Lecture 8.ppt
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This document provides guidance on writing the methodology and results sections of a research report. It discusses that the methodology section must provide enough detail that others could replicate the study, and should include subsections on participants, materials, and procedure. The participants subsection describes the sample. The materials subsection describes any tools or stimuli used. The procedure subsection outlines the steps of the experiment. The results section should report key findings through descriptive statistics, tables, and graphs. Statistical analyses and their results should also be presented.
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Research Proposal(Psychological Warfare)The complete pro.docx
Research Proposal
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Psychological Warfare)
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1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
3. Rationale for the Research
4. Statement of the Research Objectives
5. Hypothesis
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7. Summary
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14. Implications and Limitations
15. Time Schedule
16. Personnel
17. Budget
18. Resources
19. Needed Assurance/Clearances
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Your Research Proposal should be at least 10 pages in length (excluding the title page and the references page). Incorporate corrections made to each of the individual assignments in Units I-VII. Follow APA guidelines.
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MBA 5652, Research Methods 6
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Running head: UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS22
Final Exam
Focus of the Final Exam
The purpose of the Final Exam is to assess your understanding of the main statistical concepts covered in this course and to evaluate your ability to critically review a quantitative research article. The exam will consist of two parts: Part I includes three essay questions and Part II includes a research critique. All of your responses should be included in a single Word document for submission.
Please include the following general headings for each section of the written exam within your Word document:
Part I: Essay Questions
1. Essay 1
2. Essay 2
3. Essay 3
Part II: Research Study Critique
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Your complete Word document must include a title page with the following:
1. Student’s name
2. Course name and number
3. Instructor’s name
4. Date submitted
Part I: Essay Questions
There are three essay questions in this section. You must answer all three questions. The length of each essay should be one to two double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages). Use 12-point font and format your paper with regular 1-inch margins. Do not include the essay prompt in your document. It will not count toward the length requirement for your essays.
Essay 1
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· If so, why were they significant?
· Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
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Organisational Leadership
UU-PSY703
Page 1 Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Assignment 2 Guidelines
Assignment Two: 50% of module marks
Research Proposal Assignment 2
Title: Develop a research proposal evaluating the impact of leadership and culture on the
sustainable development of the 21
st
century organizations.
Word Limit: 3000 words (absolute max 3500)
Assessment Point No: 2 (2 out of 2) 50% of final module mark
Online Submission: End of week 7 (Sunday)
Time: By 11:59 p.m. (23:59 hours) UTC time at the latest.
Important Note: If you miss the deadline, UNICAF rules on late submission/non-submission will
come into effect.
Learning outcomes assessed:
1. Illustrate the ability to evaluate the existing literature, identify potential gaps and propose a
research which examines the relationship between leadership and culture on the sustain how
you understand your research area
2. Demonstrate knowledge, critical evaluation and practical understanding of leadership.
3. Present critical and evidence-based arguments in written form.
Guidelines:
1. Add in depth evidence of advanced research and theories beyond the core readings which
have been provided in the module.
2. The essay should be reported by using the APA referencing format. Full and detailed
“References” section should be included at the end of the essay.
3. The essay should be within the indicated and appropriate word limit. Assignments that overly
exceed the absolute maximum will not be marked.
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4. Your assignment should be word processed; Arial font size 11 or 12 and double- spaced and
numbered pages.
5. Headings (e.g., Introduction/Discussion/Conclusion) should not be included in your final
essay.
Note: Essential information must be included in the body of the essay and will be counted in the
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Your essay will be assessed using the Writing Rubric located at the top of the course shell.
Students will decide on the appropriate structure and content but we would expect to see the
following elements:
Introduction: Typically, research proposals are developed by scholars who aim to be funded
for a research project (or as the initial step for getting approval to develop a dissertation).
Despite this being a course assignment, in your introduction you should have a clear
statement of your idea and an examination of the significance of a research problem:
o What is the central research problem?
o What is the topic of study related to that problem?
o What methods should be used to analyse the research problem?
o Why this is an important research, what is its significance?
Literature review: introduce the area of research, review key publications, identify any gaps
in the kn.
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- It then narrows the focus to introducing teacher candidates to applying technology in education. This establishes the purpose and audience for the paper.
