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The document summarizes human sex determination and differentiation. It states that females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The presence of a Y chromosome determines male development, triggering testes formation and testosterone production, while lack of a Y chromosome results in female development, with ovaries forming and estrogen/progesterone production. Early in female embryonic development, one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in each body cell through a process called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensuring females have one functional X chromosome like males.
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Reproductive physiology
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
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The document provides an overview of human reproductive physiology, including:
- The primary reproductive organs are the gonads which produce gametes and sex hormones.
- Sex differentiation in the embryo is determined by sex chromosomes, with XX becoming ovaries and XY becoming testes.
- Gametogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis to produce gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes.
Sex Determination.ppt
Sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes involves meiosis producing haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization. In higher organisms, sexual differentiation results in phenotypic differences between males and females. The roundworm C. elegans has two sexual phenotypes - males with testes only and hermaphrodites with both testes and ovaries that self-fertilize. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene that determines maleness by directing testes development, which then suppresses female development through testosterone and MIS. Dosage compensation in females involves X chromosome inactivation to equalize X-linked gene expression between sexes.
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Sexual Differentiation that occurs during the development of a fetus is explained and the dysgenesis that occurs during the development.
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The document discusses human sexual development from fertilization through the three trimesters of pregnancy. It covers the formation of gonads and duct systems, factors that determine chromosomal and phenotypic sex, and the roles of genes and hormones in sexual differentiation. The timeline of organ formation and growth is provided for each trimester, noting that all major organ systems are developed by the end of the first trimester.
Sexual Differentiation (Learn easy way)
Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Sex differentiation
This document discusses sexual differentiation in humans. It begins by defining genetic males and females based on their chromosomes and gonads. It then describes how the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome leads to testis development, while its absence leads to ovary development. The role of testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance in driving the development of male internal and external genitalia is also described. Finally, examples of abnormal sexual differentiation caused by chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal defects are provided.
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Reproductive physiology
The document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes that gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (sperm in males and eggs in females) from primordial germ cells in the gonads. This involves mitosis to produce more germ cells, followed by meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce haploid gametes. The document also outlines the structures involved in male and female reproduction such as testes/ovaries, accessory ducts and glands, and hormones important for gamete production and the reproductive cycles.
Sex determination and sex ratio..2013 university sulaiamany.biology.dashty ri...
The document discusses human sex determination and sex ratios. It provides background on chromosomal sex determination in mammals, including that females are typically XX and males are typically XY. It explains primary sex determination in development of the gonads and secondary sex determination that affects other sex characteristics. The document also discusses factors that can influence sex ratios, such as sex-selective abortion or infanticide skewing ratios away from the expected 1:1 ratio.
Reproduction dr t simbini
The document provides an overview of human reproductive physiology, including:
- The primary reproductive organs are the gonads which produce gametes and sex hormones.
- Sex differentiation in the embryo is determined by sex chromosomes, with XX becoming ovaries and XY becoming testes.
- Gametogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis to produce gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes.
Sex Determination.ppt
Sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes involves meiosis producing haploid gametes that fuse during fertilization. In higher organisms, sexual differentiation results in phenotypic differences between males and females. The roundworm C. elegans has two sexual phenotypes - males with testes only and hermaphrodites with both testes and ovaries that self-fertilize. In mammals, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene that determines maleness by directing testes development, which then suppresses female development through testosterone and MIS. Dosage compensation in females involves X chromosome inactivation to equalize X-linked gene expression between sexes.
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Sexual Differentiation that occurs during the development of a fetus is explained and the dysgenesis that occurs during the development.
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Sexual differentiation in humans occurs through a multi-step process determined by chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, and morphological sex. The presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testis or ovary development from the initially undifferentiated gonad. The testes secrete testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting hormone which masculinize the internal and external genitalia as well as the brain, preventing female development. In the absence of these hormones, the individual develops along female lines. Disorders can occur at each stage of differentiation, resulting in intersex conditions or abnormalities in sexual development.
Sex differentiation
This document discusses sexual differentiation in humans. It begins by defining genetic males and females based on their chromosomes and gonads. It then describes how the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome leads to testis development, while its absence leads to ovary development. The role of testosterone and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance in driving the development of male internal and external genitalia is also described. Finally, examples of abnormal sexual differentiation caused by chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal defects are provided.
