Introduction to OOPS : Problems in procedure oriented approach, Features of Object Oriented
Programming System, Object creation, Initializing the instance variable, Constructors.
Introduction to OOPS : Problems in procedure oriented approach, Features of Object Oriented
Programming System, Object creation, Initializing the instance variable, Constructors.
OOPS in java | Super and this Keyword | Memory Management in java | pacakages...Sagar Verma
OOPS and its application in Java, Super class AND This Keyword,Java Bean, POJO ,Memory management in Java ,Packages ,Miscellaneous (Var-Args, toString(), Double equals operator(==))
Object Oriented Programming is a programming concept that works on the principle that objects are the most important part of your program. It allows users create the objects that they want and then create methods to handle those objects. Manipulating these objects to get results is the goal of Object Oriented Programming.
Object Oriented Programming popularly known as OOP, is used in a modern programming language like Java..
he main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities for example object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.
Object oriented programming 6 oop with c++Vaibhav Khanna
Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented programming language.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
OOPS in java | Super and this Keyword | Memory Management in java | pacakages...Sagar Verma
OOPS and its application in Java, Super class AND This Keyword,Java Bean, POJO ,Memory management in Java ,Packages ,Miscellaneous (Var-Args, toString(), Double equals operator(==))
Object Oriented Programming is a programming concept that works on the principle that objects are the most important part of your program. It allows users create the objects that they want and then create methods to handle those objects. Manipulating these objects to get results is the goal of Object Oriented Programming.
Object Oriented Programming popularly known as OOP, is used in a modern programming language like Java..
he main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities for example object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.
Object oriented programming 6 oop with c++Vaibhav Khanna
Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented programming language.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Object-Oriented Programming
Two Paradigms
• all computer programs consist of two elements: code and data.
• a program can be conceptually organized around its code or around
its data.
• programs are written around “what is happening” and others are
written around “who is being affected.”
• The first way is called the process-oriented model. This approach
characterizes a program as a series of linear steps (that is, code).
The process-oriented model can be thought of as code acting on
data.
• Object-oriented programming organizes a program around its data
(that is, objects) and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data
3. OOP Principles
Encapsulation
1. Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code
and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse.
2. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective
wrapper that prevents the code and data from being
arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the
wrapper.
3. In Java the basis of encapsulation is the class.
4. Polymorphism
• Polymorphism (from the Greek, meaning “many
forms”) is a feature that allows one interface to
be used for a general class of actions.
• The specific action is determined by the exact
nature of the situation.
• More generally, the concept of polymorphism is
often expressed by the phrase “one interface,
multiple methods.”
5. Abstraction
• An essential element of object-oriented programming
is abstraction. Humans manage complexity through
abstraction.
• For example, people do not think of a car as a set of
tens of thousands of individual parts. They think of it as
a well-defined object with its own unique behaviour.
• This abstraction allows people to use a car to drive to
the grocery store without being overwhelmed by the
complexity of the parts that form the car. They can
ignore the details of how the engine, transmission, and
braking systems work. Instead they are free to utilize
the object as a whole.
6. Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the
properties of another object. This is important because it
supports the concept of hierarchical classification.
• However, by use of inheritance, an object need only define
those qualities that make it unique within its class. It can
inherit its general attributes from its parent.
• Thus, it is the inheritance mechanism that makes it possible
for one object to be a specific instance of a more general case.
7. OOPs Concept Basics
• Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is
known as an object. For example: chair, pen,
table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical
and logical.
• Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a
logical entity.
8. Classes in Java
• A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes
the behavior/state that the object of its type support.
• A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are
created.
• Following is a sample of a class.
• Example
public class Dog {
String breed;
int age;
String color;
void barking() { }
void hungry() { }
void sleeping() { }
}
9. Variables in Classes
• A class can contain any of the following variable types.
• Local variables − Variables defined inside methods,
constructors or blocks are called local variables. The
variable will be declared and initialized within the
method and the variable will be destroyed when the
method has completed.
• Instance variables − Instance variables are variables
within a class but outside any method. These variables
are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance
variables can be accessed from inside any method,
constructor or blocks of that particular class.
• Class variables − Class variables are variables declared
within a class, outside any method, with the static
keyword.
10. Objects in Java
• A class provides the blueprints for objects. So
basically, an object is created from a class. In Java,
the new keyword is used to create new objects.
• There are three steps when creating an object
from a class −
– Declaration − A variable declaration with a variable
name with an object type.
– Instantiation − The 'new' keyword is used to create
the object.
– Initialization − The 'new' keyword is followed by a call
to a constructor. This call initializes the new object.
11. Example For creating an Object
Following is an example of creating an object –
public class Puppy
{
public Puppy(String name)
{ // This constructor has one parameter, name.
System.out.println("Passed Name is :" + name
);
}
public static void main(String []args) {
// Following statement would create an object myPuppy
Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );
}
}
Output
Passed Name is :tommy
12. Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented
programming language
1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-
oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as
project size grows.
2) OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming
language a global data can be accessed from anywhere.
3) OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively.
We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the
Object-Oriented Programming language.
13. Java Reference Variable
• Reference variables are used to refer to an object. They are
declared with a specific type which cannot be changed.
• A reference variable can store the reference value of an
object, and can be used to manipulate the object denoted by
the reference value.
• A variable declaration that specifies a reference type (i.e., a
class, an array, or an interface name) declares a reference
variable.
14. Object and Reference Variable in Memory
• Basically a reference variable just points to an actual
object. For example if we have a class-
class Person {
String name = "Eric";
int age = 25;
}
If you instantiate the class Person like this-
Person p = new Person();
15. • Here p is a reference variable which points to
an object of class Person.
