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Lecture 8. Resbsbshsbbedarch Designs.pdf
- 1. Dr. Mohammad Alsadi,RN, Ph.D. Research Designs
- 2. Research Designs Quantitative Experimental Full Experimental(RCT) Quasi Experimental Pre-Experimental Non-Experimental (Observational) (Descriptive) Descriptive Exploratory Associations Case Studies Cohort Survey Secondary Analysis Qualitative Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Narrative Approach, Critical Theory, Case Studies Mixed Methods
- 3. Designs Descriptions Criteria TypesDefinition Duration Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Short (2 years) vs. Long duration Direction of data collection Retrospective vs. Prospective (cohort) Backward into records and history Vs. Forward with time and participants.
- 4. Quantitative Research ▪Used todescribe or test relationships among variables or to evaluate the effect of one variable on another ▪Variables are “measured” using standard data collection tools and ▪Data are numerical (numbers) Qualitative Research ▪Used when little is known about a phenomenon ▪Focused on developing a rich, holistic description of phenomena ▪Data are non-numerical (i.e., dialogue, observation, etc.) Quantitative vs. Qualitative
- 5. 5 Qualitative • Understanding • Interview/ observation • Discovering frameworks • Textual (words) • Theory generating • Quality of participant is more important than sample size • Selection of best participants • Subjective • Intuitive • Embedded knowledge • No control, Immersive, natural Context Quantitative • Prediction, explanation, Control • Survey/questionnaires/Intervention • Existing frameworks • Numerical • Theory testing • Sample size is important • Randomisation of Participants • Objective • Public Quantitative vs. Qualitative
- 6. Which Design toselect? • One can answer your research questions/test your hypothesis. • Think of: time , resources , setting , skills. • Where the study will take place • How to approach and recruit participants? • How many you need ? • What tools to use • Validity and reliability of tools • Culture / Language ? Check similar Studies in Literature
- 7. Pilot Study • Apilot study is a small-scale version of the research. • Usually 10-15% of the actual sample • The function of a pilot study is to obtain information for improving the project or assessing its feasibility, tool validity, obstacles, time, and resources needed……….then to modify accordingly • Costly mistakes can be avoided by a pilot study • Who should be involved? • What can change? • Do I need Translation? • Am I Ready to start the research?
- 8. Research Designs Quantitative Experimental Full Experimental(RCT) Quasi Experimental Pre-Experimental Non-Experimental (Observational) (Descriptive) Descriptive Exploratory Associations Case Studies Cohort Survey Secondary Analysis Qualitative Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Narrative Approach, Critical Theory, Case Studies Mixed Methods
- 9. Experimental Research Designs •Researchers are active agents, not passive observers. • Controlled experiments are considered the gold standard for yielding reliable evidence about causes and effects • Three main Features for Full Randomized controlled Trials (RCTs): 1. Intervention (manipulation): The researcher does something to at least some participants—that is there is some type of intervention. 2. Randomization: Random sampling vs. Random assignment to groups 3. Control: extraneous and confounding variables…Groups of study. If one is missing ( randomization or control)…. Quasi experimental If two are missing (randomization and control)…. Pre-experimental
- 10. • Intervention (manipulation): 1.Intervention group: that receives the main intervention of the study. 2. Control group: No intervention, (Routine care), Different dose, Placebo. • Randomization: The overall purpose of random assignment is to approximate the ideal (reducing bias)—but impossible—of having the same people exposed to two or more conditions simultaneously. A. Simple Randomization (random assignment of participants into groups): • Tables of random numbers or through software: • https://www.randomizer.org/ • Random number generators: https://www.random.org/ B. Matching: (twins are perfect, but not available). Matching: Case-control Design Experimental Research Designs
- 11. Limitations of experimentalDesigns • Feasibility • Cost. • Resources: time and personnel. • Limited control on environment/context/clinical settings. • Participants leaving the study.
- 12. Research Designs Quantitative Experimental Full Experimental(RCT) Quasi Experimental Pre-Experimental Non-Experimental (Observational) (Descriptive) Descriptive Exploratory Associations Case Studies Cohort Survey Secondary Analysis Qualitative Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Narrative Approach, Critical Theory, Case Studies Mixed Methods
- 13. Non-experimental Designs (observational)( Descriptive) •No intervention/manipulation • The researcher is passive/observer/objective. • Descriptive: Describing the sample ( Study Variables Values/findings) • Exploratory: Exploring the sample variables’ values. • Associations: explaining the relationships. • Case Studies: describing what was found in a case. • Cohort: Prospective method to follow up (over time) on what will happen to the participants and describe the findings. • Survey: local, national, international description of values. • Secondary Analysis: analysis of already collected data. Strengths and limitations?
- 14. Levels of Evidence Note: “anecdotes”are not on the pyramid - not evidence??.