Lecture - 1 Introduction of Pharmaceutical Analysis.pptx
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This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical analysis. It discusses the definition of pharmaceutical analysis as involving the science of extraction, preparation, and purification of substances used in medicines. Pharmaceutical analysis is divided into qualitative analysis, which identifies components, and quantitative analysis, which estimates quantities. Analytical methods are classified as chemical methods including volumetric, gravimetric, and gasometric techniques, instrumental or physicochemical methods, microbiological methods, and biological methods. Common instrumental analytical methods measure electrical potential, conductance, or current using instruments like potentiometers, conductometers, and polarography/voltammetry. The document will continue discussing these topics in the next video.
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Pharmaceutical Analysis.pptx
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Introduction of pharmaceutical analysis and their scope
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Conductometric titration is a quantitative analysis method that uses changes in electrolytic conductivity to identify the concentration of an analyte in a mixture. During titration, the continuous addition of the titrant and recording of conductivity allows the stoichiometric point to be identified by a sudden change in conductivity. There are different types of conductometric titrations depending on whether strong acids or bases are titrated with strong or weak acids and bases. Conductivity cells and a conductometer are used to measure conductivity of electrolytic solutions. Applications include determining solubility, kinetics, degree of dissociation, and concentration.
Lecture - 5 Potentiometry.pptx
This document discusses potentiometry and electrochemical cells used in pharmaceutical analysis. It describes how potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without current flow. The cell consists of two half-cells containing electrodes immersed in solutions, connected by a salt bridge. Reference electrodes like the standard hydrogen electrode provide a known, stable potential for comparison to the indicator electrode, whose potential changes based on analyte concentration. Common reference electrodes and their uses are also outlined.
Lecture - 8 Indicator electrodes - Copy.pptx
This document provides a summary of lecture 8 on pharmaceutical analysis which discusses different types of indicator electrodes used to measure potential or pH. It outlines metal indicator electrodes including electrodes of the first, second and third kind as well as redox indicator electrodes. Electrodes of the first kind involve a reversible metal rod in contact with its own ions. Electrodes of the second kind have two interfaces like a silver rod coated with silver chloride. Electrodes of the third kind include a mercury electrode with an amalgamated gold wire to titrate solutions. Redox indicator electrodes use an inert metal like platinum in contact with reduced and oxidized forms of a half reaction. The lecture continues in the next video.
Lecture - 4 Conductometry.pptx
Conductometry uses a conductivity cell and conductometer to measure the conductance of electrolytic solutions. There are various types of conductivity cells, including some that have parallel platinum electrodes. Conductometry has applications like determining the solubility of sparingly soluble materials, studying reaction kinetics, measuring the degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes, assessing the basicity of organic acids, and determining concentrations.
Lecture - 21 Complexometric Titrations.pptx
This document provides an overview of complexometric titrations and detection of the endpoint in these titrations. It discusses that complexometric titrations involve transforming a metal ion into a complex ion using a ligand such as EDTA. It also describes various metal ion indicators used to visually detect the endpoint in complexometric titrations, including Calcon, Catechol violet, and Erichrome black T. These indicators form colored complexes with metals but change color when the metal ion is chelated by EDTA, signaling the endpoint of the titration. The document is part of a lecture on pharmaceutical analysis covering the topics of complexometric titrations and metal ion indicators.
Lecture - 18 Bromometry.pptx
This document discusses bromatometry, which is a titration method using potassium bromate as the oxidizing agent. It can be used for the qualitative determination and assay of pharmaceutical substances like mephenesin, phenol sodium, and salicylate. The principle is that potassium bromate is reduced to bromide in the presence of HCl, then oxidized to produce free bromine at the endpoint, which can be detected using methyl red indicator. Some applications mentioned are the assay of isoniazid, determination of hydroxylamine, and determination of arsenic and antimony. The lecture on pharmaceutical analysis will continue this topic in the next video.
Lecture - 2 Conductometry.pptx
This document provides an overview of conductometry and conductometric titrations. It defines conductometry as measuring the conductivity of ionic solutions caused by ion mobility in an electric field. Conductance is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity and is the inverse of resistance. Conductometric titration uses changes in electrolytic conductivity upon continuous titrant addition to identify the concentration of an analyte. The principle is that cations and anions have varying conductance values, so the overall conductance after titrant addition depends on whether a reaction occurs. If no reaction occurs, conductivity increases as all ions contribute, but a reaction causes a sudden change indicating the stoichiometric point.
Lecture - 19 Titration with potassium iodate.pptx
Potassium iodate is a strong oxidizing agent that can be used to assay several pharmaceutical substances through titration. It reacts quantitatively with both iodides and iodine. The titrations can be performed in the presence of organic acids, alcohols, and other organic substances. The oxidation-reduction reactions with potassium iodate produce iodine monochloride in strong hydrochloric acid. Some applications of potassium iodate titrations include the determination of potassium iodide, weak iodine solutions, aqueous iodine solutions, sodium diatrizoate, iodized oil fuel injection, mercury chloride, and hydralazine hydrochloride and injection.
Lecture - 7 Electrodes.pptx
Calomel and silver chloride electrodes are discussed. Calomel electrodes come in bell jar and side arm test tube types. Silver chloride electrodes are also mentioned as a type used for measuring electrical potential in chemical reactions.
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Lecture - 1 Introduction of Pharmaceutical Analysis.pptx
- 1. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS Lecture- 1 Subject – Pharmaceutical Analysis-I Course – B. Pharm 1st Year Faculty Name – Umesh Kumar
- 2. Topics will be discuss Pharmaceutical Analysis ◦ Definition ◦ Types • Analytical Methods • Chemical Methods • Instrumental Methods • Microbiological Methods • Biological Methods • Instrumental analytical methods
- 3. 1. Pharmaceutical analysis The pharmaceutical analysis involves the science of extraction, preparation and purification of substances used in the preparation of medicines.
- 4. 1.1 Definition The pharmaceutical analysis may be defined: the branch of practical chemistry which deals with the separation, identification, determination and purification of a given sample of a medicine or a pharmaceutical.
- 5. 1.2 Types Analysis is divided into two types- ◦ Qualitative (Identification), ◦ Quantitative (Estimation)
- 6. 2. Analytical methods There are various methods of quantitative analysis. Generally, the components are related characteristically to some physical property and on the basis of that the quantity is estimated.
- 7. They are classified into- 1. Chemical Methods A. Volumetric B. Gravimetric C. Gasometrical 2. Physicochemical methods or instrumental methods 3. Microbiological methods 4. Biological methods.
- 8. 2.1Instrumental analytical methods (Electrochemical Methods of Analysis) Physical properties Instrumental Methods 1. Electrical Potential 2. Electrical conductance 3. Electrical current Potentiometer Conductometry Polarography, Voltammetry
- 9. To be continued in Next video