This document provides an introduction to textiles and important textile engineering terms. It defines what a textile is and discusses the different types of fibers, yarns, fabrics and textile classifications. It also covers key forensic concepts such as identifying fibers, yarns and fabric structures that can provide useful trace evidence. Forensic textile analysis examines textile fibers, yarns, fabrics and patterns to identify characteristics that can link evidence to a potential source.
This document provides a classification of yarns based on several factors:
1. Length - Spun yarns are made from short staple fibers, while filament yarns are made from continuous filaments. Filament yarns can be monofilament or multifilament.
2. Number of parts - Yarns are simple, novelty, or textured. Simple yarns like singles, plies and cords are uniform. Novelty yarns have irregularities to provide decorative effects. Textured yarns have altered surface, shape or texture.
3. Twist - Twist binds fibers together and gives strength. Direction of twist is S or Z. Number of tw
This document discusses different types of fabrics, including their definitions and examples. It covers four main categories of fabrics: woven fabrics like jeans and poplin, knitted fabrics which can be weft or warp knitted like socks and swimwear, non-woven fabrics such as raincoats and paper filters, and special fabrics including felted and braided materials. Specific woven constructions are also outlined, such as plain weave, twill, satin, and pile fabrics like velvet and terry. The classifications provide an overview of fabric types and constructions.
This document discusses yarn classification and structure. It covers:
1. The classification of yarns as spun or filament and their different production methods.
2. How yarn twist, count, and structure impact properties like strength and absorbency.
3. Models for describing yarn structure like the simple helix model for spun and filament yarns.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which differ based on the direction the yarn moves during knitting. Weft knitting uses yarn that moves across the fabric, while warp knitting uses yarn that moves in the lengthwise direction of fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are used widely in apparel and technical textiles due to properties like stretchability, shape retention, and moisture absorption.
This document defines and discusses different types of yarn. It begins by defining textile and yarn, noting that yarn is made by twisting fibers together. It then discusses various yarn properties and classifications including twist, count, construction methods like spun, plied and cabled, and process types like carded, combed, woolen and worsted. Different natural and man-made yarn types are also outlined. Hairiness and strength are identified as important yarn properties, with hairiness affecting dyeing, texture and fabric quality. The document concludes by noting that irregular yarns are weaker during processing due to easier breakage.
Erode is an agricultural and textile hub located in Tamil Nadu, India. It is surrounded by three rivers - Amaravathi, Bhavani, and Cauvery - and is one of the largest producers of turmeric and other crops in India. Texvalley is the largest wholesale textile market in Erode, located in the heart of South India's textile industry. Hema Chandra Textiles is a textile manufacturer in Erode that produces grey fabrics and woven fabrics. The document then describes the various processes involved in cotton spinning, sizing, yarn dyeing, and weaving from winding to weaving.
This document provides a classification of yarns based on several factors:
1. Length - Spun yarns are made from short staple fibers, while filament yarns are made from continuous filaments. Filament yarns can be monofilament or multifilament.
2. Number of parts - Yarns are simple, novelty, or textured. Simple yarns like singles, plies and cords are uniform. Novelty yarns have irregularities to provide decorative effects. Textured yarns have altered surface, shape or texture.
3. Twist - Twist binds fibers together and gives strength. Direction of twist is S or Z. Number of tw
This document discusses different types of fabrics, including their definitions and examples. It covers four main categories of fabrics: woven fabrics like jeans and poplin, knitted fabrics which can be weft or warp knitted like socks and swimwear, non-woven fabrics such as raincoats and paper filters, and special fabrics including felted and braided materials. Specific woven constructions are also outlined, such as plain weave, twill, satin, and pile fabrics like velvet and terry. The classifications provide an overview of fabric types and constructions.
This document discusses yarn classification and structure. It covers:
1. The classification of yarns as spun or filament and their different production methods.
2. How yarn twist, count, and structure impact properties like strength and absorbency.
3. Models for describing yarn structure like the simple helix model for spun and filament yarns.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which differ based on the direction the yarn moves during knitting. Weft knitting uses yarn that moves across the fabric, while warp knitting uses yarn that moves in the lengthwise direction of fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are used widely in apparel and technical textiles due to properties like stretchability, shape retention, and moisture absorption.
This document defines and discusses different types of yarn. It begins by defining textile and yarn, noting that yarn is made by twisting fibers together. It then discusses various yarn properties and classifications including twist, count, construction methods like spun, plied and cabled, and process types like carded, combed, woolen and worsted. Different natural and man-made yarn types are also outlined. Hairiness and strength are identified as important yarn properties, with hairiness affecting dyeing, texture and fabric quality. The document concludes by noting that irregular yarns are weaker during processing due to easier breakage.
