Pharmaceutical analysis involves qualitative, quantitative, and semi-quantitative analysis to determine what substances are present in a sample and how much of each substance is present. There are various types of analytical methods including classical methods like titrimetry and gravimetry as well as instrumental methods using techniques like spectroscopy, chromatography, and electroanalytical methods. The document discusses the scope, classification, advantages, and limitations of different pharmaceutical analytical methods.

1. Pharmaceutical Analysis
By
Mr. Lokesh Mahajan
Assistant Professor
The Royal Gondwana College of Pharmacy
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)

2. Definition
• Pharmaceutical Analysis is a branch of science, which deals with the
qualitative, quantitative and semi- quantitative estimation of given
pharmaceutical sample.
• It is of prime importance to gain information about the qualitative
and quantitative composition of substances and chemical species,
that is , to find out what.

3. Types of Analysis
Qualitative analysis
• It may be define as “which analyte present in the given sample”
Quantitative Analysis
• It may be define as “How much amount of analyte present in the
given sample”
Semi- quantitative Analysis
• It is the type of analysis which only describe whether the quantity of
impurity present in given sample is below or above the specified limit
such as limit tests

4. Scope of Analysis
1) Biological sample estimation
2) Food determination
3) Dairy product estimation
4) Soil study
5) Forensic determination
6) Pesticide estimation in food and vegetable
7) Environmental pollutant determination

5. Classification of Analytical Methods
Method of Analysis
Instrumental Non instrumental
Electro Analytical Spectro Analytical Chromatography other techniques Titrimetry Gravimetric

6. Classical Methods
Gravimetric Methods
Include determination of mass of analyte or some compounds produce
from analyte
Titrimetric Methods
Include the determination of the volume or weight of standard of
standard reagent required to react completely

7. Classical Methods
Advantages
 Procedures are accurate and Simple
 The equipment needed is cheap
 Methods are absolute
 Specialized training is usually not required
Limitation
 Chemical environment is critical
 There is a lack of versatility
 Accuracy decreased with decreased amount
 Procedure is time consuming

8. Instrumental Methods
Electro Analytical methods
• Modification of chemical methods
• In which the reaction progress and end point are determined by electric measurement
Spectro analytical method
• They give results in the form of an interpretable spectrum
Chromatographic Method
• Used for the determination of complex mixtures or mixture of components by separating them
into individuals
Other method
• RIA, ELISA

9. Instrumental Methods
Advantages
1. Small amount of samples are required for analysis
2. High sensitivity is obtained
3. Measurements obtained are reliable
4. The determination is very fast
5. Even complex samples can be handled esily

10. Instrumental Methods
Limitations
1. An initial calibration is needed
2. Final accuracy is often in the region of +_5%
3. Initial cost and upkeep of complex equipment is high
4. Concentration range is limited
5. Sizeable space is usually required
6. Specialization training is needed