Learn about how to define and invoke methods in Java, how to use parameters and return results. Watch the video lesson here:
https://softuni.org/code-lessons/java-foundations-certification-methods
Chapter 02: Classes Objects and Methods Java by Tushar B KuteTushar B Kute
The lecture was condcuted by Tushar B Kute at YCMOU, Nashik through VLC orgnanized by MSBTE. The contents can be found in book "Core Java Programming - A Practical Approach' by Laxmi Publications.
Learn about how to define and invoke methods in Java, how to use parameters and return results. Watch the video lesson here:
https://softuni.org/code-lessons/java-foundations-certification-methods
Chapter 02: Classes Objects and Methods Java by Tushar B KuteTushar B Kute
The lecture was condcuted by Tushar B Kute at YCMOU, Nashik through VLC orgnanized by MSBTE. The contents can be found in book "Core Java Programming - A Practical Approach' by Laxmi Publications.
Classes, Objects and Method - Object Oriented Programming with JavaRadhika Talaviya
Class is template for an object and object is instance of a class.
When we create a class, we are creating a new data type. we can use this type to declare objects of that type.
Std 12 computer chapter 8 classes and object in java (part 2)Nuzhat Memon
Std 12 computer chapter 8 classes and objects in java (Part 2) by Nuzhat Memon
Variable Type (Instance Variable, Class Variable, Local Variable)
Accessing an instance variable and method using Dot notation
Accessing class variable and method using class name
Inheritance
Polymorphism (Method overloading and Method overridden)
Access Modifier or Visibility Modifier in java (4 p's Public Package Private and Private)
Accessor and Mutator
Composition and Aggregation
Constructor (special kind of method called automatically when a new object is created)
Object Oriented Programming_Lecture 3
Let’s think on fields of class
Visibility Modifiers and Accessor Methods
الكلية الجامعية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا - خان يونس
University college of science & technology
In this slide, I discuss Method of Java programming language. How method works. The general form of a method. How to declare a Method. Add method to the class. and other things I discuss in this Slide.
Classes, Objects and Method - Object Oriented Programming with JavaRadhika Talaviya
Class is template for an object and object is instance of a class.
When we create a class, we are creating a new data type. we can use this type to declare objects of that type.
Std 12 computer chapter 8 classes and object in java (part 2)Nuzhat Memon
Std 12 computer chapter 8 classes and objects in java (Part 2) by Nuzhat Memon
Variable Type (Instance Variable, Class Variable, Local Variable)
Accessing an instance variable and method using Dot notation
Accessing class variable and method using class name
Inheritance
Polymorphism (Method overloading and Method overridden)
Access Modifier or Visibility Modifier in java (4 p's Public Package Private and Private)
Accessor and Mutator
Composition and Aggregation
Constructor (special kind of method called automatically when a new object is created)
Object Oriented Programming_Lecture 3
Let’s think on fields of class
Visibility Modifiers and Accessor Methods
الكلية الجامعية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا - خان يونس
University college of science & technology
In this slide, I discuss Method of Java programming language. How method works. The general form of a method. How to declare a Method. Add method to the class. and other things I discuss in this Slide.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. int month;
int year
class Month
Defining Classes
• A class contains data declarations (static and
instance variables) and method declarations
(behaviors)
Data declarations
Method declarations
3. Methods
• A program that provides some functionality can be long
and contains many statements
• A method groups a sequence of statements and should
provide a well-defined, easy-to-understand functionality
– a method takes input, performs actions, and produces output