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This document summarizes chromosomal sex determination in mammals. It discusses the history of theories of sex determination from Aristotle to the 1600s-1700s. It then explains that in mammals, sex is determined by the presence of the Y chromosome, which causes formation of testes and male development through secretion of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone. The document also describes some common sex chromosome abnormalities like Turner syndrome, Triple X syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
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The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
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2) Puberty is when the reproductive organs mature and become functional, allowing for reproduction. It is marked by physical changes like growth of genitals and secondary sex characteristics in both males and females.
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The document summarizes the development of gonads from a bipotential stage into either ovaries or testes. It explains that in early development, the gonads are identical in both sexes until around the 6th week. In males, the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which produces testicular determining factor (TDF) and causes the medulla to develop into testes. The testes then secrete hormones like testosterone and MIF that cause the development of male internal and external genitalia. In females without the SRY gene, the cortex develops into ovaries in the absence of these male sex hormones, allowing female genitalia to form instead.
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This document discusses sex determination and differentiation. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. It then describes the process of sex differentiation in males and females both internally and externally. It discusses factors involved like Müllerian inhibiting substance and testosterone. It outlines several sex chromosomal abnormalities including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various types of pseudohermaphroditism. The document aims to explain the physiology of sex determination and differentiation and its abnormalities.
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The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems and the process of sex determination and differentiation. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone, and other structures like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland that contribute to semen. Spermatogenesis is the process where spermatogonia in the testes undergo mitosis and meiosis over 64 days to form mature sperm. Testosterone drives the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sex characteristics during puberty and adulthood.
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The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis and stored in the epididymis. Hormones like FSH, LH and testosterone regulate sperm production and male characteristics. During sexual activity, erection occurs when blood flow increases to the penis. Ejaculation involves the contraction of muscles to expel semen containing sperm from the penis.
Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Sex is determined by chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic factors. Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of either two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). Between 6-8 weeks of gestation, the undifferentiated gonads will develop into either ovaries or testes depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. The development of testes or ovaries then leads to further anatomical changes through the secretion of hormones and regression or development of duct systems that result in either male or female phenotypic characteristics. Disorders of sex development can occur when there is a discrepancy between these factors.
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- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
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This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system. It describes the major organs of both the male and female reproductive systems, including their functions in sperm and egg production, sexual intercourse, fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing. It also discusses gametogenesis, the process by which gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced through meiosis. Diseases of the reproductive system are also mentioned.
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The document summarizes the development of the male and female genital systems from an indifferent stage. It describes how in males, the presence of SRY leads testes to develop from indifferent gonads, while in females without SRY ovaries develop. It outlines the development of testes, ovaries, male ducts including epididymis and vas deferens, and female ducts including uterus and vagina from indifferent ducts. External genitalia also develop differently in males under testosterone versus females.
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This document summarizes chromosomal sex determination in mammals. It discusses the history of theories of sex determination from Aristotle to the 1600s-1700s. It then explains that in mammals, sex is determined by the presence of the Y chromosome, which causes formation of testes and male development through secretion of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone. The document also describes some common sex chromosome abnormalities like Turner syndrome, Triple X syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
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The document discusses the development of the male and female genital tracts. It begins with an overview that the gonads arise from mesoderm and the genital ducts arise from paired mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. The mesonephric ducts develop into male genital ducts if the SRY gene is present, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female genital ducts if SRY is absent. It then goes into detail about the development of the testes, ovaries, and genital ducts in both sexes.
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The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems and the process of sex determination and differentiation. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone, and other structures like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland that contribute to semen. Spermatogenesis is the process where spermatogonia in the testes undergo mitosis and meiosis over 64 days to form mature sperm. Testosterone drives the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sex characteristics during puberty and adulthood.
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The male reproductive system produces sperm and sex hormones. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis and stored in the epididymis. Hormones like FSH, LH and testosterone regulate sperm production and male characteristics. During sexual activity, erection occurs when blood flow increases to the penis. Ejaculation involves the contraction of muscles to expel semen containing sperm from the penis.
Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Sex is determined by chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic factors. Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of either two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). Between 6-8 weeks of gestation, the undifferentiated gonads will develop into either ovaries or testes depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. The development of testes or ovaries then leads to further anatomical changes through the secretion of hormones and regression or development of duct systems that result in either male or female phenotypic characteristics. Disorders of sex development can occur when there is a discrepancy between these factors.
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The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
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- External
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The reproductive function in human begins
The reproductive function in humans begins with the formation of gametes - sperm in males and eggs in females - in specialized organs. Males and females develop both primary and secondary sexual characteristics through puberty due to the action of sex hormones like estrogen and androgens. These changes allow the reproductive systems and organs to mature and function properly.
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Male reproductive system
Sperm
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Male hormones
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The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
Menopause
reproductive physio.pptx
The female reproductive system has several key functions: formation of egg cells, reception of sperm, provision of an environment for fertilization and fetal development, childbirth, and lactation. The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, which produce egg cells and hormones, and the uterus, which nourishes a developing fetus. At birth, the sex of an individual is determined by the chromosomes inherited - XX for female and XY for male. Fertilization occurs when an egg is fused by a sperm cell in the fallopian tubes. The placenta functions to exchange nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and developing fetus. Childbirth is stimulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins that trigger powerful uterine contractions
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Dr. Wiskott noted an inherited condition in a German family that affected three boys who died of the same illness involving bruising, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and infections. The boys died from bleeding in their digestive tracts and blood infections. Dr. Wiskott observed that the condition seemed to only affect boys in the family and was inherited in nature.
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The document summarizes the development of the male and female genital systems from an indifferent stage. It describes how in males, the presence of SRY leads testes to develop from indifferent gonads, while in females without SRY ovaries develop. It outlines the development of testes, ovaries, male ducts including epididymis and vas deferens, and female ducts including uterus and vagina from indifferent ducts. External genitalia also develop differently in males under testosterone versus females.
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Bronchitis is an infection and inflammation of the bronchial tubes that connect the nose to the lungs. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting for months. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and avoiding irritants like tobacco smoke. Nursing care focuses on breathing exercises, suctioning mucus, providing oxygen, and health education about the condition.
asthma.pptx
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction due to bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and mucosal edema. It is triggered by both extrinsic allergens like pollen, animal dander, and foods as well as intrinsic factors like respiratory infections, stress, and pollution. Symptoms range from mild wheezing to difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, allergy testing, and monitoring lung function and oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open airways, and humidified oxygen for severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
chemistry and immunology tests.pptx
This document provides an overview of various medical tests categorized by body system or condition. It describes tests for clinical chemistry, renal function, liver function, cardiac markers, minerals, blood disorders, diabetes, inflammation (CRP), lipids, immunology, tumor markers, fertility hormones, maternal care, infectious diseases, and thyroid function. For each category, it lists specific tests and biomarkers and what they indicate about health and disease states.
Laboratory introduction (1) (1).pptx
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presentation-kidney-stonefinal.pptx
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pneumonia .pptx
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Recomendamos muito.
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lec 3.pptx
- 2. 1. The X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes in humans. Women have two X chromosomes (XX), while men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY). 2. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the individual's sex.
- 3. During the development of the embryo, if the sperm fertilizes the egg with an X chromosome, the resulting zygote will be XX and will develop into a female. If the sperm fertilizes the egg with a Y chromosome, the resulting zygote will be XY and will develop into a male.
- 4. During embryonic development, the presence of a Y chromosome triggers the development of testes in males, which in turn produce testosterone, a hormone that is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
- 5. In the absence of a Y chromosome, the embryo will develop into a female, and the ovaries will develop, which produce estrogen and progesterone, hormones responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
- 6. Female- Default development. Mesonephric duct degenerates and Paramesonephric duct develops. Male SRY gene on Y chromosome—produces testis- determining factor testes. Sertoli cells secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF, also called antimullerian hormone) that suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts. Leydig cells secrete androgens that stimulate development of mesonephric ducts.
- 9. Develops into male internal structures (except prostate)—Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens
- 10. Develops into female internal structures— fallopian tubes, uterus, proximal vagina (distal vagina from urogenital sinus). Male remnant is appendix testis.
- 11. 1º amenorrhea with absent uterus, blind vaginal pouch, normal female external genitalia and 2° sexual characteristics (functional ovaries). Associated with urinary tract anomalies (eg, renal agenesias)
- 13. Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells. This phenomenon is called X- inactivation or lyonization. X- inactivation ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell.