Seed sowing and planting

1. Seeds and sowing
Dr. Niraj Biswakarma
Assistant professor, SoAS
GDGU
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2. Seed
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Definition: Biologically, seed is a ripe, fertilized
ovule consist of embryo, endosperm and seed
coat.
• Embryo: give rise to a new plants
• Endosperm: storage organ for food substances that
nourish the embryo during its development.
• Seed coat: outer most shield that protect embryo and
endosperm.

3. Type of seeds
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4. Seed characteristics
• Ensures genetic and physical purity of the
crops
• Gives desired plant population
• Capacity to withstand the adverse conditions
• It should produced seedlings of good vigour.
• Ensures uniform growth and maturity
• Development of good root system
• It will respond well to added fertilizer and
other inputs.
• Higher yield at least 10 – 12 %
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5. Classes of seed
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With respect to genetic purity and stages of development, seeds
are classified into four different categories

6. Sowing
Sowing refers to the placing of seeds in the soil at
particular distance and depth for raising the crop.
Sowing Methods:
1. Broadcasting
2. Dibbling
3. Sowing behind the country plough
4. Seed drilling
5. Transplanting
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Broadcasting
• Seeds are spread or scatter by
hands over the field and is also
called random sowing.
• Broadcasting is mostly followed for
small sized to medium sized crops.
• Commonly followed in India,
easiest and cheapest and requires
minimum labours
Disadvantages
• Require more seed rate.
• Uneven distribution and depth of seeding
• Inter-culture operation become difficult.
• Weeding becomes difficult.

8. Dibbling
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Holes are made earlier with the help
of dibblers by maintaining proper
depth and distance.
After that, Seeds are placed in those
holes and finally covered manually
Advantages
• Proper row to row and plant to plant spacing
• Less seed rate and maintained depth of sowing
• Give rapid and uniform germination with good
seedling vigour.
Disadvantages
• It is costly, laborious and time consuming.
e.g. Cotton, Castor, Pigeon pea etc.

9. Sowing behind the plough
It is done by manual or mechanical means.
Seeds are dropped in the furrows opened by the plough
and the same is closed or covered when the next furrow
is opened.
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Advantages
 The seeds are sown at uniform distance.
 Less laborious and time consuming

10. Drilling
Drilling is the practice of dropping seeds in a definite depth
covered with soil and compacted. Seeds are drilled continuously
or at regular intervals in rows. e.g. Rice and wheat
In this method, depth of sowing can be maintained and fertilizer
can also be applied simultaneously.
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Advantages
• Uniform distance between
two rows can be
maintained.
• Less seed rate as compared
to broadcasting.
• Inter-culture operation is
possible between two rows.
• Seeds are placed at uniform
depth and covered and
compacted uniform

11. Seed-cum-fertilizer drill
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12. Transplanting
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It has two components, a. nursery and b. transplanting. In
nursery, young seedlings are raised first followed by transplanting
in the main field.
e.g. Rice and vegetable crops.
Advantages
• Can ensure optimum plant population
• Duration in the main field is reduced
Disadvantages
• Nursery raising is expensive
• Transplanting is another laborious and expensive method

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Any Doubts ?????
Thank You