Openness to new ideas, freedom from investigation of operation, and promotion and pay based on merit encourage entrepreneurship.
Excessive regulation, rigid hierarchy, lack of freedom, and excess control discourage entrepreneurship.
Technology and Communication Skills: A Platform for Commercialization of Scie...Rinka Sanatan Pramanik
The development of civilization of human being has always been supported by scientific advancement of
that period, be it invention of fire or wheel. Such scientific/technological advancement has played a vital role in
development of civilization. The journey of scientific advancement have endless story of supporting civilization
advancement but the magnitude of its impact remain restricted to handful of people of that locality or close group due
to lack of platform for the dissemination of that critical information. It was main constraint of that age when all important
scientific advancement done by some took unexceptional time to reach to mass and impact their life positively. The
scientific achievements can be evaluated on the basis of its impact on section of society. But counting the number of
people positively impacted by any intervention depend on the platform or medium which is used to reach the mass.
Now a days the integrated approach of scientific community and supporting ecosystem help every stakeholders of the
modern technology and communication skill to reach right people who can help it in scaling up process. Modern system
allows scientific fraternity to get their best idea supported at every step to reach the innovation to maximum people and
utilised optimally.
Technology and Communication Skills: A Platform for Commercialization of Scie...Rinka Sanatan Pramanik
The development of civilization of human being has always been supported by scientific advancement of
that period, be it invention of fire or wheel. Such scientific/technological advancement has played a vital role in
development of civilization. The journey of scientific advancement have endless story of supporting civilization
advancement but the magnitude of its impact remain restricted to handful of people of that locality or close group due
to lack of platform for the dissemination of that critical information. It was main constraint of that age when all important
scientific advancement done by some took unexceptional time to reach to mass and impact their life positively. The
scientific achievements can be evaluated on the basis of its impact on section of society. But counting the number of
people positively impacted by any intervention depend on the platform or medium which is used to reach the mass.
Now a days the integrated approach of scientific community and supporting ecosystem help every stakeholders of the
modern technology and communication skill to reach right people who can help it in scaling up process. Modern system
allows scientific fraternity to get their best idea supported at every step to reach the innovation to maximum people and
utilised optimally.
SOURCE OF INNOVATION Schilling Chapter 2celsa bella
Innovation is The practical implementation of an idea into a new device or process. Innovation can arise from many different sources. It can originate with individuals, as in the familiar image of the lone inventor or users who design solutions for their own needs.
User innovation: learning from creative consumersIan McCarthy
Users have long been identified as important sources of innovation. This includes innovations from intermediate users (i.e., when companies are the users) and consumer users (i.e., when individuals who are users). In this talk I will introduce one particular type of innovating consumer user – the creative consumer. These are individuals who adapt, modify and hack existing propriety offerings, as opposed to creating completely new products. Then, together we will explore the characteristics of different examples of creative consumers and examine how companies can identify, acquire and leverage the innovation-related knowledge produced by such users.
A User's Perspective: Innovating Smarter with Invention Machine GoldfireIHS Goldfire
Customer Co-Host: Mr. William (Bill) Hessler; Mechanical Engineer Leader, Seasoned Innovator & Patent Holder; CSC in Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Description: Learn how to take the "hit or miss" out of your product innovation processes from a seasoned innovator and patent holder, Mr. William (Bill) Hessler. Hear first-hand what Bill has learned through more than 14 years of designing next-generation technologies, solving root causes, mining patents and improving existing products at Fortune 1000 and mid-sized industrial and medical manufacturing companies, by applying Goldfire and basic TRIZ principles to his research.
During this informative webinar, you will learn:
* Best practices Bill uses to boost his daily innovation productivity, more rapidly solve problems, and generate breakthrough solutions
* Real world applications of Goldfire
* When to apply the software, the types of problems it helps solve, and the successes achieved as a result
* ...and much more!
This white paper, written by Pollen Strategy, describes the process by which innovations are diffused, and explains how businesses can maximise the market penetration of their innovations.
Warp #2 tomasz klekowski - do etnographers create technology - customer cen...hub:raum Krakow
Tomasz Klekowski (Business GTM Director EMEA, Intel Corporation) – „Do etnographers create technology? - customer centric innovation at Intel” is a presentation from WARP #2 – hub:raum’s turbo acclerator for CEE startups taking place in Krakow twice a year.
Apply for the next edition! www.hubraum.com/apply (select “Krakow” and “Accelerator”).
More information: www.hubraum.com/warp
Innovation Diffusion Theory - Review & Scope in the Study of Adoption of Smar...scmsnoida5
When mobile phones were introduced in the
world markets, little did one expect that these
small handheld devices would transform the
world as we knew it. This small innovation
transformed the lives of millions of people. A
simple device which was invented basically as a
vocal-communication tool got transformed into a
complex gadget that facilitates almost all forms of
communication now-a-days be it vocal, written or
multimedia. Mobile phones have metamorphosed
into smartphones which are far advanced than
their predecessors. These smartphones are new
innovations in themselves as with each passing
day they come up with added features and uses
never thought of before. With markets being
flooded by these smartphones it will be occupying
to study their diffusion across global markets.
Indian markets in particular have been swamped
by millions of smartphones each month in the last
two years or so. This study is aimed to use the
framework of Innovation Diffusion theory to suggest a model for the analysis of adoption and
ultimately the diffusion of smartphones in India.
The innovation diffusion theory in itself has
developed immensely from the time of its origin
(1962) till the present day. This paper will try
to discuss some of the key elements of Innovation
Diffusion theory.
Increasingly we are hearing about the need to support and foster healthcare innovation…be it product, process, social or organizational. Join our panel for a stimulating session that will explore innovation from a variety of perspectives and contexts. Areas of focus will include what is innovation and what is it not? What does it mean to lead for innovation? How do you turn thought and ideas into action for change? What does innovation look like within the health care setting? How can health leaders create a culture and context for innovation and develop systems and partnerships that create collective impact for individuals and communities.
Innovation is the glue between invention and investment, and transforms ideas into businesses. The process of innovation shapes your idea into something people will value and ultimately purchase.
The innovation process cycles through 4 key steps:
1) Ideas and Solutions
2) Business propositions
3) Business feasibility
4) Business planning
Distributed Perspectives on Innovation (UC Berkeley Aug 2010)Joel West
Revised slides for talk given August 31, 2010 at the UC Berkeley Center for Open Innovation, in the Open Innovation Speaker Series. Book references are hot-linked. See http://openinnovation.haas.berkeley.edu/speaker_series.html for the context
KickApps Business Results with Social Media Seminar - ROI, Trends, Social Med...Mike Merrill
This is a presentation I delivered at the KickApps Business Results Seminar in Dallas on 2/25/2010.
Review of Social Media ROI, 4 Trends to Watch and information about the Social Media Club of Dallas
SOURCE OF INNOVATION Schilling Chapter 2celsa bella
Innovation is The practical implementation of an idea into a new device or process. Innovation can arise from many different sources. It can originate with individuals, as in the familiar image of the lone inventor or users who design solutions for their own needs.
User innovation: learning from creative consumersIan McCarthy
Users have long been identified as important sources of innovation. This includes innovations from intermediate users (i.e., when companies are the users) and consumer users (i.e., when individuals who are users). In this talk I will introduce one particular type of innovating consumer user – the creative consumer. These are individuals who adapt, modify and hack existing propriety offerings, as opposed to creating completely new products. Then, together we will explore the characteristics of different examples of creative consumers and examine how companies can identify, acquire and leverage the innovation-related knowledge produced by such users.
