The document discusses various passive design strategies for coping with hot climates. It describes techniques for dwellings including having compact designs, thick walls, light colors, mutual shading, courtyards, mashrabyyah screens, and underground structures to protect against solar radiation. It also discusses methods for modifying indoor temperatures such as evaporative cooling with fountains and pools, wind scoops, trees and vines for shade and transpirational cooling, and cross ventilation through openings on opposite sides of buildings.

1. Lecture 11 Coping with Climate Part 2

2. * Dwellings: 1. Against Solar Radiation 1.1– Compact 1.2– Thick Walls 1.3 – Light colored walls 1.4– Mutual Shading 1.5– Courtyard 1.6– Mashrabyyah 1.7– Underground 2. Modifying the Temperature 2.1– Evaporative Cooling 2.2– Wind Scoop 2.3– Trees and Vines 2.4– Cross Ventilation * * * * Climate Modifiers

3. 1.1– Compact 1. Against Solar Radiation

4. Pariz Village Scheme Hassan Fathi Egypt

5. Tunis, Tunisia

6. Old Damascus Streets Syria

7. Old Kuwait, Kuwait

8. 1. Against Solar Radiation 1.2– Thick Walls ( Made of stone and mud )

9. 1.3– Light colored surface - One of the most widespread and economical techniques for arid modification. - Ground chalk mixed with thin glue size (whiting), or a solution of quick lime and size (whitewashed) painted over walls and roofs can have dramatic results in reflecting the sun ray’s . - Experiments conducted in Khartoum on a mud layer roof 17cm thick, and or an identical surface painted with several coats of whitewashed show the effect on the internal temperature was brought down some 10 o C. - This accounts for the habitual whitewashing of walls in the Greek island villages where the practice at time seems obsessional. Street in Paroikia, Greek island of Paros. 1. Against Solar Radiation

10. 1.4– Mutual Shading - To reduce the effect of the solar radiation (and sandstorms). 1. Against Solar Radiation

11. 1.5– Courtyard Houses -Atrium with rooms on three or all sides. - Have ancient history dating from before 3000 BC (Kahun, Egypt). - It is associated with Arab cultures, but its distribution extends between Morocco to the West and India to the East. 1. Against Solar Radiation

12. 1.5– Courtyard Houses 1. Against Solar Radiation

13. 1.5– Courtyard Houses 1. Against Solar Radiation

14. 1.6– Mashrabyyah In Baghdad (Shamashil) In Jedda (Rowshin) In Egypt (Mashrabyah) In Egypt the Mashrabyyah is made from hundreds of small, turned wooden pegs assembled to make lace-like lattices whose decorative geometric patterns are enhanced against the external light, the repetition of small elements contributing to the reduction of glare. 1. Against Solar Radiation

15. 1.7 – Underground Matmata: - Shaft of 10-15m in diameter and 5-10m in depth called Haush. - Sometimes approximately circular and sometimes square. - The Haush usually has cistern ( صهريج )to one side and some have a well. - Opening to the Haush is bottled-shaped, barrel-vaulted chambers. Often at two levels, the upper chambers are used as cereal stores. 1. Against Solar Radiation

19. 2. Modifying the Temperature 2.2– Wind Scoop In old Cairo (Malqaf) In the Gulf (Badgir)

20. - The passing air will be cooled by the walls of the shaft. If not, the warm air can still provide comfort by its movement which assists the evaporation of perspiration on the skin surface, and hence reducing the body temperature . - To assist cooling process, water vessels may be placed in the shaft at the opening into the room, or straw matting, soaked at intervals in water. - The draft from the badgir moves the stale and humid air within the room, bringing down the night-time humidity which may reach 75% to 35%; a factor that seems to be more significant in terms of comfort than a reduction of the air temperature.

21. 20 th century badgirs carry on the tradition in Aliabad, Iran [2:17].

22. 2.3– Trees and Vines - Trees are important modifiers of climate : it provide shading as well as allow for evaporative cooling process through the effect of transpiration. 2. Modifying the Temperature

23. 2.3– Trees and Vines - Vines, likewise, provide both fruits and shade . Very popular in Greece, Sicily, and other Mediterranean countries. They reduce the radiant effect of stone walls , and create a cool space between the foliage and wall surfaces . 2. Modifying the Temperature

25. 2.4– Cross Ventilation - A passage of air should be created. - You should have openings on opposite sides (one is not enough) - Opening should be placed at a level where draft is most convenient for occupant sitting at rest. - This might provide opportunity for thieves, but “hit and miss” brickwork would provide some security back. - This had led to inventive decorative brickwork, which is also to be seen on parapet walls where roofs are used for sleeping. 2. Modifying the Temperature

26. 2.4– Cross Ventilation 2. Modifying the Temperature

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