Lec meningitis dr saima batool .associate professor pediatrics ucm,lhr
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This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges and encephalitis as infection of the brain parenchyma. Common signs and symptoms include fever, altered consciousness, vomiting and seizures. Diagnosis is usually made via lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis is often caused by Group B Streptococcus in neonates and Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in older children. Treatment involves antibiotics and management of increased intracranial pressure. Complications can include hydrocephalus, cranial nerve palsies, and mental retardation. Encephalitis is
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Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and most commonly affects young children and adults. Initial symptoms are non-specific like fever and headache but can progress within 12-24 hours to include rashes, neck stiffness, and confusion. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone while preventing further spread requires droplet precautions and antibiotics for close contacts.
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Common causes include bacteria like pneumococcus, meningococcus, and viruses like enterovirus. Symptoms include severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves examination, history, and evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial infections and medications to reduce swelling and control seizures. Prevention involves vaccines for common causes.
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain drugs. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Treatment involves immediate antibiotics, steroids, and other drugs depending on the cause. Complications can include brain damage, hearing loss, and death if not treated promptly.
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The document discusses the management of meningitis in children. It defines meningitis and describes the common causes as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It then covers the clinical presentation of symptoms in young infants and older children. Laboratory investigations and treatment approaches are outlined for bacterial meningitis, including specific antibiotic regimens. The document concludes with details on supportive care and nursing management of children with meningitis.
Meningitis in children
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is more common in neonates and infants due to their immature immune systems.
- The highest incidence is between birth and 2 years of age, especially immediately after birth and between 3-8 months. Increased exposure to infections and underlying immune problems increase risk.
- Bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream from sites like the ears, sinuses, skull fractures, or pneumonia. Common causes vary by age but include E. coli, Group B Strep, and H. influenzae type b.
- Symptoms depend on age but may include fever, irritability, neck stiffness, bulging fontanel
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and seizures. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care like IV fluids and fever/headache medication. Nursing care focuses on isolation, careful administration of drugs, seizure control, monitoring for complications, and parental support.
Acute bacterial (Pyogenic) meningitis - Dr. S. Srinivasan, Professor of Pedi...
This document discusses acute bacterial meningitis in children. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the common causative bacteria for both neonatal and post-neonatal meningitis. It then covers risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms and signs, investigations including lumbar puncture findings, treatment, and complications. The document is from a lecture on acute bacterial meningitis for undergraduate medical students, given by Dr. S. Srinivasan, Professor of Pediatrics.
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The document discusses the management of meningitis in children. It defines meningitis and describes the common causes as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It then covers the clinical presentation of symptoms in young infants and older children. Laboratory investigations and treatment approaches are outlined for bacterial meningitis, including specific antibiotic regimens. The document concludes with details on supportive care and nursing management of children with meningitis.
Meningitis in children
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is more common in neonates and infants due to their immature immune systems.
- The highest incidence is between birth and 2 years of age, especially immediately after birth and between 3-8 months. Increased exposure to infections and underlying immune problems increase risk.
- Bacteria enter the meninges through the bloodstream from sites like the ears, sinuses, skull fractures, or pneumonia. Common causes vary by age but include E. coli, Group B Strep, and H. influenzae type b.
- Symptoms depend on age but may include fever, irritability, neck stiffness, bulging fontanel
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and seizures. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and supportive care like IV fluids and fever/headache medication. Nursing care focuses on isolation, careful administration of drugs, seizure control, monitoring for complications, and parental support.
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Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
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A lumbar puncture is a medical procedure where cerebrospinal fluid is extracted from the lower back for testing. Analyzing the CSF can help determine if meningitis is present by examining values like glucose, protein, white blood cells and cell differentials. However, lumbar punctures have limitations as a diagnostic tool and should not be performed if there is suspected increased intracranial pressure. Other diagnostic methods include blood tests, physical exams like Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs, and polymerase chain reaction testing of blood and CSF. The most important factor is administering antibiotics as quickly as possible for suspected bacterial meningitis.