A User's Perspective: Innovating Smarter with Invention Machine GoldfireIHS Goldfire
Customer Co-Host: Mr. William (Bill) Hessler; Mechanical Engineer Leader, Seasoned Innovator & Patent Holder; CSC in Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Description: Learn how to take the "hit or miss" out of your product innovation processes from a seasoned innovator and patent holder, Mr. William (Bill) Hessler. Hear first-hand what Bill has learned through more than 14 years of designing next-generation technologies, solving root causes, mining patents and improving existing products at Fortune 1000 and mid-sized industrial and medical manufacturing companies, by applying Goldfire and basic TRIZ principles to his research.
During this informative webinar, you will learn:
* Best practices Bill uses to boost his daily innovation productivity, more rapidly solve problems, and generate breakthrough solutions
* Real world applications of Goldfire
* When to apply the software, the types of problems it helps solve, and the successes achieved as a result
* ...and much more!
This white paper, written by Pollen Strategy, describes the process by which innovations are diffused, and explains how businesses can maximise the market penetration of their innovations.
Warp #2 tomasz klekowski - do etnographers create technology - customer cen...hub:raum Krakow
Tomasz Klekowski (Business GTM Director EMEA, Intel Corporation) – „Do etnographers create technology? - customer centric innovation at Intel” is a presentation from WARP #2 – hub:raum’s turbo acclerator for CEE startups taking place in Krakow twice a year.
Apply for the next edition! www.hubraum.com/apply (select “Krakow” and “Accelerator”).
More information: www.hubraum.com/warp
Innovation Diffusion Theory - Review & Scope in the Study of Adoption of Smar...scmsnoida5
When mobile phones were introduced in the
world markets, little did one expect that these
small handheld devices would transform the
world as we knew it. This small innovation
transformed the lives of millions of people. A
simple device which was invented basically as a
vocal-communication tool got transformed into a
complex gadget that facilitates almost all forms of
communication now-a-days be it vocal, written or
multimedia. Mobile phones have metamorphosed
into smartphones which are far advanced than
their predecessors. These smartphones are new
innovations in themselves as with each passing
day they come up with added features and uses
never thought of before. With markets being
flooded by these smartphones it will be occupying
to study their diffusion across global markets.
Indian markets in particular have been swamped
by millions of smartphones each month in the last
two years or so. This study is aimed to use the
framework of Innovation Diffusion theory to suggest a model for the analysis of adoption and
ultimately the diffusion of smartphones in India.
The innovation diffusion theory in itself has
developed immensely from the time of its origin
(1962) till the present day. This paper will try
to discuss some of the key elements of Innovation
Diffusion theory.
Increasingly we are hearing about the need to support and foster healthcare innovation…be it product, process, social or organizational. Join our panel for a stimulating session that will explore innovation from a variety of perspectives and contexts. Areas of focus will include what is innovation and what is it not? What does it mean to lead for innovation? How do you turn thought and ideas into action for change? What does innovation look like within the health care setting? How can health leaders create a culture and context for innovation and develop systems and partnerships that create collective impact for individuals and communities.
Innovation is the glue between invention and investment, and transforms ideas into businesses. The process of innovation shapes your idea into something people will value and ultimately purchase.
The innovation process cycles through 4 key steps:
1) Ideas and Solutions
2) Business propositions
3) Business feasibility
4) Business planning
Distributed Perspectives on Innovation (UC Berkeley Aug 2010)Joel West
Revised slides for talk given August 31, 2010 at the UC Berkeley Center for Open Innovation, in the Open Innovation Speaker Series. Book references are hot-linked. See http://openinnovation.haas.berkeley.edu/speaker_series.html for the context
KickApps Business Results with Social Media Seminar - ROI, Trends, Social Med...Mike Merrill
This is a presentation I delivered at the KickApps Business Results Seminar in Dallas on 2/25/2010.
Review of Social Media ROI, 4 Trends to Watch and information about the Social Media Club of Dallas
Visualization Of Large Hierarchical Data and Implementation Of XBRL Browserwuyanna
Research on solutions for large-hierarchy-data visualization and practice on a FOCUS+CONTEXT technique of large-hierarchy-data visualization to show XBRL data. Create an application using SILVERLIGHT to achieve the display and comparison on XBRL, aka business reporting data.