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IHP 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of an introductory-level analysis of published research findings. Statistics play an integral role in the healthcare
industry. For those entering the health field, understanding statistics is a must. Evidence-based healthcare is the current theme and is leading us into the future.
For professionals in this field, seeking answers to health-related questions in scientific literature is common practice. While deciphering the information found in
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You will explore the areas of descriptive statistics and basic inferential statistics, along with variability and statistical significance. However, the ultimate goal is to
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some way to the health professional programs at SNHU. Your analysis will be based on the statistical concepts you learn over the term and will include
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analysis used, including software. You will also discuss the study’s results, limitations, conclusions, and next steps. This assessment will showcase your ability to
read, comprehend, and interpret research done in the many fields of healthcare. Additionally, this assessment will demonstrate your ability to articulate
research findings to individuals who may not have the background necessary to understand basic healthcare research.
The project is divided into two milestones, which will be submitted prior to the final project submission to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions.
These milestone will be submitted in Modules Three and Five. The final project will be submitted in Module Seven.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
Interpret data results from peer-reviewed healthcare research for determining the statistical significance of the findings
Analyze common research methods used in the collection of healthcare data for determining their advantages and disadvantages in data-collection
situations
Analyze healthcare research for its contributions to scientific literature and future investigations
Assess the impact of limitations within various healthcare studies on research conclusions
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Write an analysis of a peer-reviewed article published within the last three years that is related in some way to the health professional programs at SNHU. You
will select this article from a list provided by your instru.
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ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal
Weighting: 30% towards final grade
Word limit: 3000 (-/+10%) – text only, excluding tables, appendices, references,
covers page, contents.
This is an individual piece of work
Apply the requirements of the Harvard Referencing System throughout the
report.
Use the structure appearing below:
Research Proposal Specifics
You are about to commence a new research project in a field of your choice.
You are expected to write a report that constitutes a research proposal.
1. Working individually, you will:
- Have chosen a clear and specific research question/ aim/ hypothesis for your research;
- Have contextualised your research question/ aim within the academic literature;
- Understand the philosophical and methodological bases for your research;
- Have a sound method to address the research question/ aim/ hypothesis.
2. Use Harvard style in-text citation and referencing.
3. Do not copy any materials you use word for word unless you identify these sections clearly as
quotations.
4. If you paraphrase any materials, you must identify sources through in-text referencing.
5. This is an individual assignment please do not work closely with anyone else.
6. Write 3000 words (+ or – 10%) excluding the header sheet, cover page, contents page, reference
list, footnotes and appendices.
Marks for criteria: Criteria
10% Focus and Completion Does the proposal
address the set tasks in a meaningful
manner?
20% Research Objective Does the proposal
clearly articulate
20% Synthesis and Soundness Does the
proposal place the research objective in
the context of the relevant academic
literature and any relevant past studies?
Does the discussion demonstrate a
comprehensive understanding of that
literature?
30% Research Methods and Methodology Does
the proposal sensibly outline methods for
accessing sources of data that will address
or answer the research objective? Is the
method consistent with the methodology?
10% Clarity of Approach Is the proposal well
organised, logically constructed and
attentive to the needs of the reader? Does
the timeline include an Gantt chart or key
milestones for research?
10% Mechanical Soundness Is the portfolio
clearly written, spell
Structuring the research proposal
1. Introduction (~200 words)
Explain the issue you are examining and why it is significant.
Describe the general area to be studied
Explain why this area is important to the general area under study (e.g., psychology of
language, second language acquisition, teaching methods)
2. Background/Review of the Literature (~1000 words)
A description of what has already known about this area and short discussion of why the background
studies are not sufficient.
Summarise what is already known about the field. Include a summary of the basic
background information on the topic gleaned from your literature re ...
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This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It begins by defining research and explaining that a research proposal presents a justified plan to solve a research problem in a clear, simple, and well-organized manner. The document then outlines the key components of a research proposal, including the preliminary sections, main body, and ending sections. It provides detailed guidance on developing each section, such as stating the research problem, objectives, questions, significance and scope of the study, and anticipated limitations. Key terms are also to be defined to ensure uniform understanding. Overall, the document serves as a useful reference for crafting a high-quality research proposal.