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Meningitis kills over 1 million people worldwide each year. It is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and severe form, causing over 100,000 deaths annually. Viral meningitis is generally less severe but can still have long term effects like deafness, seizures, and learning difficulties. Meningitis is diagnosed based on symptoms like fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and confirmed via spinal fluid analysis. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases and supportive care, while prevention focuses on vaccines for common causes. Prognosis depends on age and severity but over 25% of survivors are left with permanent disabilities.
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This document discusses acute bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis. It provides details on the typical clinical presentation and laboratory findings for each. Acute bacterial meningitis presents with fever, headache, and signs of meningeal irritation, along with inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid. Laboratory findings include decreased glucose, elevated protein and white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance. Viral meningitis also presents with fever, headache and meningeal irritation, and laboratory findings include normal or decreased glucose and elevated protein and white blood cell count with lymphocyte predominance. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis, culture and polymerase chain reaction testing.
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Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, confusion, and a rash. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid to check for bacteria and inflammation. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics such as penicillin or ceftriaxone. Vaccines can help prevent disease. A case study describes a 21-year-old man who developed meningitis after traveling to China and was successfully treated with antibiotics.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It can be life-threatening and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and confusion. Diagnosis involves physical examination, lumbar puncture, and tests of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. Complications can include hearing loss, brain damage, and death. Vaccines can prevent some types of bacterial meningitis.
Chronic bacterial & viral meningoencephalitis (2)
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, or protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. In pediatric patients, the most common causative organisms are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Clinical presentation in infants includes irritability, high pitched crying, fever, lethargy, refusal to eat, and vomiting. In older children, the classic triad of symptoms is headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Treatment involves supportive care, antibiotics targeted against the suspected organism, and treatment of any complications. Prophylactic antibiotics are given to close contacts, and vaccination against H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, and S. pneumonia
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment and has the highest risk of complications. Common bacterial causes include streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis is generally milder and self-limiting. Tubercular meningitis has a subacute onset and causes thick basal exudates. Fungal meningitis occurs more often in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and characteristic findings depending on the cause. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals or antitubercular drugs depending on the
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by various infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The microorganism enters the meninges through the bloodstream, skull fractures, or contiguous infections. Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the causative organism but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antitubercular medications. Physiotherapy can aid in respiratory care, mobility, and prevention of complications like contractures and bed sores.
Infectious of Nervous system in children
The document discusses neurological diseases in children, which are divided into three main groups: 1) inherited diseases, 2) pre-and perinatal lesions, and 3) postnatal lesions. The first two groups account for 55% of diseases, while postnatal lesions including infectious diseases account for 45% and most often occur in children ages 3-6. Infectious diseases can damage the nervous system through neurotoxic factors that cause lesions beyond neurons through circulatory, liquorodynamic, and hypoxic changes. Specific manifestations of these changes often include fever, excitement, tremors, and eventually convulsions. Edema and swelling of the brain are also dangerous manifestations that can be seen in infectious neurological diseases in children.
Meningitis
This document provides information on meningitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the main types of meningitis: viral, bacterial, and tuberculous. Viral meningitis is the most common type and is usually benign and self-limiting. Bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening if untreated and requires immediate antibiotic treatment. Tuberculous meningitis occurs in immunocompromised individuals and has distinct stages of severity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the identified cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, and surgery in severe cases.
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This document discusses meningitis, specifically focusing on bacterial meningitis. It defines meningitis as an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The most common causes are bacteria and viruses. Bacterial meningitis requires immediate treatment to prevent complications like brain damage, coma, or death. The document outlines the types, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment including antibiotics, and management of bacterial meningitis.
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Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Neisseria meningitidis
This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal meningitis. It describes the morphology and virulence factors of N. meningitidis, including its capsular polysaccharide and outer membrane proteins. The epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of meningococcal meningitis are discussed in detail. Serious complications like meningococcemia and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome are also summarized.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
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This document discusses meningitis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial causes include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck and confusion. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examining cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and managing increased intracranial pressure. Prevention focuses on isolation, chemoprophylaxis for contacts, and vaccination.
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
A lumbar puncture is a medical procedure where cerebrospinal fluid is extracted from the lower back for testing. Analyzing the CSF can help determine if meningitis is present by examining values like glucose, protein, white blood cells and cell differentials. However, lumbar punctures have limitations as a diagnostic tool and should not be performed if there is suspected increased intracranial pressure. Other diagnostic methods include blood tests, physical exams like Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs, and polymerase chain reaction testing of blood and CSF. The most important factor is administering antibiotics as quickly as possible for suspected bacterial meningitis.
Tb meningitis
Tuberculous meningitis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria spreading from another part of the body to the brain and spinal cord membranes. It presents with symptoms like neck stiffness, fever, nausea, and mental status changes. Left untreated, it can cause complications like seizures, brain damage, and death. Diagnosis involves tests of cerebrospinal fluid and imaging scans. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics administered for 12 months.
Meningitis (According to Modern & Unani Medicine)
Meningitis kills over 1 million people worldwide each year. It is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and severe form, causing over 100,000 deaths annually. Viral meningitis is generally less severe but can still have long term effects like deafness, seizures, and learning difficulties. Meningitis is diagnosed based on symptoms like fever, headache, and neck stiffness, and confirmed via spinal fluid analysis. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases and supportive care, while prevention focuses on vaccines for common causes. Prognosis depends on age and severity but over 25% of survivors are left with permanent disabilities.
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This document provides an overview of meningitis and encephalitis. It discusses the different types of bacterial, viral and fungal meningitis including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include that bacterial meningitis can be caused by organisms like pneumococcus, meningococcus and haemophilus influenza. Viral meningitis causes aseptic meningitis while encephalitis involves brain inflammation. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and CSF analysis. Treatment depends on the identified organism and may involve antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals.
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1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
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1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
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This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
2.CNS INFECTIONS 2015.pptx
1. CNS infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or prions. Common bacterial infections include meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and listeria monocytogenes.
2. Viruses that can cause CNS infections include poliovirus, rabies virus, herpes simplex virus, measles (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), and JC virus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy).
3. Fungal infections like cryptococcosis and parasitic infections including malaria, toxoplasmosis, and trypanosomiasis can also infect the CNS.
CNS infections
Central nervous system infections can cause meningitis or encephalitis. Bacterial meningitis is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, or Haemophilus influenzae type b. It presents with fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing pleocytosis and low glucose in CSF. Treatment involves antibiotics, corticosteroids, and supportive care to prevent increased intracranial pressure complications.
P10.cns infec
Central nervous system infections can cause fever and signs of neurological dysfunction. The most common types are meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Acute bacterial meningitis is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and CSF analysis. Treatment involves supportive care, antibiotics, and management of increased intracranial pressure. Complications can include hearing loss, seizures, and intellectual disability. Prevention is through vaccination and chemoprophylaxis of close contacts for certain bacteria.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis can be caused by enteroviruses, arboviruses, influenza, herpes simplex virus, and others. If not treated promptly, meningitis can lead to brain swelling and permanent disability, coma, or death. Diagnosis involves blood and spinal fluid tests, and imaging of the brain. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics for at
pyogenicmeningitis-150928174212-lva1-app6891-converted.pptx
- Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is most common in infancy and can cause death within hours if not treated. Common causative agents include Escherichia coli, Group B streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
- Clinical features vary depending on age. Newborns may exhibit subtle signs like poor feeding and lethargy while older children typically experience fever, headache, neck stiffness, and seizures. Lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid is important for diagnosis and shows abnormalities such as increased white blood cells and protein with low glucose
Diseases of the central nervous system.pptx
This document provides information on meningitis and epilepsy in children. It discusses:
1. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Bacterial meningitis is more serious, especially in infants and young children. Symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and CSF analysis. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care.
2. Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects around 1% of children. Seizures have various causes like infections, brain injuries, or genetic factors. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures involve loss of consciousness and muscle contractions. Diagnosis is based on clinical history
Meningitis.ppt
Here are the key points:
1. Possible diagnoses:
- Tuberculous meningitis (most likely given subacute course)
- Bacterial meningitis
- Brain abscess
2. Investigations:
- Complete blood count
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- Lumbar puncture with CSF analysis (cell count, biochemistry, culture)
- Chest x-ray
- Mantoux test
3. Complications:
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Seizures
- Cranial nerve palsies
- Stroke/hemiplegia
- Hydrocephalus
- Long term neurological deficits
4. Management:
- Ant
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pyogenicmeningitis-150928174212-lva1-app6891-converted.pptx
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Lec meningitis dr saima batool .associate professor pediatrics ucm,lhr
- 3. Definition • Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges • Encephalitis – infection of the brain parenchyma
- 4. Signs and symptoms • Fever • Altered consciousness, irritability, photophobia • Vomiting, poor appetite • Seizures 20 - 30% • Bulging fontanel 30% • Stiff neck or nuchal rigidity • Meningismus (stiff neck + Brudzinski + Kernig signs)
- 7. Clinical clues in meningitis
- 8. CSF FINDINGS
- 9. Diagnosis – lumbar puncture
- 11. Bacterial meningitis - Organisms Neonates • Most caused by Group B Streptococci • E coli, enterococci, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Samonella, Serratia, Listeria Older infants and children • Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, tuberculosis, H. influenzae
- 13. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) • Papilledema CUSHING’S TRIAD • Bradycardia • Hypertension • Irregular respiration • ICP monitor (not routine) • Changes in pupils
- 15. Meningitis - Fluid management • Restore intravascular volume & perfusion. • RESTRICTED I/V fluids to 2/3rd of maintainance. • Monitor serum Na+ (osmolality, urine Na+) • If severely hyponatremic, give 3% NaCl • SIADH 4 - 88% in bacterial meningitis 9 - 64% in viral meningitis
- 16. • Diabetes insipidus • Cerebral salt wasting
- 17. Bacterial Meningitis - Treatment Neonatal (<3 mo) • Ampicillin (covers Listeria) + • Cefotaxime. • Corticosteroids therapy (Dexametazon 0.6мg/kg /dose every 4 hrs for 2 days. The first doses is prescribe 10-15 min before a/b injections
- 18. Pneumococcal meningitis – Mgmt • Vancomycin + cefotaxime or ceftriaxone, if > 1 month old. • If hypersensitive (allergic) to beta-lactam antibiotics, use vancomycin + rifampin.
- 19. Antibiotic use in Pneumococcal meningitis • PenG 250,000 - 400,000 U/kg/day … Q 4 - 6 h • Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day ..Q 12 - 24 h • Cefotaxime 200 - 300 mg/kg/day .. Q 8 h • Chloramphenicol 50 - 100 mg/kg/day .. Q 6 h
- 20. Vancomycin use in pneumococcal meningitis • Vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day …Q 6 h
- 21. Complications of meningitis • Hydrocephalus • Cranial nerve palsies • Mental retardation • Subdural effusion • Deafness • Blindness • Epilepsy
- 22. PROPHYLAXIS • Meningococcal infection with rifampicin or ciprofloxacin. • MenC, a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine. • A combined A and C meningococcal vaccine is sometimes used prior to travel to endemic regions, e.g. Africa, Asia; and a quadrivalent ACWY vaccine . • pneumococcal vaccine is used after recurrent meningitis, e.g. after a CSF leak following skull fracture. • Hib (Haemophilus influenzae).vaccine.rifampin prophylaxis.
- 23. ENCEPHALITIS • Encephalitis means inflammation of brain parenchyma, usually viral. Acute viral encephalitis: The usual organisms are • herpes simplex, • ECHO, • Coxsackie, • mumps and • Epstein-Barr viruses • Adenovirus, varicella zoster, influenza, measles and other viruses are rarer.
- 24. CLINICAL PICTURE • Many encephalitides are mild . • In a minority, serious illness develops with high fever, headache, mood change and drowsiness over hours or days. • Focal signs, seizures and coma ensue. Death, or brain injury follows.
- 25. INVESTIGATIONS • CT and MR imaging show diffuse areas of oedema, often in the temporal lobes. • EEG. • CSF. • Viral serology . • Brain biopsy
- 26. TREATMENT • Acyclovir. • Supportive measures • Prophylactic immunization against Japanese encephalitis is advised for travelers to endemic areas in Asia.