Erode is an agricultural and textile hub located in Tamil Nadu, India. It is surrounded by three rivers - Amaravathi, Bhavani, and Cauvery - and is one of the largest producers of turmeric and other crops in India. Texvalley is the largest wholesale textile market in Erode, located in the heart of South India's textile industry. Hema Chandra Textiles is a textile manufacturer in Erode that produces grey fabrics and woven fabrics. The document then describes the various processes involved in cotton spinning, sizing, yarn dyeing, and weaving from winding to weaving.
Technical fabrics are fabrics manufactured for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. They are produced through various methods including weaving, knitting, felting, and non-woven processes. Key specifications that define technical fabrics include construction, area density, cover factor, weave type, crimp, width, and thickness. Common weaves are plain, twill, satin, and sateen weaves. Technical fabrics have a wide range of applications including conveyor belts, filters, parachutes, tires, and more.
This document provides an introduction to knitting technology for a third year textile engineering program. It defines different types of textile fabrics and their processes, with a focus on knitted fabrics. Key terms related to knitting are defined, including courses, wales, stitch density, and knitting machines. The yarns used for knitting and development of knitting techniques are discussed. Comparison is made between weft and warp knitting as well as between knitting and weaving.
This document provides an introduction to textile knitting. It discusses the basic principles and processes of knitting including loop formation, knit stitches, purl stitches, tucks, and misses. It describes different types of knitting such as hand knitting, flat knitting machines, and circular knitting machines. The document also summarizes common knitted fabrics including jersey, rib, interlock, terry, and fleece and discusses the characteristics of woven versus knitted fabrics.
Knitting is a method of fabric formation that involves interlocking loops of yarn. There are two main types of knitting - weft and warp. Weft knitting forms loops across the width of the fabric using a single yarn, while warp knitting forms loops along the length using multiple yarns. Common weft knits include plain, purl, rib, and interlock stitches which are used to make various garments and textiles. Warp knits like tricot and raschel are produced more quickly on specialized machines and can incorporate diverse yarn types and complex structures. Knitted fabrics have different properties depending on factors like stitch type, yarn used, and intended application.
This is fundamental description , processing of fiber to fabric and their types. types of fiber, spinning process, techniques of fabric making ,
cover basic natural fibers and fabric ,
Knittingtypes 150302064537-conversion-gate01Ahmad kamal
This document discusses various types of knitted fabrics. It begins by explaining that knitting involves interlocking loops of yarn or thread to form cloth or crafts. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting uses horizontal yarn fed into needles, while warp knitting uses vertical yarn loops. Specific weft knits discussed include single jersey, purl, rib, and interlock stitches. Warp knits highlighted are tricot, raschel, and milanese. The document also briefly touches on technical textiles, seamless technology, float plating technology, 3D fabrics, and knitting machines used.
This document discusses various types of knitted fabrics. It begins by explaining that knitting involves interlocking loops of yarn or thread to form cloth or crafts. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting uses horizontal yarn fed into needles, while warp knitting uses vertical yarn loops. Specific weft knits discussed include single jersey, purl, rib, and interlock stitches. Warp knits highlighted are tricot, raschel, and milanese. The document also briefly touches on technical textiles, seamless technology, float plating technology, 3D fabrics, and knitting machines used.
This document provides information about different types of novelty and textured yarns. It defines novelty yarns as yarns made primarily for their appearance, which differ from simple yarns through irregularities added during formation. Various novelty yarn types are described, including slub, flock, spiral, ratine, boucle, and nub yarns. Textured yarns are defined as yarns processed to introduce durable crimps, coils or loops along filaments. Texturing methods and properties are outlined. Examples of textured yarns made using techniques like knitting-deknitting and true-false twisting are also provided, along with their potential end uses.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
This document provides information about weaving and woven fabrics. It defines weaving as a method of fabric production that interlaces two sets of yarns at right angles. It describes the basic components of woven fabrics as the warp yarns that run lengthwise and the weft or filling yarns that run perpendicular. It also explains various weaving patterns like plain weave, basket weave, twill weave, and satin weave as well as the characteristics of fabrics produced with each pattern. Finally, it provides examples of specific woven fabric types that use each weaving technique.
The document discusses different types of textiles including yarn, fabrics, and the processes used to make them. It provides information on:
1) Yarn is a continuous length of interlocked fibers that can be used to make textiles through processes like weaving, knitting, and spinning.
2) Fabrics are made by interlacing yarns through weaving or knitting. Woven fabrics use two sets of yarns (warp and weft) that intersect at right angles. Knitted fabrics use interlocking loops of yarn.
3) There are different types of structures for woven and knitted fabrics depending on how the yarns are interlaced. Key processes
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The document defines key terms and describes the production process for spun yarns which involves several steps: blow room processing, carding, drawing, combing, roving, and ring spinning. It also outlines characteristics and properties of different yarn types.
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The key stages in producing spun yarn are blow room preparation, carding to align fibers, drawing to further align, roving to attenuate fibers, and ring spinning where the yarn is twisted and wound. Properties depend on fiber content and construction methods.
The document provides information about the basics of fabric manufacturing processes. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Yarn production from the spinning department which includes processes like winding, creeling, and warping. Warping can be done using direct/beam warping or indirect/sectional warping methods.
2) Sizing of the warp yarns is then carried out to prepare them for weaving.
3) The warp yarns are threaded through the heddles and reed during loom preparation before weaving begins.
4) Weaving is the process that interlaces the warp and weft yarns to produce fabric. The fabric then undergoes inspection, folding
This document discusses different types of knitted pile fabrics including fleece, terry, velour, and high pile fabrics. It provides details on their construction methods. Fleece fabrics are made using one, two, or three thread techniques to knit a backing yarn and floated yarn. Terry and velour fabrics use a plating technique with two yarns, one forming loops on each face. High pile fabrics use a carding device to insert fibers through latch needles along with ground yarn. Various circular knitting machines and techniques are used to construct these fabrics for applications like apparel, rugs, and more.
The document provides an introduction to fibres and yarns used in textiles. It discusses that while the earliest use of fibres dates back over 8000 years ago, textile production developed significantly around 6000 BC when humans began farming and domesticating animals. Natural fibres like cotton, silk, wool and flax were originally used, and later synthetic fibres like nylon and polyester were developed. The document defines a textile fibre and yarn, and classifies different types of fibres and yarns. It outlines the essential primary properties of fibres including length, strength, flexibility and cohesiveness as well as desirable secondary properties such as fineness, resilience, uniformity, porosity, lustre and
This document provides an overview of yarns, their classification, and characteristics. It discusses the key differences between spun/staple yarns and filament yarns. Spun yarns are made from short fibers that are twisted together, while filament yarns use continuous fibers. Yarn twist and count affect properties like strength and fineness. There are many types of yarns including novelty yarns which have decorative elements, and textured yarns that use new spinning techniques to alter the surface and shape. Textured yarns can be made to stretch or provide bulk. Overall, the document covers the fundamental types and characteristics of yarns used in textile manufacturing.
Yarn properties effecting comfort of the fabrichema upadhayay
Yarn properties such as twist, size, and texture affect the comfort properties of fabrics. High twist yarns result in fabrics with better durability but lower moisture absorption. Low twist yarns allow for better insulation and moisture absorption. Bulkier yarns like textured yarns provide more comfort through better absorbency, stretch, and insulation compared to smooth filament yarns. The type of yarn, whether spun, filament, or textured, determines characteristics like warmth, absorbency, durability, and ease of care for the resulting fabric. Yarn properties are thus an important consideration in designing comfortable fabrics.
Yarn is composed of twisted fibers or filaments. Yarns come in various sizes, textures, and characteristics that affect fabric properties. Yarns are classified based on fiber length as either spun yarns made from short staple fibers or filament yarns made from continuous fibers. Yarns are also classified by design, including simple uniform yarns, plied yarns with two or more singles twisted together, and novelty or fancy yarns made to provide decorative surface effects through irregularities like slubs, loops, and knots. Fancy yarns are produced through various methods manipulating fiber and yarn characteristics.
1. The document presents information on belts, including their specifications, types, critical requirements, production requirements, and end uses.
2. Belts are multilayer fabrics made of three distinct woven fabrics and can be either solid woven or endless woven.
3. Critical requirements for driving belts include being rigid enough to carry weight without sagging, flexible enough to bend over pulleys, and constructed such that they do not stretch unduly under load.
4. End uses of belts include power transmission, conveying materials, safety belts, sorting, waist bands, carrying items, and reinforcing luggage.
Technical fabrics are fabrics manufactured for their technical performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. They are produced through various methods including weaving, knitting, felting, and non-woven processes. Key specifications that define technical fabrics include construction, area density, cover factor, weave type, crimp, width, and thickness. Common weaves are plain, twill, satin, and sateen weaves. Technical fabrics have a wide range of applications including conveyor belts, filters, parachutes, tires, and more.
This document provides an introduction to knitting technology for a third year textile engineering program. It defines different types of textile fabrics and their processes, with a focus on knitted fabrics. Key terms related to knitting are defined, including courses, wales, stitch density, and knitting machines. The yarns used for knitting and development of knitting techniques are discussed. Comparison is made between weft and warp knitting as well as between knitting and weaving.
This document provides an introduction to textile knitting. It discusses the basic principles and processes of knitting including loop formation, knit stitches, purl stitches, tucks, and misses. It describes different types of knitting such as hand knitting, flat knitting machines, and circular knitting machines. The document also summarizes common knitted fabrics including jersey, rib, interlock, terry, and fleece and discusses the characteristics of woven versus knitted fabrics.
Knitting is a method of fabric formation that involves interlocking loops of yarn. There are two main types of knitting - weft and warp. Weft knitting forms loops across the width of the fabric using a single yarn, while warp knitting forms loops along the length using multiple yarns. Common weft knits include plain, purl, rib, and interlock stitches which are used to make various garments and textiles. Warp knits like tricot and raschel are produced more quickly on specialized machines and can incorporate diverse yarn types and complex structures. Knitted fabrics have different properties depending on factors like stitch type, yarn used, and intended application.
This is fundamental description , processing of fiber to fabric and their types. types of fiber, spinning process, techniques of fabric making ,
cover basic natural fibers and fabric ,
Knittingtypes 150302064537-conversion-gate01Ahmad kamal
This document discusses various types of knitted fabrics. It begins by explaining that knitting involves interlocking loops of yarn or thread to form cloth or crafts. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting uses horizontal yarn fed into needles, while warp knitting uses vertical yarn loops. Specific weft knits discussed include single jersey, purl, rib, and interlock stitches. Warp knits highlighted are tricot, raschel, and milanese. The document also briefly touches on technical textiles, seamless technology, float plating technology, 3D fabrics, and knitting machines used.
This document discusses various types of knitted fabrics. It begins by explaining that knitting involves interlocking loops of yarn or thread to form cloth or crafts. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting uses horizontal yarn fed into needles, while warp knitting uses vertical yarn loops. Specific weft knits discussed include single jersey, purl, rib, and interlock stitches. Warp knits highlighted are tricot, raschel, and milanese. The document also briefly touches on technical textiles, seamless technology, float plating technology, 3D fabrics, and knitting machines used.
This document provides information about different types of novelty and textured yarns. It defines novelty yarns as yarns made primarily for their appearance, which differ from simple yarns through irregularities added during formation. Various novelty yarn types are described, including slub, flock, spiral, ratine, boucle, and nub yarns. Textured yarns are defined as yarns processed to introduce durable crimps, coils or loops along filaments. Texturing methods and properties are outlined. Examples of textured yarns made using techniques like knitting-deknitting and true-false twisting are also provided, along with their potential end uses.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
This document provides information about weaving and woven fabrics. It defines weaving as a method of fabric production that interlaces two sets of yarns at right angles. It describes the basic components of woven fabrics as the warp yarns that run lengthwise and the weft or filling yarns that run perpendicular. It also explains various weaving patterns like plain weave, basket weave, twill weave, and satin weave as well as the characteristics of fabrics produced with each pattern. Finally, it provides examples of specific woven fabric types that use each weaving technique.
The document discusses different types of textiles including yarn, fabrics, and the processes used to make them. It provides information on:
1) Yarn is a continuous length of interlocked fibers that can be used to make textiles through processes like weaving, knitting, and spinning.
2) Fabrics are made by interlacing yarns through weaving or knitting. Woven fabrics use two sets of yarns (warp and weft) that intersect at right angles. Knitted fabrics use interlocking loops of yarn.
3) There are different types of structures for woven and knitted fabrics depending on how the yarns are interlaced. Key processes
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The document defines key terms and describes the production process for spun yarns which involves several steps: blow room processing, carding, drawing, combing, roving, and ring spinning. It also outlines characteristics and properties of different yarn types.
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The key stages in producing spun yarn are blow room preparation, carding to align fibers, drawing to further align, roving to attenuate fibers, and ring spinning where the yarn is twisted and wound. Properties depend on fiber content and construction methods.
The document provides information about the basics of fabric manufacturing processes. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Yarn production from the spinning department which includes processes like winding, creeling, and warping. Warping can be done using direct/beam warping or indirect/sectional warping methods.
2) Sizing of the warp yarns is then carried out to prepare them for weaving.
3) The warp yarns are threaded through the heddles and reed during loom preparation before weaving begins.
4) Weaving is the process that interlaces the warp and weft yarns to produce fabric. The fabric then undergoes inspection, folding
This document discusses different types of knitted pile fabrics including fleece, terry, velour, and high pile fabrics. It provides details on their construction methods. Fleece fabrics are made using one, two, or three thread techniques to knit a backing yarn and floated yarn. Terry and velour fabrics use a plating technique with two yarns, one forming loops on each face. High pile fabrics use a carding device to insert fibers through latch needles along with ground yarn. Various circular knitting machines and techniques are used to construct these fabrics for applications like apparel, rugs, and more.
The document provides an introduction to fibres and yarns used in textiles. It discusses that while the earliest use of fibres dates back over 8000 years ago, textile production developed significantly around 6000 BC when humans began farming and domesticating animals. Natural fibres like cotton, silk, wool and flax were originally used, and later synthetic fibres like nylon and polyester were developed. The document defines a textile fibre and yarn, and classifies different types of fibres and yarns. It outlines the essential primary properties of fibres including length, strength, flexibility and cohesiveness as well as desirable secondary properties such as fineness, resilience, uniformity, porosity, lustre and
This document provides an overview of yarns, their classification, and characteristics. It discusses the key differences between spun/staple yarns and filament yarns. Spun yarns are made from short fibers that are twisted together, while filament yarns use continuous fibers. Yarn twist and count affect properties like strength and fineness. There are many types of yarns including novelty yarns which have decorative elements, and textured yarns that use new spinning techniques to alter the surface and shape. Textured yarns can be made to stretch or provide bulk. Overall, the document covers the fundamental types and characteristics of yarns used in textile manufacturing.
Yarn properties effecting comfort of the fabrichema upadhayay
Yarn properties such as twist, size, and texture affect the comfort properties of fabrics. High twist yarns result in fabrics with better durability but lower moisture absorption. Low twist yarns allow for better insulation and moisture absorption. Bulkier yarns like textured yarns provide more comfort through better absorbency, stretch, and insulation compared to smooth filament yarns. The type of yarn, whether spun, filament, or textured, determines characteristics like warmth, absorbency, durability, and ease of care for the resulting fabric. Yarn properties are thus an important consideration in designing comfortable fabrics.
Yarn is composed of twisted fibers or filaments. Yarns come in various sizes, textures, and characteristics that affect fabric properties. Yarns are classified based on fiber length as either spun yarns made from short staple fibers or filament yarns made from continuous fibers. Yarns are also classified by design, including simple uniform yarns, plied yarns with two or more singles twisted together, and novelty or fancy yarns made to provide decorative surface effects through irregularities like slubs, loops, and knots. Fancy yarns are produced through various methods manipulating fiber and yarn characteristics.
1. The document presents information on belts, including their specifications, types, critical requirements, production requirements, and end uses.
2. Belts are multilayer fabrics made of three distinct woven fabrics and can be either solid woven or endless woven.
3. Critical requirements for driving belts include being rigid enough to carry weight without sagging, flexible enough to bend over pulleys, and constructed such that they do not stretch unduly under load.
4. End uses of belts include power transmission, conveying materials, safety belts, sorting, waist bands, carrying items, and reinforcing luggage.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. What is a textile?
• Textile: strictly, this term means “that which has
been woven or may be so” (and so includes
fibres, yarn and thread, as well as woven fabric).
• However, it is also used in a broader sense to
include most non-woven products that are
principally made from fibres, including cordage.
• The number of types is very diverse to meet the
needs of different end-uses
3. 3
Important textile engineering terms
(continued)
Note that, depending on their unit length,
different types of fibre are recognised:
Unit length decreasing
Filament
(long enough
to be
considered to
be of
indefinite
length)
Staple fibre
(long enough
to spin)
Flock
(too short to
spin)
Fibre fly
(very short
airborne fibres
that are
recognisable as
fibres to the
naked eye)
4. Forensic classification of textile evidence
Depend on the size of the item and method of
examination needed:
• Textile trace: evidence is composed of micro traces
which must be examined by microscopical and
instrumental analysis .
– Includes: single fibres, fibre fragments, pillings and small
fibre wads
5. • Textile end-products: are macroscopic evidence.
– examination mainly requires a knowledge of textile
engineering.
– Includes: threads, cords and ropes, clothing, home
textiles, technical textiles
• Textile pattern traces: patterns traced onto and
from textiles
– Includes: damage, imprints, knots
6. Classifying textiles
Textiles can be classified based on their end use:
• Apparel textiles
– Outerwear and underwear, sports wear and leisure
wear
• Household textiles
– furnishings, upholstery, floorcoverings
• Technical textiles: used for their technical
performance and functional properties
7. Subcategories of technical fibres
• medical textiles—for use in hygiene, health, ambulance, surgery,
hospital, etc.