• The actual object of class Person created in
that statement resides on the heap.
• The reference variable p only contains the
memory address of Person class object on the
heap.
• So the actual value of p can be said to be an
address on the heap.
16. • The String name in class
Person is itself a
reference variable. So it
will point to a String
object on the heap.
17. • Here the reference
variable p points to an
object of type Person.
The name reference
variable in Person
object points to String
object on the heap.
18. Uses of reference variable
– Reference variable can be assigned value null to show that it is
not refering to any object.
Student amit = new Student();
amit=null;
– More than one reference variables may refer to same object.
These are called object aliases.
Student amit=new Student();
Student mady=amit;
Student mihir=mady;
– Default value for refrence variable is null;
– The object can be manipulated via any one of its aliases, as
each one refers to the same object.
– A reference variable can not refer to more then one object.
19. Class Person{
int age;
String name;
}
Class Demo{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Person p1=new Person();
p1.age=25;
p1.name=“Harry”;
System.out.println(p1.age+ “ :” + p1.name);
Person p2=p1;
System.out.println(p2.age+ “ :” + p2.name);
p2.age=30;
p2.name=“Garry”;
System.out.println(p2.age+ “ :” + p2.name);
System.out.println(p1.age+ “ :” + p1.name);
p1=null;
System.out.println(p1.age+ “ :” + p1.name); // Wrong
}
}
20. • Reference variable gets memory allocated in
stack.
• Instance variable gets memory allocated in
heap.
• Those Reference variable which are instance
members of an object, also gets memory
allocated in heap.
21. class College{
Student s1;
String address;
int year;
public static void main(String args[]){
College c1=new College();
}
}
Stack Heap
C1
Name=null
S1=null
Year=0
23. Static Variable Example
class test {
static int i;
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Value before calling method1: " + i);
test t1 = new test();
t1.method1();
System.out.println("Value after calling method1: " + i);
t1.method2();
System.out.println("Value after calling method2: " + i);
}
void method1() {
i++;
}
void method2() {
i++;
24. Instance / Local / Method Variable Example
class MPE {
// Instance Variable
int i;
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*Here i is an Instance variable.*/
test t1 = new test();
System.out.println("Value before calling method1: " + t1.i);
}
/* Here j is a method parameter.
And k is a local variable. Note**: Local variables life is only till the end of method*/
void method1(int j) {
int k;
i = j;
/* Local Variable(k)'s life ends once execution for this method completes. As k is local
is variable it needs to be initialized before we can use it. But as it is not getting
used here, it can stay here without initializing*/
}
}
25. Calling a Method
• For using a method, it should be called. There are two ways in
which a method is called i.e., method returns a value or
returning nothing (no return value).
• The process of method calling is simple. When a program
invokes a method, the program control gets transferred to the
called method. This called method then returns control to the
caller in two conditions, when −
• the return statement is executed.
• it reaches the method ending closing brace.
26. Example FOR CALLING A METHOD
public class StudentTest {
public static void main ( String[] args ) {
Student s1 = new Student () ;
Student s2 = new Student ( "Sai", 3 );
Student s3 = new Student ( "Gautham" , 4 , 98 , 100,
96);
System.out.println("Student s1: ");
s1.printDetails(); Object s1 calling method
printDetails()
System.out.println("nStudent s2: ");
s2.printDetails(); Object s2 calling method
printDetails()
System.out.println("nStudent s3: ");
s3.printDetails(); Object s3 calling method
printDetails()
}
27. What are Pass-by-value and Pass-by-
reference?
• Pass-by-value:
– A copy of the passed-in variable is copied into the
argument of the method. Any changes to the
argument do not affect the original one.
• Pass-by-reference:
– The argument is an alias of the passed-in
variable. Any changes to the argument will affect
the original one.
28. The following example proves that Java passes
object references to methods by value:
public class Swap {
public static void swap(int x, int y) {
int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
System.out.println("x(1) = " + x);
System.out.println("y(1) = " + y);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
swap(x, y);
System.out.println("x(2) = " + x);
System.out.println("y(2) = " + y);
}
}
• This result proves that the x and y are swapped to each other in the inside
the swap() method, however the passed-in variables x and y did not get changed.
the above program prints
the following output:
x(1) = 20
y(1) = 10
x(2) = 10
y(2) = 20
29. Modifying Reference and Changing
Reference Examples
• Given the Dog class written as below:
class Dog {
protected String name;
Dog(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
}
30. Consider the following method that
modifies a Dog reference:
public void modifyReference(Dog dog) {
dog.setName("Rex");
}
• some testing code:
Dog dog1 = new Dog("Pun");
System.out.println("Before modify: " + dog1.getName());
modifyReference(dog1);
System.out.println("After modify: " + dog1.getName());
• The method argument points to the same Dog object as the
passed-in reference variable,
The following output:
Before modify: Pun
After modify: Rex
31. Consider the following method that attempts to change
reference of the passed-in parameter:
public void changeReference(Dog dog) {
Dog newDog = new Dog("Poo");
dog = newDog;
}
• some testing code:
Dog dog2 = new Dog("Meek");
System.out.println("Before change: " + dog2.getName());
tester.changeReference(dog2);
System.out.println("After change: " + dog2.getName());
• Since it’s impossible to change reference of a passed-in variable within a
method, hence the following output:
Before change: Meek
After change: Meek
Java always passes object references to method by value. That means
passing the memory address of the object that the variable points
to, not passing the variable itself, not the object itself. So we cannot
change reference of a passed-in variable in a method.