Reference : Schilling, Melissa A. 2017. Strategic Management Of Technological Innovation. New York : McGraw-Hill Education.
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://uin-suska.ac.id/
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
Defining Innovation
Importance Of Innovation
Misconceptions
Types of Innovations
Information And Communications Technology
The Role of ICT
Rapid Evolution of ICT
In the world of the enterprise, innovation must extend from the initial ambitious ideas gathered from R&D labs around the world, all the way through applied R&D with industry partners, and into the development and commercialization of technology products and platforms.
Innovation starts with the spark of the right culture and talent meeting that ambitious and once hidden idea. But it doesn’t stop there. In the world of the enterprise, I see the practice of innovation as encompassing a full lifecycle. It starts with those crazy and ambitious ideas that are then iterated and shepherded through a rigorous process of applied R&D. For the ideas that finally prove their worth, new technology products
and platforms that address significant business problems are created and taken into the marketplace.
I call this multi-phase process: Full Lifecycle Innovation. It is a practical approach to one of the most creative and essential practices in business today:
Transforming Ideas form the Lab Into Marketplace Realities
The practice of Full lifecycle innovation requires a layer of processes, resources and decision criteria – each one a little different for the four phases of the journey:
1. Open Innovation
2. Applied R&D
3. Product and Platform Development
4. Commercialization
At each step, truly powerful events are triggered, explored and nurtured as different players, technologies and ideas enter the mix. All of them are serving the goal of creating something that is substantially bigger and more impactful than the simple sum of its parts. Something that is truly remarkable.
At NTT i3, we believe that Full Lifecycle Innovation is about:
Curating a culture of ambitious ideas
With rebellious talent from around the world
Dedicated to turning hidden opportunities into real products
That make a difference for the enterprise
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Paper presented at the Second Congres International Des Etudes Somaliennes
Pour Une Culture De La Paix En Somalie, 25-27 October 1995, Institut du Monde Arab, Paris.
Problem: Tough competition and demanding customers.
Solutions: Redesigned order and production processes reduce costs, increase revenue, and improve customer service.
At the business level of strategy, the key question is, "How can we compete effectively in this particular market?" The market might be light bulbs, utility vehicles, or cable television.
Important Managerial Questions:
What is strategy?
What is strategic advantage?
Information Systems as a strategic resource
How do we use Information Systems to achieve some form of strategic advantage over competitors?
Types of information systems?
Function of different types of system
Benefits of information systems
The characteristics of types of Information Systems
Also known as Critical Network Analysis
Developed by Dupont and Remington Rand in the late 1950s for managing plant maintenance projects
Uses one duration estimate for each activity
Provides basic framework for project planning and contro
The Meaning of Process
2.2 Software Process Models
2.3 Tools and Techniques for Process Modeling
2.4 Practical Process Modeling
2.5 Information System Example
2.6 What this Chapter Means for You
Somalis’ national consciousness is based on the shared heritage of Islam, belief in a common
ancestor, language and culture. This notion, which is also called unity, has
preserved Somali-speaking people for centuries.
European exploration opened the door to colonialism.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created a geopolitical situation which
increased the competition for control of the coast along the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean among the European colonial powers.
Explain growth and importance of databases
Name limitations of conventional file processing
Identify five categories of databases
Explain advantages of databases
Identify costs and risks of databases
List components of database environment
Describe evolution of database systems
Understand how the database approach is Understand how the database approach is different and superior to earlier data systems different and superior to earlier data systems
Examine how information demand and Examine how information demand and technology explosion drive database systems technology explosion drive database systems
Trace the evolution of data systems and note Trace the evolution of data systems and note how we have arrive at the database approach how we have arrive at the database approach
Comprehend the benefits of database systems Comprehend the benefits of database systems and perceive the need for them and perceive the need for them
Survey briefly various data models, types of Survey briefly various data models, types of databases, and the database industry
The Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is the latest attempt by the US federal government to unite its myriad agencies and functions under a single common and ubiquitous enterprise architecture.