• In Java, each method is defined within specific class
4. Method Declaration: Header
• A method declaration begins with a method
header
method
name
return
type
parameter list
The parameter list specifies the type
and name of each parameter
The name of a parameter in the method
declaration is called a formal argument
class MyClass
{
static int min ( int num1, int num2 )
…
properties
5. Method Declaration: Body
The header is followed by the method body:
static int min(int num1, int num2)
{
int minValue = num1 < num2 ? num1 : num2;
return minValue;
}
class MyClass
{
…
…
}
6. 6
The return Statement
• The return type of a method indicates the
type of value that the method sends back
to the calling location
– A method that does not return a value has a
void return type
• The return statement specifies the value
that will be returned
– Its expression must conform to the return type
7. Calling a Method
• Each time a method is called, the values of
the actual arguments in the invocation are
assigned to the formal arguments
static int min (int num1, int num2)
{
int minValue = (num1 < num2 ? num1 : num2);
return minValue;
}
int num = min (2, 3);
8. Method Control Flow
• A method can call another method, who
can call another method, …
min(num1, num2, num3) println()
…println(…)
min(1, 2, 3);
main
9. 9
Method Overloading
• A class may define multiple methods with the same
name---this is called method overloading
– usually perform the same task on different data types
• Example: The PrintStream class defines multiple println
methods, i.e., println is overloaded:
println (String s)
println (int i)
println (double d)
…
• The following lines use the System.out.print method for
different data types:
System.out.println ("The total is:");
double total = 0;
System.out.println (total);
10. 10
Method Overloading: Signature
• The compiler must be able to determine which
version of the method is being invoked
• This is by analyzing the parameters, which form
the signature of a method
– the signature includes the type and order of the
parameters
• if multiple methods match a method call, the compiler picks
the best match
• if none matches exactly but some implicit conversion can be
done to match a method, then the method is invoke with
implicit conversion.
– the return type of the method is not part of the
signature
11. Method Overloading
double tryMe (int x)
{
return x + .375;
}
Version 1
double tryMe (int x, double y)
{
return x * y;
}
Version 2
result = tryMe (25, 4.32)
Invocation
12. More Examples
double tryMe ( int x )
{
return x + 5;
}
double tryMe ( double x )
{
return x * .375;
}
double tryMe (double x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
tryMe( 1 );
tryMe( 1.0 );
tryMe( 1.0, 2);
tryMe( 1, 2);
tryMe( 1.0, 2.0);
Which tryMe will be called?
14. Variables
• At a given point, the variables that a
statement can access are determined by the
scoping rule
– the scope of a variable is the section of a program
in which the variable can be accessed (also called
visible or in scope)
• There are two types of scopes in Java
– class scope
• a variable defined in a class but not in any method
– block scope
• a variable defined in a block {} of a method; it is also
called a local variable
15. Java Scoping Rule
• A variable with a class scope
– class/static variable: a variable defined in class scope and has the
static property
• it is associated with the class
• and thus can be accessed (in scope) in all methods in the class
– instance variable: a variable defined in class scope but not static
• it is associated with an instance of an object of the class,
• and thus can be accessed (in scope) only in instance methods, i.e., those
non-static methods
• A variable with a block scope
– can be accessed in the enclosing block; also called local variable
– a local variable can shadow a variable in a class scope with the same
name
• Do not confuse scope with duration
– a variable may exist but is not accessible in a method,
• e.g., method A calls method B, then the variables declared in method A exist
but are not accessible in B.
