pre-analytical phase (1).pptx
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The document discusses the pre-analytical phase of laboratory medicine. It describes the proper procedure for blood collection, including identifying the vein, cleaning the area, inserting the needle at a 15-30 degree angle, and releasing the tourniquet within one minute of drawing blood. It also discusses effects of factors like age, sex, diet, drugs, exercise and diagnostic procedures on blood samples and potential issues like hemolysis, lipemia, and effects of anticoagulants on electrolyte measurements. Proper collection techniques and use of dry heparinized tubes are recommended to avoid interference in test results.
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Bronchitis is an infection and inflammation of the bronchial tubes that connect the nose to the lungs. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting for months. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and avoiding irritants like tobacco smoke. Nursing care focuses on breathing exercises, suctioning mucus, providing oxygen, and health education about the condition.
asthma.pptx
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction due to bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and mucosal edema. It is triggered by both extrinsic allergens like pollen, animal dander, and foods as well as intrinsic factors like respiratory infections, stress, and pollution. Symptoms range from mild wheezing to difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, allergy testing, and monitoring lung function and oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open airways, and humidified oxygen for severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
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This document provides an overview of various medical tests categorized by body system or condition. It describes tests for clinical chemistry, renal function, liver function, cardiac markers, minerals, blood disorders, diabetes, inflammation (CRP), lipids, immunology, tumor markers, fertility hormones, maternal care, infectious diseases, and thyroid function. For each category, it lists specific tests and biomarkers and what they indicate about health and disease states.
Laboratory introduction (1) (1).pptx
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presentation-kidney-stonefinal.pptx
Kidney stones form when minerals in urine crystallize and accumulate in the kidneys. The document discusses the types, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney stones. Calcium, uric acid, and struvite stones are the most common types. Risk factors include dehydration and family history. Symptoms include flank pain and blood in the urine. Treatment involves pain medication, increased fluid intake, and sometimes surgical procedures like lithotripsy to break up stones.
pneumonia .pptx
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lungs and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. It is typically diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, or lung scans. Treatment involves antibiotics if it is bacterial or antiviral drugs if viral. Complications can include the infection spreading to the bloodstream or lungs. Vaccines can help prevent pneumococcal pneumonia.
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- 2. Pre-analytical phase Procedure of blood collection – •A blood sample is taken by a phlebotomy in a laboratory •Blood samples are taken in the arm, hand and finger(in some cases) •Collection takes place from the median cubital vein
- 3. The first step to the collection is to: • Ask the patient to state and spell his/her name • Give you his/her birth date • Check these against the requisition • Put the gloves
- 4. The second step • Identify the Vein • Put a tourniquet on patients arm • Clean the vein area with alcohol swab and allow to air dry for 30 seconds • Insert the needle at a 15 to 30-degree angle • If properly inserted, blood should flash into the tube or syringe
- 5. • Remove the proper volume of blood • Release the tourniquet within one minute • Remove the needle from the patient's arm • Press down on the vessel with cotton
- 6. The third step • Dispose of contaminated materials and needles in the hospital approved containers • Shake the tubes 3-4 times • Wright the name of patient on the tubes • Stand the tubes 5 minutes before centrifuging • Put the tubes in the centrifuge • Deliver blood specimens to the laboratory
- 8. Effects of pre-analytical phase • Age • Sex • Diet • Drugs • Exercise • Diagnostic procedures(endoscopy) • Pregnancy • Timing of collection • Hemolysis, lipemia, jaundice • anti-coagulants
- 9. Hemolysis May easily occur during blood sampling: • very intense aspiration of blood • too hard mixing of sample • too long time putting a tourniquet • transferring blood from the syringe to the tube with needle • cooling down the sample on <0°C
- 10. potassium measurement will be highly affected by hemolysis.
- 11. lipemia occurs when patient don’t fast 12 ours before sampling
- 13. Anti-coagulants when taking blood gases and electrolytes • Heparin binds all positive ions in blood, especially calcium ions • Dilution with liquid heparin cozies decreased results of electrolytes • Therefore dry heparin is recommended That’s why: • Exclusive use of preheparinized syringes are recommended for electrolyte measurements on a blood gas analyzer
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