The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP model for networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also outlines the four layers of the TCP/IP model from the link layer to the application layer. Key aspects like protocols, functions, and examples are provided for each layer of both models.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
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mob. no-7023419969
7 Layers OSI model description with 3 unofficial Layers.Kanishk Raj
OSI reference model all seven layers description with 8,9,&10 not official layers that is also important in an organization ,when design the effective Network output.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
7 Layers OSI model description with 3 unofficial Layers.Kanishk Raj
OSI reference model all seven layers description with 8,9,&10 not official layers that is also important in an organization ,when design the effective Network output.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
2. Out Line
• Introduction OSI
• OSI History
• OSI Layers
• Introduction TCP/IP
• TCP/IP Layers
• Layering Considered Harmful?
2
3. Introduction OSI
• The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI
Reference Model or OSI Model) is a description for
layered communications and computer network protocol
& transmission design.
• It divides data movement into seven layers which, from
top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session,
Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is
therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.
3
4. OSI History
• In 1978, the International Standards Organization (ISO) began
to develop its OSI framework architecture.
4
5. OSI History
• The concept of a 7 layer model was provided by the work of
Charles Bachman, then of Honeywell.
• Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with
the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
and the fledgling Internet.
5
6. OSI Layers
OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
Host
layers
Data
7. Application Network process to application
6. Presentation
Data representation,
encryption and decryption
5. Session Interhost communication
Segment
s
4. Transport
End-to-end connections and
reliability, Flow control
Media
layers
Packet 3. Network
Path determination and logical
addressing
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
Bit 1. Physical
Media, signal and binary
transmission
6
Going from layer 1 to 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza
Away
Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seem To Need Data
Processing
7. Layer1: Physical Layer
• The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical
specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the
relationship between a device and a physical medium.
• This includes the layout of pin, voltages, cable specification,
hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters, and
more. 0’s and 1’s.
7
8. Layer1: Physical Layer
• The major functions and services performed
by the Physical Layer are:
• Establishment and termination of a connection to
a communication medium.
• Singles being sent and received 0’s and 1’s.
8
9. Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• The Data Link Layer provides the functional
and procedural means to transfer data
between network entities and to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the
Physical Layer.
• MAC Address is used at this layer.
• Switches function at this layer.
9
10. Layer 3: Network Layer
• The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural
means of transferring data from a source to a destination via
one or more networks.
10
11. Layer 3: Network Layer
• The Network Layer performs
• network routing functions,
• Routers operate at this layer—sending data throughout the
extended network and making the Internet possible.
11
12. Layer 4: Transport Layer
• The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data
between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to
the upper layers.
• The Transport Layer controls the reliability of a given link
through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and
error control.
12
13. Layer 5: Session Layer
• The Session Layer controls the dialogues (connections)
between computers.
• It establishes, manages and terminates the connections
between the local and remote application.
13
14. Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• The Presentation Layer establishes a context
between Application Layer entities, in which the
higher-layer entities can use different syntax and
semantics, as long as the presentation service
understands both and the mapping between them.
• This layer provides independence from differences
in data representation (e.g., encryption) by
translating from application to network format,
and vice versa.
• This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent
across a network, providing freedom from
compatibility problems.
• It is sometimes called the syntax layer. 14
15. Layer 7: Application Layer
• The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user,
which means that both the OSI application layer and the user
interact directly with the software application.
• Application layer functions typically include:
• identifying communication partners,
• determining resource availability,
15
16. Layer 7: Application Layer
• Some examples of application layer implementations include
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
16
17. Introduction TCP/IP
• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly
known as TCP/IP) is the set
of communications protocols used for
the Internet and other similar networks.
• It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
• the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.
17
18. TCP/IP Layers
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer
Application Layer
TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
TCP , UDP , ...
Network Layer Internet Layer
IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...
Data Link Layer Link Layer
FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
Physical Layer
18
19. TCP/IP Some Protocol
Layer Protocol
Application
DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, P
OP3, SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, Echo, RTP, PNRP
, rlogin, ENRP
Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over TCP/UDP,
may also be considered part of the Internet Layer.
Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
Internet
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6
OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol since it
runs per IP-subnet, but has been placed on the Link since RFC
2740.
Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP
19
Editor's Notes
network adapters, host bus adapters, and more.
Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium.