Intrauterine fetal death refers to fetal death after 24 weeks of gestation or 500 grams. It occurs in 4.5 per 1,000 births and can be emotionally challenging for doctors, parents, and increases medical legal risk. Ultrasound is the most reliable diagnostic method to confirm absence of a fetal heartbeat. The main complications are postpartum hemorrhage and blood coagulation disorders.
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
Abruptio placenta- Define, cause, sign and symptoms, Risk Factors, Incidence,pathology, Classification, Prevention and Treatment, management in PPT made by sonal Patel
Presentation on the description of normal and abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual cycle, FIGO classification with PALM-COEIN, common differentials of AUB, assessment, diagnosis, and management.
Presented by
Ahmed Mukhtar
M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyAssistante lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University
Abruptio placenta- Define, cause, sign and symptoms, Risk Factors, Incidence,pathology, Classification, Prevention and Treatment, management in PPT made by sonal Patel
Presentation on the description of normal and abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual cycle, FIGO classification with PALM-COEIN, common differentials of AUB, assessment, diagnosis, and management.
Presented by
Ahmed Mukhtar
M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc Obstetrics and GynecologyAssistante lecturer of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University
Threatened abortion by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Threatened abortion is associated with bleeding and/or uterine cramping while the cervix is closed. This stage of abortion may progress to spontaneous incomplete or complete abortion. While this event may be considered a part of the quality control process in human reproduction, it is important to know the possible etiologies and when therapy might prevent pregnancy loss. The World Health Organization estimated that 15% of all clinically recognizable pregnancies and in spontaneous abortion, 50-60% of which are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Apart from the fetal factors, several maternal and probably paternal factors contribute to the causes of spontaneous abortion. The maternal factors that may be responsible for abortion include both local and systemic conditions such as infections, maternal disease states, genital tract abnormalities, endocrine factors and other miscellaneous causes (antiphospholipid antibodies, maternal-fetal histocompatibility, excessive smoking and other environmental toxicants, etc.). This review focuses on the management of threatened abortion, but it should be emphasized that the management to maintain pregnancy is reasonable only in those cases, in which the fetus is not seriously affected. It would not be beneficial to provide treatment that would permit chromosomally and anatomically abnormal embryos to survive to term. Treatment is feasible first of all in cases with maternal factors. Surgical procedures may precede pregnancy (correction of septate uterus, removal of a submucous leiomyomata) or may be performed usually in the second trimester (cervical cerclage). Maternal general diseases (diabetes, hypothyroidism) and infections should be treated accordingly. The most common entity to be treated in this category is luteal phase deficiency. Progesterone is the most important hormone for the maintenance of an early human pregnancy. Besides progesterone administration, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) also is the logical endocrine treatment of choice. In the pregnant woman hCG stimulates and optimizes hormonal production in the corpus luteum and may also influence the fetoplacental unit. The contribution of environmental, physical and chemical agents to the incidence of spontaneous abortion is controversial. They may be abortifacient even if they are not teratogenic. Exposure to environmental toxicants should be avoided. Paternal leukocyte immunotherapy has been associated with successful outcome in patients with unexplained repeated spontaneous abortion. This therapeutic approach is considered experimental, as there may be some significant risks. Associating maternal antiphospholipid antibodies with reproductive failure is a rapidly developing field. Administration of corticosteroids with low doses of aspirin has resulted in fetal salvage in women in whom antiphospholipid antibodies are present.
OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING- HIGH RISK PREGNANCY ABORTION.pptxmagie12
The students will be able to
*define abortion
*Identify the difference between various types of abortion
*Perform medical induction for abortion
*Describe various surgical techniques used for abortion
*Detect the consequences that occur by abortion and provide appropriate care
Abortion or pregnancy loss is accounts to spontaneous events or through legal termination.
The first large scale study on abortions and unintended pregnancies conducted by The Lancet in 2017 said one in three of the 48.1 million pregnancies in India end in an abortion with 15.6 million taking place in 2015.
*Definition
*Types of abortion- Spontaneous, Induced, Complete abortion, Incomplete abortion, Missed abortion, Recurrent abortion, Induced abortion
*Risk factors,
*etiology, mechanism,
* clinical manifestations of each type
*Management – medical & surgical
Nursing management
Abortion is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 gm or less when it is not capable of independent survival
-WHO
The 500gm of fetal development is attained
approximately at 22 weeks(154 days of gestation).
The expelled embryo or fetus is called abortus
Abortion is the cause for bleeding in early pregnancy.
Abortion occurring without medical or mechanical means to empty the uterus is referred to as spontaneous.
Another widely used term is miscarriage.
10-20% of cases of all clinical pregnancies end in miscarriage.
About 75%miscarriages –before 16th week
About 80% occur –before 12th week of pregnancy.
Increases with parity
Increased maternal and paternal age
The frequency of abortion increases from 12% in women younger than 20 years to 26% in those older than 40 years
Women conceiving within 3 months following a term birth, have a higher incidence of abortion
Anembryonic Gestational sac
- Positive HCG test as placenta secretes HCG and stops later
Presents in first few weeks of pregnancy
Removal through medical or surgical induction
Uncommon causes of abortion in human
Listeria monocytogenes
Clamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Toxoplasma gondii
Diabetes mellitus
Celiac sprue
Cause both male and female infertility and recurrent abortions
ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid autoantibodies → incidence of abortion is high
Diabetes mellitus
Poor glucose control → incidence of abortion increased
Progesterone deficiency
Luteal phase defect
Insufficient progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum or placenta
DRUG USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Recurrent pregnancy loss patients : 15%
Antiphospholipid antibody : most significant
LCA (lupus anticoagulant), ACA (anticardiolipin Ab)
ALLOIMMUNE FACTORS
- Inherited thrombophilia
Uterine synechiae (Asherman syndrome)
Partial or complete obliteration of the uterine cavity by adherence of uterine wall
The retention power of the cervix(Internal os) may be impaired functionally and or anatomically in an incompetent cervix
Etiology
Previous trauma during pregnancy
Explore the intricacies of ovulation induction in intrauterine insemination (IUI) with Dr Laxmi Shrikhande's informative slide share presentation. From understanding the hormonal mechanisms to the latest techniques, this presentation offers insights into optimizing fertility through IUI. Whether you're a clinician seeking to enhance patient outcomes or an individual navigating fertility treatments, this resource provides valuable knowledge for your journey towards conception.
SHARE, in partnership with Reproductive Medicine Associates of NY, FORCE, and Sharsheret, hold a presentation on fertility and family planning for patients recently diagnosed with cancer and those who are predisposed to hereditary cancer syndromes due to a genetic mutation. The presenter, Dr. Matthew Lederman, is a board-certified reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Lecture9
1.
2. Objectives
By the end of this lecture learners should be able to :
1- define intrauterine fetal death
2-know the incidence and the impact of intrauterine fetal death
3- identifies patient at risk of its occurrence
4- be able to diagnose such a condition , and can identifies
complications
5-mange intrauterine fetal death.
6. CAUSES
No specific cause is found in 50% cases.
Age, weight, smoking, alcohol, infections, medical diseases,
auto-immune diseases, cholestasis, RH incompatibility,
abruptio-placentae, PROM, multifetal pregnancy, preterm
labor.
IUGR, congenital anomalies, infections, hydrops ( immune &
non immune ) G6PD deficiency, birth defects,
• Abruption • Cord accidents • Placental insufficiency
• Placenta previa • TTTS • Chorioamnionitis • PROM
•Feto-maternal hemorrhage ,Iatrogenic- ECV.
Maternal causes:
5-10 %
Fetal causes:
25-40%
Placental causes:
20-35%
7. DIAGNOSIS
History :
Absence fetal movements , Loss of signs & symptoms of pregnancy
Examination :
Decreased fundal height, and absent fetal movement.
Investigations :
Real-time ultrasonography is essential for the accurate
diagnosis of IUFD ( absent fetal cardiac pulsation , collapsed head and
collapsed fetal skeleton ), X-ray is diagnostic but obsolete.
A second opinion should be obtained
9. INVESTIGATIONS
Clinical assessment and laboratory tests should be recommended
to assess maternal wellbeing(including coagulopathy)and to determine
the cause of death, the chance of recurrence and possible means of
avoiding further pregnancy complications.
TESTS RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN
• CBC, blood group, ESR • plasma fibrinogin •
Coagulation profile • PIH profile
• Kleihauer test, CRP, maternal ( serology , bacteriology, thyroid
function teste, and HbA1c).
10. LABOUR AND BIRTH
Maternal medical condition and previous intra-partum history should
be taken in consideration in deciding route of birth.
If there is sepsis, preeclampsia, placental abruption or membrane
rupture, immediate termination of pregnancy should be advised but a more
flexible approach can be discussed if these factors are not present.
Vaginal birth is the recommended mode of delivery for most women.
Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurs within three weeks of diagnosis in
<85% of cases.
In about 90% of women vaginal birth occurs within 24 hours
Caesarean birth might be indicated if there is maternal indication.
11. INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 can be used for termination of pregnancy
with equivalent safety and efficacy with lower cost of Misoprostol.
Vaginal misoprostol is as effective as oral therapy with fewer adverse
effects.
Misoprostol can be safely used for induction of labor in women with a single
previous LSCS and an IUFD but with lower doses
Women with more than two LSCS deliveries or atypical scars should be
advised that the safety of induction of labor is unknown
Mechanical methods of induction might increase the risk of ascending
infection in the presence of IUFD
12. INTRAPARTUM ANTIBIOTIC
PROPHYLAXIS
Women with sepsis should be treated with intravenous broad- spectrum
antibiotic therapy (including anti-chlamydial agents) but routine antibiotic
prophylaxis should not be used.
WOMEN LABOURING WITH A SCARRED UTERUS
Women undergoing VBAC should be closely monitored for features of scar
rupture.
Oxytocin augmentation can be used for VBAC, but the decision should be
made by a consultant obstetrician.
13. PUERPERIUM
• Women should be cared for in an environment that provides
adequate safety according to individual clinical circumstance
• Some women have acute medical problems after birth, e.g. sepsis,
pre-eclampsia, etc., with continuing critical care needs.
• Heparin thromboprophylaxis should be discussed with a
haematologist if the woman has DIC.
14. LACTATION
Women should be advised to use dopamine agonists to
suppress lactation it is well tolerated as cabergoline which is
found to be superior to bromocriptine in suppression of lactation.
Dopamine agonists should not be given to women with
hypertension or pre-eclampsia.
Estrogens should not be used to suppress lactation.
15. POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION
Parents should be offered full postmortem examination to help
explain the cause of an IUFD.
Postmortem examination should include external examination
with birth weight, histology of relevant tissues and skeletal X-
rays.
Pathological examination of the cord, membranes and placenta
should be recommended whether or not postmortem examination
of the baby is requested. The examination should be undertaken
by a specialist perinatal pathologist.
Parents who decline full postmortem might be offered a limited
examination (sparing certain organs).
16. FOLLOW UP
The wishes of the woman and her partner should be considered
when arranging follow-up
Women should be offered general pre-pregnancy advice.
Women should be advised to avoid weight gain.
Parents can be advised that the absolute chance of adverse
events with a pregnancy interval less than 6 months remains low
and is unlikely to be significantly increased compared with
conceiving later.
17. Summary
Fetal death is an emotional issue for both the patient and the
physician and may result on significant complications.
The most serious complication is hypo-fibrinogenemia which may
lead to life threatening coagulopathy.
Ultrasound provides the most reliable method of confirming the
diagnosis.
Editor's Notes
Objectives
By the end of this lecture learners should be able to :
1- define intrauterine fetal death
2-know the incidence and the impact of intrauterine fetal death
3- identifies patient at risk of its occurrence
4- be able to diagnose such a condition , and can identifies complications
5-mange intrauterine fetal death.
5-
DEFINITION • Intrauterine fetal death refers to babies with no signs of life in utero after 24 completed weeks of gestatio...
INCIDENCE • 4.5/1000 births
IMPACTS • Emotionally challenging for: • Doctors • Parents • Increases medicolegal risk • Indicator of country’s health ca...
CAUSES • The RCOG guideline NO. 55 states that parents should be told that no specific cause is found in 50% cases.
MATERNAL CAUSES(RISK FACTORS) • Obesity (>30kg/m2): proven, modifiable, highest ranking • Maternal (>35yrs)/paternal age •...
FETAL CAUSES • Multiple gestation • IUGR • Congenital anomalies • Infections • Hydrops (immune & non-immune) • G6PD defici...
PLACENTAL CAUSES • Abruption • Cord accidents • Placental insufficiency • Placenta previa • TTTS • Chorioamnionitis • PROM...
Absence of fetal movements Loss of signs & symptoms of pregnancy Decreased fundal height No fetal movements/ FCA USG (100%...
DIAGNOSIS • Real-time ultrasonography is essential for the accurate diagnosis of IUFD. • A second opinion should be obtain...
• In addition to the absence of fetal cardiac activity, other secondary features might be seen: • collapse of the fetal sk...
WHAT IS THE BEST PRACTICE FOR DISCUSSING THE DIAGNOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT CARE? • If the woman is unaccompanied, an immediate ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSE • Clinical assessment and laboratory tests should be recommended to assess maternal wellbeing (...
TESTS RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN • CBC, BLOOD GROUPING, BSR • PLSMA FIBRINOGEN • COAGULATION PROFILE • PIH PROFILE • Kleihauer ...
COMPLICATIONS • PPH • BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS • PSYCHOLOGICAL UPSET • INFECTIONS
LABOUR AND BIRTH • Recommendations about labour and birth should take into account the mother’s preferences as well as her...
• More than 85% of women with an IUFD labour spontaneously within three weeks of diagnosis • Vaginal birth can be achieved...
INDUCTION OF LABOUR • Misoprostol can be used in preference to prostaglandin E2 because of equivalent safety and efficacy ...
INTRAPARTUM ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS • Women with sepsis should be treated with intravenous broad- spectrum antibiotic thera...
WOMEN LABOURING WITH A SCARRED UTERUS • Women undergoing VBAC should be closely monitored for features of scar rupture. • ...
PUERPERIUM • Women should be cared for in an environment that provides adequate safety according to individual clinical ci...
LACTATION • Women should be advised that dopamine agonists successfully suppress lactation in a very high proportion of wo...
POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION • Parents should be offered full postmortem examination to help explain the cause of an IUFD. • Par...
• Postmortem examination should include external examination with birth weight, histology of relevant tissues and skeletal...
LEGAL ISSUES • Obstetricians and midwives should be aware of the law related to stillbirth. • The following practice guida...
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CARE (BEREAVEMENT CARE) • Perinatal death is associated with increased rates of admiss...
FOLLOW UP • The wishes of the woman and her partner should be considered when arranging follow-up • Women should be offere...
THANK YOU
DEFINITION • Intrauterine fetal death refers to babies with no signs of life in utero after 24 completed weeks of gestatio...
INCIDENCE • 4.5/1000 births
IMPACTS : Emotionally challenging for: • Doctors • Parents • Increases medicolegal risk • Indicator of country’s health ca...
CAUSES
no specific cause is found in 50% cases.
MATERNAL CAUSES(RISK FACTORS)
Obesity (>30kg/m2): proven, modifiable, highest ranking
• Maternal (>35yrs)/paternal age •...
FETAL CAUSES
• Multiple gestation • IUGR • Congenital anomalies
• Infections • Hydrops (immune & non-immune)
• G6PD defici...
PLACENTAL CAUSES
• Abruption • Cord accidents • Placental insufficiency
• Placenta previa • TTTS • Chorioamnionitis • PROM...
Absence of fetal movements Loss of signs & symptoms of pregnancy Decreased fundal height No fetal movements/ FCA USG (100%...
DIAGNOSIS • Real-time ultrasonography is essential for the accurate diagnosis of IUFD. • A second opinion should be obtain...
• In addition to the absence of fetal cardiac activity, other secondary features might be seen: • collapse of the fetal sk...
WHAT IS THE BEST PRACTICE FOR DISCUSSING THE DIAGNOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT CARE? • If the woman is unaccompanied, an immediate ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSE • Clinical assessment and laboratory tests should be recommended to assess maternal wellbeing (...
TESTS RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN • CBC, BLOOD GROUPING, BSR • PLSMA FIBRINOGEN • COAGULATION PROFILE • PIH PROFILE • Kleihauer ...
COMPLICATIONS • PPH • BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS • PSYCHOLOGICAL UPSET • INFECTIONS
LABOUR AND BIRTH • Recommendations about labour and birth should take into account the mother’s preferences as well as her...
• More than 85% of women with an IUFD labour spontaneously within three weeks of diagnosis • Vaginal birth can be achieved...
INDUCTION OF LABOUR • Misoprostol can be used in preference to prostaglandin E2 because of equivalent safety and efficacy ...
INTRAPARTUM ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS • Women with sepsis should be treated with intravenous broad- spectrum antibiotic thera...
WOMEN LABOURING WITH A SCARRED UTERUS • Women undergoing VBAC should be closely monitored for features of scar rupture. • ...
PUERPERIUM • Women should be cared for in an environment that provides adequate safety according to individual clinical ci...
LACTATION • Women should be advised that dopamine agonists successfully suppress lactation in a very high proportion of wo...
POSTMORTEM EXAMINATION • Parents should be offered full postmortem examination to help explain the cause of an IUFD. • Par...
• Postmortem examination should include external examination with birth weight, histology of relevant tissues and skeletal...
LEGAL ISSUES • Obstetricians and midwives should be aware of the law related to stillbirth. • The following practice guida...
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CARE (BEREAVEMENT CARE) • Perinatal death is associated with increased rates of admiss...
FOLLOW UP • The wishes of the woman and her partner should be considered when arranging follow-up • Women should be offere...
THANK YOU
INVESTIGATION OF THE CAUSE • Clinical assessment and laboratory tests should be recommended to assess maternal wellbeing (...
TESTS RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN • CBC, BLOOD GROUPING, BSR • PLSMA FIBRINOGEN • COAGULATION PROFILE • PIH PROFILE • Kleihauer ...