• geo textiles - tents, tarpaulins, awnings
• safety textiles—for protection against heat or cold, chemicals,
radiation, etc.
• transport textiles—for use in motor cars, trains, aircraft,
• industrial textiles—used for the manufacture of technical products
• construction textiles—used for the construction of buildings etc.
• agricultural textiles
8. • Many man-made fibres have technical use
– High performance ones like aramids and carbon
fibres are made almost exclusively for technical
use
9. Manufacture of fibres
Forensic Usefulness of the process
• Textiles are manufactured in batches- there
are slight differences in the batches- not
homogenous
• Plus chemical residues remain on fibres after
processing: can be examined in identifying
fibres
10. Forensic value of Textile relates to the
textile market
• The quantities of the different kinds of
manufactured textiles, and the fibre types used
for them will determine their forensic value
• Global fibre production is of academic interest
only- not essential for forensic practice.
• Fibre production in a particular country or region
is more important
11. Ways of gaining access to fibre market
information
• By creating computerized databases
• Industrial enquires
– Both are equally effective
12. 12
Important textile engineering terms
• Yarn/threads: long, thin textile product made
up of staple fibres and/or one or more
filaments.
14. Single yarns
• are the simplest form of threads.
• They are produced either from staple fibres (fibres of
limited and relatively short length) or from filaments
(fibres of indefinite length).
• A single yarn consisting of staple fibres is described as
spun yarn.
– spun yarn are, in most cases, held together by twist. Spun
yarns are hairy (to a greater or lesser extent).
15. • A single yarn composed of one or more filaments is
referred to as filament yarn.
– Filament yarns usually have a smooth surface.
– Monofilament yarn made from one filament
– Multifilament yarn made of more than one
filament.
– Multifilament yarns may or may not have a twist.
Filament yarns are usually not hairy (ie they are smooth).
16. folded (plied) yarn:
• include all threads in which two or more single yarns are
twisted together in one operation.
• Depending on how many yarns have been twisted
together, one speaks of two-folded yarns, three-folded
yarns, etc.
• Folded yarns for hand-knitting are described as two-ply,
three-ply, etc.
17. 17
Important textile engineering terms
– multiple wound yarn: made by combining, without
twisting, two or more component yarns (which may or
may not be similar) together.
– two or more single or folded yarns wound together
parallel (plied) without being twisted together.
18. Cabled yarn:
• Cabled yarns include all threads which are composed of
two or more folded yarns twisted together in one or more
operations.
• There is >1 twisting operation involved.
• The component yarns may or may not be similar
20. Textured Yarns
• texturing is done to filament yarns.
• Texturing is a process which introduces
durable crimps, coils, loops or other
distortions along the filaments.
• There are many different texturing methods.
– Most of them depend on the thermoplastic
properties of the filaments
21. • Texturing brings bulkiness, elasticity and warmth,
water absorbency into a filament yarn and affects
the textile handle (the feel) of the fabric, making
the cloth manufactured from it more comfortable
to the wearer.
• In the case of textured filament yarns, the
morphology of the crimp is of interest to the
forensic fibre examiner.
– The term 'crimp' means the waviness of the fibre. It
can be expressed numerically as the crimp frequency.
22. Fancy Yarns
• Fancy yarns are single and folded yarns with
deliberately produced irregularities in their
construction.
• Such irregularities could be spirals, gimps, loops,
snarls, knops.
• E.g. bouclé, tweed, slub, nub chenille
23. Bouclé yarns
• are compound yarns comprising a twisted core
with an effect yarn around it, producing wavy
projections on its surface.
• To make bouclé, at least two strands are
combined, with the tension on one strand being
much looser than the other as it is being plied,
with the loose strand forming the loops and the
other strand as the anchor
28. • Fibrillated yarns are produced by a process of
fibrillation.
• Fibrillation is the process of splitting fibres
longitudinally into a network of interconnected fibres.
• The fibrillation process can be a random splitting,
giving a relatively coarse network, or a controlled
splitting to give finer network, e.g. by rapidly rotating
pinned rollers.
• Fibrillated yarns are mainly used for cordage or
technical textiles reinforcement PP textile used in
concrete.
30. Importance of yarn structure to
forensic scientist
• Knowledge of the basic construction of the yarns
in a fabric is necessary in order to be sure that a
representative sample of comparison fibres has
been taken from a fabric undergoing
examination:
– The single yarns in a multiple wound yarn
– a folded yarn or a cabled yarn may be processed from
different fibre types.
• Therefore, fibre samples must be taken from each single
component of these kind of yarns.
31. Why are textiles important to the
Forensic scientist?
• Forensic examination of woven fabrics should not
be focused on the type of weave alone.
• Often the fabric construction provides more
valuable information, represented by the number
of warp ends and filling picks per centimetre.
32. Twist Direction
• Twist is described as S or Z according to which
of these letters has its centre inclined in the
same direction as the surface fibres of a given
yarn.
• The yarn must be viewed vertically when
determining twist.
33. Twist frequency
• Twist level refers to the amount or number of
twists per unit length of a yarn.
34. Categories of textiles
• Fabrics composed from yarns are the most
common category.
– Woven fabrics and knitted fabrics belong to this
category,
– as do laces, bobbinets/tulle, braids, nets, stitch-
bonded fabrics, scrims/gauze and adhesive-
bonded or heat-bonded thread sheets.
35. • Fabrics made directly from fibres are another
important group,
– including three sub-classes of textile products: felts,
nonwovens and wads. Fibres bonded together by heat and
mechanical force.
• Combined bonded fabrics is the general term for the
third category of textile fabrics.
– From the forensic scientist's point of view, most types of
fabric in this category are specialties. E.g. interfacing, J
cloths, wet wipes, surgical gowns
– made from webs of synthetic fibres bonded together with
heat and adhesives.
36. Woven Fabrics
• Woven fabrics are defined as fabrics composed of
rectangularly interlaced threads—the warp threads
and the weft threads.
– The warp threads, or the warp, are oriented
lengthways in the fabric
– weft threads, or the weft, have been
introduced widthwise into the fabric.
• An individual warp thread is described as an end,
an individual weft thread as a pick.
37. Characteristics of woven fabrics
• Woven fabrics fray at the edges
• They are firm and do not stretch much
– Least stretch along the bias (warp thread)
38. Types of weaves
• The pattern of interlacing of warp and weft is
described as the weave of a woven fabric.
• Three types of basic weave can be
distinguished:
– the plain weave,
– twill weave and
– satin (atlas) weave
• Many subtypes exist
39. • The repeat is the smallest
number of ends and picks on
which a weave interlacing
pattern can be represented
40. Plain weave
• Plain weave is the simplest and most frequently used
interlacing weave.
• The plain weave has the smallest repeat.
• The odd warp threads operate over one and under one
weft thread throughout the fabric,
• The even warp threads reversing this order to under
one, over one, throughout.
• very common kinds of woven fabrics, such as batiste,
calico, chiffon, chintz, cretonne, muslin, panama,
poplin, repp and taffeta, are plain-woven fabrics.
41. • The plain weave looks
the same on both sides
43. • Plain weave is particularly used in the manufacture of flimsy
fabrics which require less fibre mass, such as fabrics for
blouses, shirts and other end-uses in the clothing area.
– The plain weave is also applied for a wide variety of woven
fabrics with end-uses in household and technical textiles.
• This weave is not as strong as the twill weave, thus causing
the garment being easily torn, wrinkled, and wears much
quicker than the other weaves.
• As a plus, “plain weave” fabrics are not as absorbent as
twill or satin woven fabrics because of the tightness of the
weave making them perfect for shedding moisture like light
rain.
44. Twill weave
• Twill weave is a weave that repeats on three or more
ends and picks.
• Each wire is passed alternately over two and then
under the next two cross wires
• This kind of weave produces diagonal lines on the
surface of fabric.
• The direction of the twill is generally described as the
fabric is viewed looking along the warp. By analogy
with the twist direction in yarns, a Z-twill and an S-twill
can be distinguished.
47. • Apart from the twill direction, a twill-weave can be
characterized by whether the warp or the weft
predominates on the face (side with most wales or
patterns) of the fabric:
– warp-twills and
– weft-twills (twillette)
– even-sided twills (Batavia weave), where the warp and
the weft are balanced in face of the fabric.
48.
49. • Twilled fabrics contain a high fibre mass-because
of fewer interlacings, yarns can be packed closer.
• Their durability and wear resistance is greater
than that of plain-woven fabrics-due to high fibre
mass
• Industrial clothing and work-wear are therefore
one of the domains of twilled fabrics.
• most common kind of twilled fabric is denim
– Gabardine and herringbone twill are two other
commercial names for twilled fabrics.
52. Satin weave
• Satin weave is also known as atlas weave. This
weave produces a smooth surface, free from
twill (ribs or diagonals).
• There are two generic types of satin weave,
resulting in weft-faced and warp-faced fabrics:
– sateen/weft
– satin/ warp.
53. • A satin weave is characterized by floats ( the length of a
warp thread or a weft thread on the surface of the fabric
between two adjacent intersections).
• The length of the float corresponds to the number of
threads which the intersecting yarn passes.
• In a satin weave, a floating yarn traverses at least four
yarns.
56. • the satin weave allows the possibility of
incorporating an expensive textile material in the
face of a fabric and a less expensive material in
the back.
• Because of the floats, a satin or sateen fabric is
less abrasion-resistant if fine yarns have been
processed.
• The satin weave is often found in fine table-linen
and bed-linen as well as in clothing materials.
57. Identifying the warp
Indicators for the warp direction:
• striped patterns made by coloured yarns in fabrics
are predominantly oriented in the warp direction
• in checked fabrics, the 'squares' are often not
really square, but slightly rectangular—the longer
sides of the rectangles indicate the warp direction
• the elasticity of a fabric is often lower in the warp
direction than in the weft direction
• the warp threads are mostly finer yarns with a
higher twist and a higher tenacity than the weft
threads
58. 58
Knitted fabrics
• Knitting is the creation of fabric by interlocking loops of
yarn, either by machine or by hand.
• There are two fundamentally different types of knitting:
warp knitting and weft knitting.
59. 59
Weft knitting
• Weft knitting is conventional knitting, we will
consider this in more detail
• The basic unit of all knitting is the knitted
loop. This has three parts:
63. • Weft knitting is regarded as normal knitting.
• The fabric-forming loops travel in a weft-wise
direction across the width of the fabric.
• Weft threads are more or less at right angles to
the direction in which the fabric is produced.
64. 64
Weft knitting
• Within knitted fabric, a given loop can be described
as being part of a course (ie part of a row of loops
that runs across the width of the fabric) and part of
a wale (ie part of a column of loops that runs along
the length of the fabric).
• The number of courses per unit length (the course
density) and wales per unit length (the wale
density) give two points of comparison between
two knitted fabrics.
67. 67
Weft knitting
• A knitted fabric can have one of many different
constructions.
• The simplest and most common of these is the plain
jersey construction.
• The front of which appears to be stacked columns of
“v” shapes, whilst the back looks like stacked waves.
•
• The origin of this difference is shown on the following
two slides:
70. Warp knit
• In this technique, the fabric-forming loops travel
in a warp-wise direction down the length of the
fabric, parallel to the selvedges.
• Therefore, a warp-knitted fabric is composed of a
lot of wales (columns of loops) along the length
of the fabric.
• Each warp thread is more or less in line with the
direction of fabric production.
71.
72. Loops are formed across the
width of the fabric
Loops are formed vertically
down the length of the fabric
73. 73
Important textile engineering terms
• Thread: any yarn with a diameter <4 mm.
• Cordage: round cross section product, with a
diameter of > 4mm, that is made from yarn.
74. 74
Key rope making terms
• Strand: a basic rope component made by
twisting a number of yarns together.
• Rope: flexible textile product that has a high
length to diameter ratio, that is made up of > 2
strands twisted (or plaited) together and that has
a diameter of at least 4 mm.
77. 77
Key rope making terms
• Twine: flexible textile product that has a high
length to diameter ratio, that is made up of > 1
strands twisted together and that has a diameter
< 4 mm.
• Core: central yarn that, while not structurally
combined with a rope or twine, runs throughout
its length
78. 78
Key rope making terms
• Lay: the direction of twist of the component
strands of a helical rope or twine (S lay and z lay,
see earlier).
• Length of lay: one complete turn of a strand that
is part of a rope or twine.
• Angle of lay: see upcoming slide
82. 82
Some key points of comparison in
rope examination
• Comparative light microscopy
• “House markers”
– unlike garments, few ropes have labels stating who
made them.
– Some manufacturers therefore include recognizable
yarns (“house markers”) in one or more of the strands
of the rope.
– Beware, cheap copies of expensive ropes may include
“fake” house markers.
83. 83
Some key points of comparison in
rope examination
• Colour coded fibre types.
– Brown = polypropylene
– Orange = polyethylene
– Blue = polyester
– green = polyamide
– red =sisal
– black = manila
– green = hemp
Beware, not all rope fibres will conform to this helpful
code!
84. 84
Some key points of comparison in
rope examination
• Jigsaw fit (often impossible because of fraying)
• Knots
• In natural material (ie not man-made)
– Microscopic morphological features of ashed material
– Microscopic morphological features of macerated material
• In man-made materials
– polarised light microscopy
– IR spectroscopy
– melting point
– density