The document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and OSI reference models, explaining their respective layers and functionalities in data communication over networks. It highlights that TCP/IP has four layers while OSI has seven, noting similarities in their structural approach to networking and troubleshooting. Key differences include the more specialized design of TCP/IP for internet applications compared to OSI's general application across various networks.

1. The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
Layers refers to the communication protocols that enable use to
do anything over the internet. There are four layers. In the
Network Interface Layer things like sending information
between hosts on the same local network and translating data
from higher layers are done. The layer right above that would
be the Internet Layer where data is packaged into packets,
receive incoming packets of data, and addressing and
transmitting packets occur. Then there is the Transport Layer
this layer is responsible for end-to-end communication on the
network. In short, the transport layer collects message
segments from the application and transmits the to the nest
layer.
Physical Layer – hubs, cables, modems, and repeaters.
Data Link Layer – bridges, switches, NIC’s,
Network Layer – routers, brouters
Transport Layer – gateways, firewalls,
Application Layer – PC’s, smartphones, servers
The TCP/IP Protocol suite was developed in the 1960’s and
recognized throughout the world after 1983. As for the OSI
reference model it was also recognized throughout the world in
1983. Some key similarities between the TCP/IP and OSI
Model is that they describe how data is transmitted between
devices on a network. Both models also divide the networking
concepts into layers. The ideas about how data is broken down
into smaller pieces and passed from layer to layer is the same
as well. Another similarity is that these models are used to

2. troubleshoot various networking problems. Both are modular
and each layer represents a separate set of functions and
protocols. Some of the ley differences between the two would
be that the OSI model is a more elaborated model where each
layer has separate functionality. Unlike the TCP IP model, it
does not combine any layers. The OSI has 7 layers, and the
TCP IP has 4 layers. The TCP/IP model is more geared towards
networking hardware and software used on the internet as to
the OSI models is more general and can be applied to any type
of network.
References
Ahmad, A. (2022, May 9).
Comparison Between TCP/IP and OSI Model
. Retrieved from https://afrozahmad.com/blog/tcp-ip-vs-osi-
model-differences-and-similarities/
What is the TCP/IP Model? Layers and Protocols Explained
. (2020, November 3). Retrieved from FreeCodeCamp:
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-is-tcp-ip-layers-and-
protocols-explained/