Meningococcal meningitis HY
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Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis and most commonly affects young children and adults. Initial symptoms are non-specific like fever and headache but can progress within 12-24 hours to include rashes, neck stiffness, and confusion. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone while preventing further spread requires droplet precautions and antibiotics for close contacts.
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This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges and encephalitis as infection of the brain parenchyma. Common signs and symptoms include fever, altered consciousness, vomiting and seizures. Diagnosis is usually made via lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis is often caused by Group B Streptococcus in neonates and Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in older children. Treatment involves antibiotics and management of increased intracranial pressure. Complications can include hydrocephalus, cranial nerve palsies, and mental retardation. Encephalitis is
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- In infants and children, the most common causes are S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae type b.
- Clinical presentation varies by age but may include fever, headache, irritability, and meningeal signs such as neck stiffness.
- Lumbar puncture is needed for diagnosis but has certain contraindications to avoid worsening increased intracranial pressure.
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This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as inflammation of the meninges and encephalitis as infection of the brain parenchyma. Common signs and symptoms include fever, altered consciousness, vomiting and seizures. Diagnosis is usually made via lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Bacterial meningitis is often caused by Group B Streptococcus in neonates and Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in older children. Treatment involves antibiotics and management of increased intracranial pressure. Complications can include hydrocephalus, cranial nerve palsies, and mental retardation. Encephalitis is
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This document provides information on pediatric meningitis, including:
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is caused by a defect in CD18-containing integrins, which impairs leukocyte adhesion and endothelial transmigration. This results in recurrent skin and mucosal infections without pus formation, impaired wound healing, and delayed umbilical cord separation beyond 3 weeks of age. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis and neutrophilia.
Intrauterine fetal demise HY
Intrauterine fetal demise is defined as fetal death at 20 weeks or later. It is diagnosed by the absence of fetal cardiac activity on ultrasound. Management depends on gestational age - between 20-23 weeks dilation and evacuation or vaginal delivery is recommended, while at 24 weeks or later vaginal delivery is recommended, though cesarean delivery is an option based on maternal history. A complication can be coagulopathy if the fetus is retained for several weeks.
Infectious mononucleosis HY
Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by fever, tonsillitis or pharyngitis that may have exudates, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fatigue, and possibly enlargement of the liver and spleen. Complications can include airway obstruction, autoimmune conditions affecting red blood cells or platelets, and rupture of the spleen.
Indications for urgent dialysis (aeiou) HY
Acidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, ingestion of toxic substances, overload states, and uremia are indications for urgent dialysis according to the AEIOU mnemonic. Specifically, metabolic acidosis with a pH below 7.1, hyperkalemia causing ECG changes or arrhythmias, ingestion of toxic alcohols, volume overload refractory to diuretics, and uremia causing encephalopathy, pericarditis or bleeding require immediate dialysis treatment.
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Meningococcal meningitis HY
- 1. Meningococcal meningitis Epidemiology •Neisseria meningitidis •Most common in young children and young adults Clinical features •Initial: nonspecific fever, headache, vomiting, myalgias, sore throat •Within 12-24 hr: petechiae/purpura, meningeal signs, AMS Treatment •Ceftriaxone Complications •Shock •Disseminated intravascular coagulation •Adrenal hemorrhage Prevention •Droplet precautions •Chemoprophylaxis* for close contacts *Rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftriaxone. AMS = altered mental status.