrates product capabilities, and coordinates quotation development. Previously, she held roles as an Assistant Manager for project execution and proposals, a Proposal Engineer focusing on safety systems, and an Internal Sales Support Engineer. She holds a B.E. in Instrumentation and an Executive Management certificate from IIM Lucknow.
Tushar Rakhecha is seeking a challenging position where he can utilize his skills and abilities. He is currently pursuing a B.Tech in Computer Science from Arya College of Engineering & I.T, Jaipur with a 64.68% aggregate. His technical skills include languages like C, C++, Java and databases like MySQL. He has completed projects on an online learning website, a restaurant management system, and a tourism website for Rajasthan. Tushar has received training in Android application development, Oracle Certified Java Professional and AutoCAD. He is Oracle certified in Java SE 6 Programming and AutoCAD certified.
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Legal Status of Children Born by in vitro Fertilization Programs in Indonesia
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 5 || May. 2016 || PP—01-05
www.ijbmi.org 1 | Page
Legal Status of Children Born by in vitro Fertilization
Programs in Indonesia
Deity Yuningsih
Faculty of Law, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kampus Hijau, Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari,
93232, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
ABSTRACT : The world statistics of infertile married couple is around 15 % while that in Indonesia is at the
range of 12-15 %. Some methods have been devised to solve the problem; one of these is fertilization outside the
womb or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In law, a child should be a subject of the law not an object. It’s very
important to conduct a study that aims to determine the legality status and guarantee the civil rights of children
born by in vitro fertilization. This is a normative legal research that focused on reviewing the rules of positive
law through a legislative approach and conceptual approach. The study uses a qualitative analysis technique.
The results showed that the status of a child born from an in vitro fertilization program is recognized if the
situation complies with Article 2 (1) and Article 42 of the Marriage Act; that is considered as a legitimate child
with the consequences of having a civil relationship with his/her parents and with the family of his/her parents.
Whereas, a child born by an in vitro fertilization program through a surrogate mother or mother (the wife of
legal husband) with sperms not originating from a legal husband, will be regarded as an illegitimate child, but
still also get protection of his civil rights after the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010. Thus
every child born through in vitro fertilization program should be guarded with strict regulations.
Keywords: legal status, in vitro fertilization, civil rights of children
I. Introduction
One way to complete the happiness of a family is the birth of a child as the fruit of love of parents and
as the continuation of the family line. However, in fact, not all families have a child. Nevertheless, with the
rapid development of science and technology in the field of medicine, these infertile cases have been reduced by
performing fertility treatment programs. Fertilization outside the womb or In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is one of
them. In vitro fertilization (IVF) literally means fertilization „in glass”. It refers to creating an embryo by putting
eggs and sperm together in a liquid culture medium in a glass (or plastic) laboratory dish. Embryos and children
conceived by IVF, rather than in the normal environment of the mother‟s body, are sometimes referred to as
„test tube babies‟ (Anonymous 2006). In other words, in Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a merging or fertilization of
male‟s sperm to woman‟s ova on a petri dish in a laboratory, where after the merging, the zygote will be
implanted back in the womb of the woman who has the genetic material or of the other woman's womb who has
no relationship at all with the material. (Ratman 2012).
It has been 10 years since the birth of Louise Brown, the world‟s first “test tube” baby, generated in
England with the assistance of Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards. It is estimated that by the end of 1988,
more than 12,000 babies would have been born worldwide using the medical technique called in vitro
fertilization (Coutts 1988). Currently the program is greatly increased in many countries worldwide.
The technology is absolutely useful and has become a solution for couples who have difficulty in
conceiving children. In liberal countries such technologies received overwhelming response, especially for
individuals or couples who do not want to be tied by marriage but want to have children or want to have
children not from his/her legal couple.
This can be done by leasing the womb of a surrogate mother and that can be a source of income for
women in some countries. A womb in India per infant costs between U.S. $ 5,000 - U.S. $ 6,000 or IDR
50.000.000- IDR 0.000.000 (if the exchange rate of U.S. $ = IDR. 10,000), in the United States, it‟s around U.S.
$ 100,000, or 1 billion rupiahs (Ratman 2012). It‟s very possible that the same practice will also occur in
Indonesia in the future.
The "generating child" technology can be a solution for couples who desire children. Whereas it
becoming a pressing issue in contemporary societies starting from the polish debate but takes up its broader
anthropological and ethical aspects. According to Holub (2011) dealing with the latter, it also employs some
acute remarks from “Dignitas Personae.” Finally it considers an approach to in vitro against the background of
“European Convention on Bioethics.” In its conclusion, he offers a balanced pro-life stance, albeit critical of in
vitro.
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The crucial issues is also debatable in Indonesia when it comes with the legal status and guaranteed
civil rights of a child if the womb used in the implantation is not from the owner of the genetic material used or
if a woman‟s ova merged with sperms from another man (not her husband). Because, before the law, a child is
as a subject of the law not an object including civil rights protection, the child‟s legal status will depend on the
legal status of the relationship between the men and women that lead to birth. Keeping in mind the above
description, it is very important to conduct a comprehensive legal study to determine the legality status and
guarantee of civil rights of children born by in Vitro Fertilization.
II. METHODS
This is a normative legal research that focused on reviewing the rules or norms of positive law (Ibrahim
2008). The study uses the regulatory approach and the conceptual approach. The regulatory approach is done by
reviewing all laws and regulations related to the legal issues being investigated, while the conceptual approach
comes from the views and doctrines developed in the jurisprudence, so that the researcher will find the ideas that
form the law concepts which are relevant to the issue at hand.
Sources of legal materials used in this study are: authoritative primary legal materials in the form of
legislation, and secondary legal materials namely materials that have been published and which are not official
documents, such as textbooks, journals of law, and the articles of law (Marzuki 2007). The technique of
qualitative analysis was carried out on the law content of the materials interpreted based on the theories and
principles of existing law and, further, presented descriptively by providing an overview in law of the actual
legality and guarantee of legal protection for civil rights of children born by in vitro fertilization in Indonesia.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The issues reviews of in vitro fertilization and the ethical dilemmas that rise from the impact of the
medical, social, moral and legal framework of this method of assisted human reproduction, starting with the
origin of gametes, the status of embryos and of biological or shedding parents, the maternal age, the sexual
orientation of parents, the fate of embryos, the experimentation on embryo, taking into account the legislative
framework, but also the moral and religious ones. The dilemmas are all under review, seeking to highlight the
positive and negative aspects of the process, considering fairly the need of these techniques and the benefits of
their use and the benefit they would bring to society (Firuleasa at al. 2010).
In Vitro Fertilization is a method of fertilization of ovum by sperm cells in petri tube carried out by
medical personnel. Fertilization outside the womb was first successfully practiced in 1970. This was originally
known as IVF, after the discovery of sperm preservation methods. Initially this method was intended to help a
spouse, in whom both fallopian tubes of the wife are abnormal with the absence of a cavity at all: either because
of a congenital defect or a result of adhesions due to infection (whereas the ovary of the wife is still normal and
routinely produces ovum every month), so that the egg cannot get to the uterus. Then, in a further development,
this method became widely used with some variation for the ability of sperm storage and zygote (fertilized) that
can be used at all anytime in accordance with consent. One use is for a surrogate mother (Ratman 2012).
The 30 years since the birth in England of the world's first “test tube” or in vitro fertilization (IVF)
baby, Louise Brown, in 1978, have seen a progressive refinement in the medical techniques and popular
perceptions of medically assisted reproduction (MAR). The term IVF is now applied generically to cover
various forms of MAR, of which intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the most widely undertaken in
many MAR facilities. In popular perception, IVF is no longer considered sensational or scandalous even despite
condemnation by conservative religious hierarchies. The number of IVF children born worldwide is estimated to
exceed 3 million (Dickens and Cook 2008).
Some studies conducted in some countries mainly focused on the status of the embryo in their law. As
in (Zegers-Hochschild et al. 2013) that the law distinguished fertilization from conception, since conception—
unlike fertilization— depends on an embryo’s implantation in a woman’s body. Under human rights law, legal
protection of an embryo “from conception” is inapplicable between its creation by fertilization and completion
of its implantation in uterus. In addition, Dickens (2010) reported that political legislatures may adopt religious
approaches, such as by prohibiting embryo preservation and limiting how many may be created in an IVF
treatment cycle. Legislatures may alternatively set time limits on embryo preservation, however, on expiry of
which they must be left to natural degeneration. In treating human embryos as property, courts recognize
owners‟ powers of voluntary disposition, for instance by gift, but have held back from making financial
assessments of their value, for instance on loss, consistently with legislation prohibiting their exchange for
payment. However, in legal perspective in Indonesia, big issues resulted from IVF is not only the status of
embryo but also the status of the children after born. The other main issue is actually related with “Surrogate
mother” that arisen from the agreement between a woman and another party (spouse or those who want a child
and require medical intervention) to be implanted the zygote fertilized outside into the surrogate womb for
conception until birth.
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There are several forms of surrogate motherhood (Nabaha 2004) which can be chosen by the
individuals or couples to perform the In Vitro Fertilization in accordance with the situation: (1) Genetic
materials of wife (ovum) fertilized with the husband‟s sperm, and then put into another woman's womb. This
form is used when the wife has viable eggs, but her womb has a disability due to chronic illness or was
discarded due to surgery, or other causes. (2) Same as the first form, except after zygote have been previously
harvested and frozen, they are then inserted into the womb of a surrogate mother after the couple's death. (3)
Ovum of wife fertilized with sperm of another man (not her husband) is inserted into the womb of another
woman. This form is used when a husband is barren and wife has an impediment or infirmity in the womb, but
the ova of the wife are viable. (4) Husband's sperm is fertilized with the ovum of another woman, and then
inserted into the womb of another woman. This form is used when the wife has diseases in the ovaries and
uterus or the wife has reached menopause.
As mentioned previously the presence of a child is a continuation of the family line and is needed to
complete the legal marital happiness of parents. From the legal perspective, the presence of a child in a family is
not just to complete the happiness of the marriage of parents, because since his birth, he has been the subject of
law with inherent rights as the consequences of his humanity: mainly the rights that come as the result of the
legal relationship between himself with both parents and the families of his parents. The civil rights of the child
include the right to have care, education, and the right to inheritance. Civil rights are an integral part of every
child's life necessary for them to grow and develop naturally and optimally. Additionally it is a child‟s right as a
human being to have their needs met and to be protected by parents, society, and the State (Yuningsih 2013).
However, the civil rights of a child depend on the legality of the marriage of the parents. If the parents‟
marriage is legally undertaken, the status of any child born is the same as that of a legitimate child and civil
rights are automatically granted to him/her as the child of his/her parents. While, if both parents are not bound to
a legal marriage, then the child is regarded as an illegitimate child. In other words, there are two statuses of a
child in law; legitimacy and illegitimacy.
In formal judicial legislation, the definition of legitimate children is defined in Law No. 1 of 1974 on
marriage, in Article 42. This determines that the legitimate child is the child born in or as a result of a legal
marriage. Further to this (Muhammad, 2008) says that there are two kinds of legitimate children, namely: (1)
With relation to a child born in a marriage, there are two possibilities; (a) after the marriage took place, the wife
became pregnant and gave birth to a child and (b) before the marriage happened, the wife was pregnant, after the
marriage took place, the child was born. (2) A child born as a result of marriage, in this case, the wife was
pregnant after the marriage took place, and then there was a divorce or death of the husband; after that the wife
gave birth.
A side from the legitimate child, in the Marriage Act also acknowledges a child born out of wedlock
(illegitimate child). Article 43 paragraph (1) of Marriage Act, states that a child born out of wedlock has only a
civil relationship with his/her mother and his/her mother's family. However, Article 43 (1) was amended by
Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 to become "A child born out of wedlock has a civil
relationship with his/her mother and his/her mother's family as well as a civil relationship with his/her father‟s
family if paternity can be proved by science and technology and/or there are other evidences in law to prove a
blood relationship.”
With regard to a child born by in vitro fertilization programs, his/her legal status is determined by
referring to Article 42 and Article 43 paragraph (1) and Article 2 paragraph (1) of Law No. 1 of 1974 on
Marriage: which determines that the marriage is legal if done according to the law of each religion or belief.
Thus, if the child from an in vitro fertilization program is in compliance with Article 2 (1) and Article
42 of the Marriage Act; meaning if both parents carry out a religious marriage and he/she is born in or as a result
of a legal marriage, the status of the child is legitimate and the child has a civil relationship with his/her parents
and the family of parents. However, it is still questionable if the law allows legitimacy for the in vitro
fertilization program through a surrogate mother or mother (wife of legitimate husband) with sperm that does
not originate from a legitimate husband, because of course, this cannot meet the meaning of Article 2 (1)
although normatively, it is likely to comply with Article 42.
From a technology perspective, IVF is strongly advised and viable if only because of the principle of
benefit for couples who are constrained in getting a child, but it still needs to be rethought considering ethical
human values. A human child is a civilized being who is distinguished from other living beings, by the sublime
flowing in the body of the child: as determined by the rule of law and religious norms.
Based on the doctrines of any religious law, a child born to legally married parents is regarded as a
legitimate child, because the marriage has met the requirements specified by the religion of a bride and groom.
While the child born from parents who never held a marriage, is an out of wedlock child, and is called the child
of adultery. According to the Catholic faith, the marriage is legal if the sacraments have been done and, for
Christians, marriage is legal with the blessing of the church. Similarly, for Buddhists, marriage is legal if carried
out according to Buddhism, celebrated in the temple in front of Buddhist monks and for Hindus, a legal
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marriage must be done ceremonially. Furthermore, for Moslems, if the marriage meets the Islamic principles of
marriage, then the marriage is legal (Yuningsih 2013).
Islam applies a principle of al-naslkhifdzu; the guarantee of the process of human lineage in accordance
with the rule of law by referring to the legitimacy of the blood flowing in the body of the child. This principle is
revealed on the Islamic marriage law called Al-Ahkam Al-Munakahat (Rosyadi 2013).
The existence of religious law and positive law provides basic guidelines to be followed when
interpreting legalities. Similarly, in legal action related to in vitro fertilization, because the child is not simply a
technological “thing”, but the child no matter how it is born is a man who has the same human rights as all other
human beings. Therefore, if the in vitro fertilization program is not in accordance with applicable law and does
not comply with the norms of religion, the child will have the status as an illegitimate child.
Sociologically, the existence of illegitimate children cannot be ignored in a society. They have their
own name in each society, for example, called Natuurlijk kind (Subekti 2005), in customary law in Muna,
Southeast Sulawesi called anahi patakoama (Muttalib 2012), and the Javanese and Sundanese calls them as
anak haram jaddah or anak kowar which means children born by the illicit intercourse (Witanto 2012). In
Islamic norms (the author only refers to Islam) that child born outside of a legal marriage is called a child of
adultery.
The results of the Commission Decision of the Indonesian Islamic Scholar Council on June 13, 1979,
issued rules of fertilization outside the womb, or in vitro fertilization (IVF) as follows: (1) IVF with sperm and
ovum of legitimate spouse, it‟s legally mubah (allowed) because it includes an effort based on religious
principles. (2) IVF of couples using a surrogate womb of another wife (e.g. one wife‟s ova into another wife‟s
womb) is haram (forbidden) because it will lead to complicated problems in relation to inheritance matters
(especially between the child born with the mother who has ovum and the mother who conceived, and vice
versa). (3) IVF with frozen sperm of the husband, who had died, is haram (forbidden) because it will lead to
complicated problems, both in relation to the determination of lineage and relation to inheritance. (4) IVF with
sperm and ovum taken from other than a legitimate spouse is haram (forbidden) because the status is the same
as illicit sexual intercourse outside of legal marriage (adultery), and this is considered to be the same as the
occurrence of actual adultery.
Thus, it becomes clear that if the in vitro fertilization program happens through a surrogate mother or
mother (wife of legal husband) with sperm not from the legitimate husband, before the law, the child born will
be considered to be illegitimate. This raises the question of whether the biological father (man whose sperm is
used for conception) should be held accountable by law to meet the civil rights of the child born by the program
of in vitro fertilization.
Before the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 on February 17, 2012 that annulled
the legal norms contained in Article 43 paragraph (1) of Marriage Act in which the biological father was
'released' by law from the obligation to provide a living allowance, provide an education, and share his assets
with a child of his out of wedlock, and the child born out of wedlock only has a civil relationship with her
mother and her mother's family. Empirically, such provisions place illegitimate child is in a disadvantageous
position and they experience discrimination.
In response to the matter, The Constitutional Court conducted a judicial review of law to the
Constitution, amending Article 41 paragraph (1) of Marriage Act to read "Child born out of wedlock has a civil
relationship with his/her mother and his/her mother's family as well as with the male as the father who can be
proved by science and technology and/or other legal evidences to have a blood relationship, including civil
relationship with his/her father‟s family ".
The Constitutional Court believes that naturally, it‟s impossible for woman to be pregnant without
fertilization of ovum and spermatozoa either through sexual intercourse (coitus) or through other means based
on the development of technology. Therefore, it is unfair when the law stipulates that a child born of a
pregnancy only has a maternal relationship. And it‟s also unfair if the law also releases a man from his
responsibility as a father for the pregnancy and the birth of the child, and at the same time negates the legal
rights of the child to the man as his father. Moreover, with existing technology, it‟s possibly to prove that a child
is the child of a particular male.
The Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 is a legal decision that is progressive and
fundamental from the standpoint of protecting children born out of wedlock. The theory of progressive law
requires that the law is to serve and not just cause the opposite of human happiness (Rahardjo 2009). Thus, the
Constitutional Court Decision becomes the legal guarantee for the rights of all children born out of wedlock
because it declares it is the responsibility of the biological father to fulfill his civil rights, either by voluntarily
acting as the biological father and including the child in the biological father's family, or by allowing a personal
initiative or parties representing the child‟s interests to petition or bring a lawsuit to the court in order that the
civil rights of the child are fulfilled.
5. Legal Status of Children Born by in vitro…
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VI. CONCLUSION
The legal status of children born from in vitro fertilization program strongly relies on the legal status of
marriage of the parents and the method of zygote implantation. If the zygote is the result of fertilization of the
ovum and sperm of legal spouse and then implanted to the legitimate wife, then the child is legitimate and has a
civil relationship to both parents, but after the decision of the Constitutional Court No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010, all
the children out of wedlock in law in Indonesia, including illegitimate children born from in vitro fertilization
program will receive the protection and recognition of the civil rights as far as the children or all parties
represent their interests can prove blood relationship or other evidences that recognized by the law to have a
civil relationship with the man who caused their birth.
The presence of the Constitutional Court Decision can be a guarantee for the fulfillment of the rights of
parents causing the birth, therefore every child born through in vitro fertilization program should be guarded
with strict regulations for the individuals who would use such method because the child is in principle not a
product (goods) of an industry, but as human being who has rights as other humans in general.
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