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The complete proposal should have the following 21 content areas as subheadings:
1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
3. Rationale for the Research
4. Statement of the Research Objectives
5. Hypothesis
6. Definition of Terms
7. Summary
8. Literature Review
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10. Participants
11. Research Design
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15. Time Schedule
16. Personnel
17. Budget
18. Resources
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Your Research Proposal should be at least 10 pages in length (excluding the title page and the references page). Incorporate corrections made to each of the individual assignments in Units I-VII. Follow APA guidelines.
Be sure to use the guidelines in Chapter 14 of the textbook to help with formatting (pages 269-288). (Pay attention to page breaks and headings.)
The following can be used as a checklist to ensure you have all of the required components and page lengths for the Research Proposal:
MBA 5652, Research Methods 6
Introduction: The student will need to introduce what the research proposal topic is about. See page 271 of your textbook. (Estimated length – one page)
Problem Statement: You need to identify a very specific problem within the stated topic. Do not let that problem be too broad. It should be narrowed down to a specific problem that is researchable. Present that problem in a general thesis statement stating why the problem is important enough to study. (Estimated length – one paragraph)
Rationale for the Research: You will need to explain what the study intends to accomplish. What rationale was used to determine the importance for this study? How does your study relate to larger issues? Make a persuasive statement to justify the reason for the study. Why is the study important? To whom is it important? What benefits will occur if this particular study is done? (Estimated length – half a page)
Statement of the Research Objectives: Identify the objectives and the purpose for the study. Example: The purpose and the objectives for this study are to …. Identify/understand/determine…. (Estimated length – half a page)
Hypothesis: A hypothesis is really an educated guess. A hypothesis results when the questions are transformed into statements that express the relationships between the variables within the proposed study. It is sometimes referred to as an “if/then” statement. See page 7 of your textbook. (Estimated length – half a page)
Definition of Terms: Define a minimum of five terms used throughout the proposal so that readers can be sure to understand the meaning of the terminology used. An example of a definition is: “For the purpose of this research, improvement is operationally defined as post test score minus pretest score.” (Estimated leng.
BRM_Data Analysis, Interpretation and Reporting Part III.ppt
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Data processing and report writing
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Running head UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1UNDERSTANDING.docx
Running head: UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS1
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS22
Final Exam
Focus of the Final Exam
The purpose of the Final Exam is to assess your understanding of the main statistical concepts covered in this course and to evaluate your ability to critically review a quantitative research article. The exam will consist of two parts: Part I includes three essay questions and Part II includes a research critique. All of your responses should be included in a single Word document for submission.
Please include the following general headings for each section of the written exam within your Word document:
Part I: Essay Questions
1. Essay 1
2. Essay 2
3. Essay 3
Part II: Research Study Critique
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Your complete Word document must include a title page with the following:
1. Student’s name
2. Course name and number
3. Instructor’s name
4. Date submitted
Part I: Essay Questions
There are three essay questions in this section. You must answer all three questions. The length of each essay should be one to two double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages). Use 12-point font and format your paper with regular 1-inch margins. Do not include the essay prompt in your document. It will not count toward the length requirement for your essays.
Essay 1
A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008.
For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.
Your essay must address the following points:
· Describe the research question for this experiment.
· What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
· Were the results of this test statistically significant?
· If so, why were they significant?
· Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
· Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
· Was the sample appropriate for this study? Explain your answer.
...
Organisational Leadership UU-PSY703 Page 1 Org.docx
Organisational Leadership
UU-PSY703
Page 1 Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
Assignment 2 Guidelines
Assignment Two: 50% of module marks
Research Proposal Assignment 2
Title: Develop a research proposal evaluating the impact of leadership and culture on the
sustainable development of the 21
st
century organizations.
Word Limit: 3000 words (absolute max 3500)
Assessment Point No: 2 (2 out of 2) 50% of final module mark
Online Submission: End of week 7 (Sunday)
Time: By 11:59 p.m. (23:59 hours) UTC time at the latest.
Important Note: If you miss the deadline, UNICAF rules on late submission/non-submission will
come into effect.
Learning outcomes assessed:
1. Illustrate the ability to evaluate the existing literature, identify potential gaps and propose a
research which examines the relationship between leadership and culture on the sustain how
you understand your research area
2. Demonstrate knowledge, critical evaluation and practical understanding of leadership.
3. Present critical and evidence-based arguments in written form.
Guidelines:
1. Add in depth evidence of advanced research and theories beyond the core readings which
have been provided in the module.
2. The essay should be reported by using the APA referencing format. Full and detailed
“References” section should be included at the end of the essay.
3. The essay should be within the indicated and appropriate word limit. Assignments that overly
exceed the absolute maximum will not be marked.
Organisational Leadership
UU-PSY703
Page 2 Organisational Leadership (UU-PSY703)
4. Your assignment should be word processed; Arial font size 11 or 12 and double- spaced and
numbered pages.
5. Headings (e.g., Introduction/Discussion/Conclusion) should not be included in your final
essay.
Note: Essential information must be included in the body of the essay and will be counted in the
word count. Extra illustrative information may be included in the appendices.
Your essay will be assessed using the Writing Rubric located at the top of the course shell.
Students will decide on the appropriate structure and content but we would expect to see the
following elements:
Introduction: Typically, research proposals are developed by scholars who aim to be funded
for a research project (or as the initial step for getting approval to develop a dissertation).
Despite this being a course assignment, in your introduction you should have a clear
statement of your idea and an examination of the significance of a research problem:
o What is the central research problem?
o What is the topic of study related to that problem?
o What methods should be used to analyse the research problem?
o Why this is an important research, what is its significance?
Literature review: introduce the area of research, review key publications, identify any gaps
in the kn.
Research proposal 4presentation
The document discusses the key differences between a research proposal and a research report. A research proposal outlines a proposed research project and must convince others of the worthiness and importance of conducting the research. It is prepared before research begins. A research report details research that has already been conducted and its results. It is the culmination and final product of the research process. A research report contains sections on the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references, providing a full account of the completed research.
837 Unit 9 Report Writing Dr. Zaheer Ahmad.pptx
This document outlines the structure and key components of a research report. It begins by defining a research report as a completed study describing an investigation that addresses questions, collects and analyzes data, and draws conclusions. The document then discusses the main sections of a research report, including the introductory section with components like the title page and abstract, the main body with literature review and methodology, and the reference section. It provides details on what each section and subsection should contain to clearly communicate the research process and findings.
Aew meeting 4
Here are a few key points about the sample introduction:
- It begins by stating the broad context of how technology is influencing education. This provides relevant background for the reader.
- It then narrows the focus to introducing teacher candidates to applying technology in education. This establishes the purpose and audience for the paper.
- A specific innovative strategy, flipped classroom, is introduced as what will be investigated. This clearly states the topic and scope of the paper.
- The last sentence clearly outlines the research question - investigating teacher candidates' perceptions of flipped classroom for fostering learning autonomy. This directly states the aim of the paper.
- Overall the introduction orients the reader to the relevance of the topic, establishes the purpose
Methodology - Statistic
This document provides guidance on developing the methodology section of a research project. It discusses key components of a methodology section including describing the study design, sampling method, data collection tools, and data analysis procedures. A good methodology section clearly explains how the research will be conducted so that others could understand and potentially replicate the study. It also discusses how the chosen research methods should be appropriate for answering the research question and achieving the study's objectives.
IHP 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview .docx
IHP 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of an introductory-level analysis of published research findings. Statistics play an integral role in the healthcare
industry. For those entering the health field, understanding statistics is a must. Evidence-based healthcare is the current theme and is leading us into the future.
For professionals in this field, seeking answers to health-related questions in scientific literature is common practice. While deciphering the information found in
these publications can be challenging, it all starts with learning basic statistical concepts. This course will help you develop a baseline understanding of statistics.
You will explore the areas of descriptive statistics and basic inferential statistics, along with variability and statistical significance. However, the ultimate goal is to
provide an introductory-level analysis of published research findings.
You will select an article from a list provided by your instructor. The articles in the list are all peer reviewed, published within the last three years, and related in
some way to the health professional programs at SNHU. Your analysis will be based on the statistical concepts you learn over the term and will include
identifying and interpreting statistical findings. You will discuss the hypothesis of the study, the methodology used to conduct the study, and the statistical
analysis used, including software. You will also discuss the study’s results, limitations, conclusions, and next steps. This assessment will showcase your ability to
read, comprehend, and interpret research done in the many fields of healthcare. Additionally, this assessment will demonstrate your ability to articulate
research findings to individuals who may not have the background necessary to understand basic healthcare research.