16. Scoping Rules (cont.):
Variables in a method
• There are can be three types of variables
accessible in a method :
– class and instance variables
• static and instance variables of the class
– local variables
• those declared in the method
– formal arguments
17. Example1:
public class Box
{
private int length, width;
…
public int widen (int extra_width)
{
private int temp1;
size += extra_width;
…
}
public int lenghten (int extra_lenth)
{
private int temp2;
size += extra_length;
…
}
…
}
• instance variables
• formal arguments
• local variables
18. Scope of Variables
• Instance variables
are accessible in all
methods of the
class
• formal arguments
are valid within their
methods
• Local variables are
valid from the point
of declaration to the
end of the enclosing
block
public class Box
{
private int length, width;
…
public int widen (int extra_width)
{
private int temp1;
size += extra_width;
…
}
public int lenghten (int extra_lenth)
{
private int temp2;
size += extra_length;
…
}
…
}
19. public class Test
{
final static int NO_OF_TRIES = 3;
static int i = 100;
public static int square ( int x )
{
// NO_OF_TRIES, x, i in scope
int mySquare = x * x;
// NO_OF_TRIES, x, i, mySquare in scope
return mySquare;
}
public static int askForAPositiveNumber ( int x )
{
// NO_OF_TRIES, x, i in scope
for ( int i = 0; i < NO_OF_TRIES; i++ )
{ // NO_OF_TRIES, x, i in scope; local i shadows class i
System.out.print(“Input: “);
Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
String str = scan.nextLine();
int temp = Integer.parseInt( str );
// NO_OF_TRIES, x, i, scan, str, temp in scope
if (temp > 0) return temp;
}
// NO_OF_TRIES, x, i in scope
return 0;
} // askForPositiveNumber
public static void main( String[] args )
{…}
20. Two Types of
Parameter Passing
• If a modification of the formal argument
has no effect on the actual argument,
– it is call by value
• If a modification of the formal argument
can change the value of the actual
argument,
– it is call by reference
21. Call-By-Value and
Call-By-Reference in Java
• Depend on the type of the formal argument
• If a formal argument is a primitive data type, a
modification on the formal argument has no effect on
the actual argument
– this is call by value, e.g. num1 = min(2, 3);
num2 = min(x, y);
• This is because primitive data types variables contain
their values, and procedure call trigger an assignment:
<formal argument> = <actual argument>
int x = 2; int y = 3;
int num = min (x, y);
…
static int num( int num1, int num2)
{ … }
int x = 2;
int y = 3;
int num1 = x;
int num2 = y;
{ … }
22. Call-By-Value and
Call-By-Reference in Java
• If a formal argument is not a primitive data type, an
operation on the formal argument can change the
actual argument
– this is call by reference
• This is because variables of object type contain
pointers to the data that represents the object
• Since procedure call triggers an assignment
<formal argument> = <actual argument>
it is the pointer that is copied, not the object itself!
MyClass x = new MyClass();
MyClass y = new MyClass();
MyClass.swap( x, y);
…
static void swap( MyClass x1, MyClass x2)
{ … }
x = new MC();
y = new MC();
x1 = x;
x2 = y;
{ … }
24. 24
Classes define Objects
• In object-oriented design, we group methods together
according to objects on which they operate
• An object has:
– state - descriptive characteristics
– behaviors - what it can do (or be done to it), may depend on
the state, and can change the state
• For example, a calendar program needs Month objects:
– the state of a Month object is a (month,year) pair of numbers
– these are stored as instance variables of the Month class
– the Month class can also have class variables, e.g. the day of
the week that Jan 1, 2000 falls on…
– some behaviors of a month object are:
• get name, get first weekday, get number of days,
• print
• set month index, set year
25. int month;
int year
class Month
Defining Classes
• A class contains data declarations (state)
and method declarations (behaviors)
Data declarations
Method declarations
26. Method Types
• There can be various types of methods (behavior
declarations)
– access methods : read or display states (or those that can be
derived)
– predicate methods : test the truth of some conditions
– action methods, e.g., print
– constructors: a special type of methods
• they have the same name as the class
– there may be more then one constructor per class
(overloaded constructors)
• they do not return any value
– it has no return type, not even void
• they initialize objects of the class, using the new construct:
– e.g. m1 = new Month();
• you do not have to define a constructor
– the value of the state variables have default value
27. Example: Month class
• We define a Month class to model a month in the
calendar program
• In our Month class we could define the following data:
– month, an integer that represents the index of month
– year, an integer that represents the year the month is in
• We might also define the following methods:
– a Month constructor, to set up the month
– a getName method, to ask for the string name of a month obj.
– a getNumberOfDays method, to ask for the no. of days of a
month object
– a getFirstWeekday method, to ask for the weekday of the
first day of a month object
– a print method, to print the month calendar
– a setMonth method, to ask a month object to change its month
– a setYear object, to ask a month object to change its year