TOGAF divides an enterprise architecture into four categories, as follows:
Business architecture—Describes the processes the business uses to meet its goals
Application architecture—Describes how specific applications are designed and how they interact with each other
Data architecture—Describes how the enterprise data stores are organized and accessed
Technical architecture—Describes the hardware and software infrastructure that supports applications and their interactions
System Development Life Cycle
Data, Function, Network, People, Time, Motivation What constitutes the “enterprise”?
Key enterprise architecture terms Enterprise Architecture Terms
How do you achieve perfect alignment?
Importance of alignment
Lack of Alignment
Nature of Complexity
Architectural Principles
More from Taibah University, College of Computer Science & Engineering (20)
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Evgen Osmak: Methods of key project parameters estimation: from the shaman-in...
Lecture3 is313-(innovation&enterpriseship)
1. Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Taibah University
Lecture 3
Innovation and
Entrepreneurship
(Information Systems Innovation and Technologies IS313)
Abdisalam Issa-Salwe
Taibah University
College of Computer Science & Engineering
Information Systems Department
David Zilberman, Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, University of California, Berkeley
Topic list
Entrepreneurship and marketing
Innovation process
Intellectual property rights
Intellectual property rights and development
Technology adoption and diffusion
Marketing and adoption
2
1
2. About Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs make things happen.
They are individuals who take a concept and convert
it into a reality.
A product, policy or institution.
They become the champions of a new process, and
they are engines of change.
Entrepreneurship occurs in all areas of life.
Entrepreneurs are everywhere.
Entrepreneurship can be used for good and evil.
3
About Entrepreneurship (cont…)
Entrepreneurs can be encouraged and promoted
Openness to new ideas, freedom from investigation of
operation, and promotion and pay based on merit
encourage entrepreneurship.
Excessive regulation, rigid hierarchy, lack of freedom,
and excess control discourage entrepreneurship.
4
2
3. Requirements of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurs need a keen eye to understand
economic, social, and scientific realities and the
capacity to understand evolutionary processes in
the future.
They need to understand how institutions work, and
individuals react in order to introduce activities and
products that serve peoples’ need and that are
sustainable economically and politically.
Entrepreneurs also need dedication and
commitments and the capacity to overcome failure.
5
Technology Adaptation and
Appropriateness
Rarely is the same technological solution optimal everywhere.
The value of an innovation depends on socio-economic, climatic,
and ecological specifics.
Important innovative activities adapt technological solutions to
specific conditions.
Export of technologies across regions without adaptation may
lead to negative environmental side effects and waste.
A technology may have several versions to meet needs and
capabilities of various users in a region, e.g., large vs. small
farmers’ versions of a machinery.
The establishment of an innovative capability starts with a
buildup of capacity to support and adopt innovations and new
technologies.
6
3
4. Successful Entrepreneurship
The key to success with entrepreneurship
and innovation is moving from the
invention of ideas to effective
commercialization and acceptance in the
marketplace
Innovation and Competitive Advantage
Difficult for
competitors to imitate
Commercially exploitable
with present capabilities
Competitive
Advantage
Provides significant
value to customers
Timely
4
5. Internal Corporate Venturing
Corporate Intrapreneurship can occur as either a
bottom-up process or as a top-down process
Autonomous strategic behavior is a bottom-up
process through which Product Champions
pursue new product ideas to commercialization
Product Champions are individuals who have an
entrepreneurial vision for a new product and
seek support for its commercialization
Internal Corporate Venturing
Induced strategic behavior is a top-down process
in which the current strategy and structure foster
product innovations that are closely associated
with the current strategy
Environmental uncertainty makes developing
entrepreneurship strategy highly complex
Requires a decision on which corporate resources
to deploy for new technology development and
which innovative ideas to bring to market
5
6. Cooperating to Produce Innovation
Strategic alliances can help to foster innovation
by combining the knowledge and resources of
two or more partners
Firms must focus on building knowledge,
identifying core competencies and developing
strong human resources to manage these
projects
Firms can also give away their core
competencies by outsourcing to alliance
partners rather than developing their own
capabilities over time
The Innovation Process
Research
Discovery
Development
Patenting
Production
Marketing
Adoption
6
7. Induced Innovations
Innovations respond to need and economic
conditions.
Inventors, investors, and researchers put effort into
solving burning problems, and that leads to
innovations.
Labor shortages led to mechanized equipment.
Drought conditions led to improved irrigation.
Energy crises led to higher efficiency cars.
Farmers’ cooperatives were established during periods of
excessive low farm prices.
Environmental regulations trigger cleaner
technologies.
A tax on carbon will lead to improved stoves and power
plants. 13
Various Types of Innovators
In the past most innovations were introduced by
practitioners. Even now practitioners are important
innovators. They identify a way to meet needs.
The scientific discoveries of the late 19th century
gave rise to science-based innovations (Edison, Bell,
Marconi).
Major companies (IBM, Sony, Bell, Kodak, GM) built
their own research labs.
Public sector labs made important agricultural and
environmental discoveries.
Universities and start-up companies are becoming
major sources of new innovations. The ownership of
a technology and leadership in its applications move
between organizations over time.
14
7
8. Incentives for Innovations
Patents: Awards monopoly rights for 17-20 years.
Patent protection allows publication of research
findings that leads to innovations.
Patent rights (for certain applications) can be
transferred.
Patents are valid only where they are registered.
Copyright protection: Pertains to books, brand
names, and the media.
Trade secrets: Protects against thefts.
Plant breeders’ right: Allows exclusive sales of
varieties and allows farmers to reuse seeds.
Prizes: Awarded to winners of a contest for finding a
technical solution to a problem.
Indigenous knowledge is poorly protected.
15
Adoption and Diffusion
The use of new technologies spreads gradually.
There is a significant time lag between the time a new
innovation is introduced and when it becomes widely
used by producers or consumers.
Diffusion is the aggregate process of product
penetration.
It is measured by the percentage of potential users
who actually adopt a technology.
Diffusion curves measure aggregate adoption as a
function of time.
They tend to be S-shaped.
Adoption is a decision by a specific individual to use a
technology. Diffusion is aggregate adoption.
16
8
9. The S-Shaped Diffusion Curve
Diffusion
Rate
Saturation
Rate
Saturation
Takeoff
Early adoption
Time
17
Stages of Diffusion
This is distinguished among:
Early adopters: More educated, innovative
individuals who gain from technology.
Followers: The majority of adopters who
see its success and want to join in.
Laggards: Less-advanced individuals who
either do not adopt or adopt very late and
may lose because of the technology.
18
9
10. Threshold Model
The factors behind diffusion:
Heterogeneity of potential adopters.
The individual decision process aimed at improving well-
being.
Dynamic forces that make technology more attractive.
Source of heterogeneity (size, location, land quality, and
human capital).
Decision criteria (profitability, well-being, risk minimization).
Dynamic processes that drive adoption (learning by doing,
learning by using, network benefits).
19
Adoption, Credit, Location and Education
Lack of credit and high cost of credit are major
impediments for adoption.
Poorer consumers and farmers may be more constrained
by risk and credit constraints.
Adoption may be slower at far away locations because of
less access to information and sources of technology,
higher cost of inputs.
In some cases, however, early adopters are at distance locations(if
technology reduces transportation costs).
Adoption requires a high learning cost -more educated
individuals tend to be early adopters.
When the technology is simple, sometimes less sophisticated
individuals adopt first.
20
10
11. Reference
David Zilberman, Technology, Innovation,
and Entrepreneurship, University of
California, Berkeley
Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Lecture Notes,
Taibah University, 2010.
21
11