The project is divided into two milestones, which will be submitted prior to the final project submission to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions.
These milestone will be submitted in Modules Three and Five. The final project will be submitted in Module Seven.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
Interpret data results from peer-reviewed healthcare research for determining the statistical significance of the findings
Analyze common research methods used in the collection of healthcare data for determining their advantages and disadvantages in data-collection
situations
Analyze healthcare research for its contributions to scientific literature and future investigations
Assess the impact of limitations within various healthcare studies on research conclusions
Prompt
Write an analysis of a peer-reviewed article published within the last three years that is related in some way to the health professional programs at SNHU. You
will select this article from a list provided by your instru.
5 UNIT RM.pptx
The document provides information on the structure and components of a research report. It discusses the typical parts of a research report which include a cover page, title page, abstract/summary, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and references. It also describes the different sections within these parts such as the problem statement, objectives, variables, and data analysis within the methodology section. Furthermore, it outlines two main types of research reports - technical reports which focus on the research process and popular reports which simplify information for policy implications. Finally, it discusses guidelines for writing styles in research reports for scholarly journals versus business/government reports.
Writing A Research Report , Part 1.pptx
Methodology of Educational Research -II.
2nd Semester, MA Programme in Education of DODL, Dibrugarh University
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This document provides a step-by-step guide for conducting action research. It outlines contextualizing the problem, developing research questions, proposing an intervention strategy with activities and timeline, research design involving participants and data collection methods, addressing ethical issues, data analysis plan using statistical tools, and concluding the presentation. The guide recommends discussing the local problem context through statistics and observations, characterizing the problem's nature, extent and effects. It also suggests citing literature to support the proposed intervention and research design choices.
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal Weighting 30 tow.docx
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal
Weighting: 30% towards final grade
Word limit: 3000 (-/+10%) – text only, excluding tables, appendices, references,
covers page, contents.
This is an individual piece of work
Apply the requirements of the Harvard Referencing System throughout the
report.
Use the structure appearing below:
Research Proposal Specifics
You are about to commence a new research project in a field of your choice.
You are expected to write a report that constitutes a research proposal.
1. Working individually, you will:
- Have chosen a clear and specific research question/ aim/ hypothesis for your research;
- Have contextualised your research question/ aim within the academic literature;
- Understand the philosophical and methodological bases for your research;
- Have a sound method to address the research question/ aim/ hypothesis.
2. Use Harvard style in-text citation and referencing.
3. Do not copy any materials you use word for word unless you identify these sections clearly as
quotations.
4. If you paraphrase any materials, you must identify sources through in-text referencing.
5. This is an individual assignment please do not work closely with anyone else.
6. Write 3000 words (+ or – 10%) excluding the header sheet, cover page, contents page, reference
list, footnotes and appendices.
Marks for criteria: Criteria
10% Focus and Completion Does the proposal
address the set tasks in a meaningful
manner?
20% Research Objective Does the proposal
clearly articulate
20% Synthesis and Soundness Does the
proposal place the research objective in
the context of the relevant academic
literature and any relevant past studies?
Does the discussion demonstrate a
comprehensive understanding of that
literature?
30% Research Methods and Methodology Does
the proposal sensibly outline methods for
accessing sources of data that will address
or answer the research objective? Is the
method consistent with the methodology?
10% Clarity of Approach Is the proposal well
organised, logically constructed and
attentive to the needs of the reader? Does
the timeline include an Gantt chart or key
milestones for research?
10% Mechanical Soundness Is the portfolio
clearly written, spell
Structuring the research proposal
1. Introduction (~200 words)
Explain the issue you are examining and why it is significant.
Describe the general area to be studied
Explain why this area is important to the general area under study (e.g., psychology of
language, second language acquisition, teaching methods)
2. Background/Review of the Literature (~1000 words)
A description of what has already known about this area and short discussion of why the background
studies are not sufficient.
Summarise what is already known about the field. Include a summary of the basic
background information on the topic gleaned from your literature re ...
4 gaidhane observational studies
The document discusses guidelines for reporting observational studies. It introduces the IMRAD structure for research papers and the STROBE statement, which provides a 22-item checklist for reporting observational studies in epidemiology. The IMRAD structure includes separate sections for introduction, methods, results, and discussion, while the STROBE statement checklist specifies what information should be included in titles, abstracts, introductions, methods, results, and discussions to properly report observational studies. Adhering to these guidelines helps ensure observational studies are reported clearly, transparently, and can be properly evaluated.
Thesis Proposal Writing Guideline(Format)
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It begins by defining research and explaining that a research proposal presents a justified plan to solve a research problem in a clear, simple, and well-organized manner. The document then outlines the key components of a research proposal, including the preliminary sections, main body, and ending sections. It provides detailed guidance on developing each section, such as stating the research problem, objectives, questions, significance and scope of the study, and anticipated limitations. Key terms are also to be defined to ensure uniform understanding. Overall, the document serves as a useful reference for crafting a high-quality research proposal.
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Lecture 8.ppt
- 1. Business and Management Research WELCOME
- 2. Lecture 8
- 4. Report structure 1. Title page 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Related work 5. Method 6. Results 7. Discussion 8. Conclusion 9. References 10. Appendices
- 5. Report Structure Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion & Conclusion References Participants Design Apparatus/Materials Procedure
- 7. Methodology Section • The methods section is the most important part of a research paper . •It provides a clear description of : •how the research was done. •what was done to answer the research question •how the results were analyzed.
- 8. Methodology Section It must be written with enough information so that: (1) the research could be repeated by others to evaluate whether the results are reproducible, and (2) the audience can judge whether the results and conclusions are valid.
- 9. Methodology Section • The method starts directly below the introduction. •It is typically divided into three subsections: •Participants •Materials •Procedure
- 10. Methodology: Participants • Information on participants includes: – Number of participants. – Procedures for selecting participants or the sampling method (random, opportunistic etc.). – Demographic information (age, gender, occupation, educational level). – If some participants did not complete the experiment, state how many and why they did not continue Example Method Participants 20 male and 20 female participants from Birmingham City University participated in the current study. No other demographic information was collected.
- 11. • Describe materials used and their function in enough detail so others can replicate • For example: in describing word lists, include the number of words, approximate length of words, were they in capital or lowercase letters, etc. • A copy of the materials can be included in an appendix at the end of the paper; you would refer your reader to that appendix; (see Appendix for a complete list of the words used in this experiment). Methodology: Materials
- 12. Methodology: Procedure • The procedure is like the instructions for baking a cake or making something from Lego. • It describes exactly what was done in the study and the order in which things were done. • Describe the instructions given to participants • The procedure should be logical, and contain sufficient information for the reader to follow.
- 13. Methodology Example Methodology Participants Sixty university students (30 males and 30 females) participated in this study for extra course credit in a Psychology 100 course at the University of Victoria.... Materials Three word lists were created, each of which consisted of 20 words. See Appendix for a complete list of the words used in this experiment. All words were written in lowercase letters. The length of each word ranged from 5 to 8 letters... Procedure Participants were tested individually in the presence of the experimenter...
- 14. Method Participants 20 male and 20 female participants from Birmingham City University participated in the current study. Methodology Example
- 15. Results Section
- 16. Results Purpose: To report the key findings and the statistical analyses conducted The results section is one of the most feared sections of the report. The results section should start with descriptive (summary) statistics (e.g. Mean, median, range etc.) A summary table of descriptive statistics can be provided Use graphs and graphs and axis are titled and the graph means something to the overall report.
- 17. Result Example Results The mean number of words was 25.6 and the mean. See Figure 1 for a summary of descriptive statistics. These data were analyzed using a t-test and the results were statistically significant, t(30) = 4.99, p = .002, suggesting that younger participants were able to recall more words than older participants.
- 18. Successful Report Writing • Start writing early – important details about the study may be forgotten if the write-up is left to the last minute. • Remember – a naive reader should be able to follow your report and replicate your findings. • Read – reading journal articles will help you with structuring your report and understanding the required style. • Reflect – reflect upon the comments you receive on your practical reports and essays – these are provided to help you!
- 19. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Young Old Age Average Words Recalled Figure Example: Figure 1. Average number of words recalled as a function of age. Average Words Recalled
- 20. Link to Sample Research Paper http://camosun.ca/documents/schools/artsci/apa- sample-research.pdf This sample is a great template and you can follow it closely.