ABSTRACT: The article entitled "Learning from Bima" in the perspective of a myth is a scientific writing
that contains the story of the birth of Bima to the process to get a set of life-guiding beliefs. In the process, many
events that are passed through related to the nature of the natural and cultural environment that is not entirely
logical or have hidden logic, but require leaps of extra careful logic, because it gets beyond habits that cause
myths appear to be irrational. The story that was worked on was Bima character who eventually met Dewaruci,
his God. In this research, we used a qualitative method that emphasizes the full involvement of researchers in
digging for and collecting data to conduct analysis, as well as compiling reports, and articles. Myth theory is
used to reconstruct a symbolic mythological understanding of living energy such as water, wind or its
composition that is converted into fire/apui, water/udgata, wind/maruta becoming a symbol of God, namely
AUM. The results of the research were descriptive understanding of the use of water, wind, and fire as sources
of vital energy for life that can be obtained through samadi.
Cosmology, Worldview and Ecology N K DasNAVAKISHORDas
N K Das in his study of indigenous religion in northeast India reveals enormous variety in terms of belief, ritual, spiritualism and symbolic imagery, as also in enduring beliefs surrounding cosmology, myth and ultimate human-nature harmony. A growing body of anthropological scholarship is currently trying to make sense of these developments, mainly of the resurgences of indigenous societies in an increasingly interconnected world, whereby to explore the indigenous expressions such as harmony with nature, holism, shamanism and a new Avatar of animism. Moving away from old stereotypes, this review article focuses attention on what Clifford has called the emergence of “a new public persona and globalizing voice --protection of sacred sites, and transnational activism”. It is argued that “Indigenous religion” needs to be situated in the new and “global form of religiosity - - - associated with those defined in international law as “indigenous peoples”.
Keywords: Tribal Religion, Worldview, Cosmology, Ecology, Global Indigenous Discourse
Cultural Rationality andthe Igbo SocietyQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Culture is complex. Each culture is clearly different. This is because of its unique historical evolution. This confers on it qualities that make it peculiar, original and an organic whole. Culture as the entire way of life of a people past and present, has dynamic interplay of factors promoting progress, adaptation and interaction. Global change constantly challenges people to maintain their identity in the face of new conditions. Notwithstanding culture is marked by stable and enduring elements as well as by changing and contingent factors. As a way of life, culture includes art, religion and religiosity, marriage and family, elders and ancestors, egalitarian societal values etc. The Igbo people have a profound religious sense in which the existence of the divine being and the invisible spirit world is natural. This study will examine some components of culture and highlights cultural erosion that affects the esteemed values vis-à-vis global changes. This leads to the trend to jettison original cultural authenticity by its sons and daughters. Hence the urgent challenge to engage the rest of the world within a composite framework situated in a purely African reality in spite of global change.
The document discusses the essence and nature of values. It defines values as elements that determine the worth of things, and notes they come from the Latin word "valere" meaning "to measure". Values are inherent in any society and revealed through people's acts. There are positive and negative values that create an atmosphere and hierarchy. Values transcend facts and cannot demand existence, but people experience an order of values. The document also examines the phenomenology and characteristics of moral values, as well as the relationship between natural and moral values.
This document discusses various pedagogies and teaching practices, including ecojustice pedagogy, feminist pedagogy, and queer pedagogy. For ecojustice pedagogy, it describes key points of ecojustice theory, methods for disrupting anthropocentric mindsets, and teaching methods focused on exploring intersections between cultural value systems and ecology. For feminist pedagogy, it outlines classroom practices like invitational rhetoric, empowerment, building community, giving voice, incorporating diverse experiences, and challenging traditional views. For queer pedagogy, it provides examples of lessons that investigate queered relationships, knowledges, and communities.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
1) The document discusses the trisula, a three-pronged spear that is a cultural symbol of Kuningan, Indonesia. It has been used as a weapon and heirloom passed down for hundreds of years.
2) It describes how early humans in Kuningan used weapons like stone, bone and horns for protection from wild animals. Over time, weapons took on new uses and symbolic meanings as society developed.
3) The trisula is an example of how cultural heritage can help maintain identity and unity, even under colonial pressures to change traditions. Maintaining these connections to the past is important for continuity of cultural goals.
These slides on Culture and Society are about Sociology. These slides help you to get information about different cultures and societies. In these slides you'll find amazing themes with beautiful pictures and some amazing animations. In these slides you'll find different quotes by different scholars and some Quranic verses also. Please rate us if you liked our slides.
Thanks
Philippine Copyright 2014
All Rights Reserved. Portions of this manuscript may be reproduced with proper referencing and due acknowledgement of the authors.
ask permission before copying the contents :)
Cosmology, Worldview and Ecology N K DasNAVAKISHORDas
N K Das in his study of indigenous religion in northeast India reveals enormous variety in terms of belief, ritual, spiritualism and symbolic imagery, as also in enduring beliefs surrounding cosmology, myth and ultimate human-nature harmony. A growing body of anthropological scholarship is currently trying to make sense of these developments, mainly of the resurgences of indigenous societies in an increasingly interconnected world, whereby to explore the indigenous expressions such as harmony with nature, holism, shamanism and a new Avatar of animism. Moving away from old stereotypes, this review article focuses attention on what Clifford has called the emergence of “a new public persona and globalizing voice --protection of sacred sites, and transnational activism”. It is argued that “Indigenous religion” needs to be situated in the new and “global form of religiosity - - - associated with those defined in international law as “indigenous peoples”.
Keywords: Tribal Religion, Worldview, Cosmology, Ecology, Global Indigenous Discourse
Cultural Rationality andthe Igbo SocietyQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Culture is complex. Each culture is clearly different. This is because of its unique historical evolution. This confers on it qualities that make it peculiar, original and an organic whole. Culture as the entire way of life of a people past and present, has dynamic interplay of factors promoting progress, adaptation and interaction. Global change constantly challenges people to maintain their identity in the face of new conditions. Notwithstanding culture is marked by stable and enduring elements as well as by changing and contingent factors. As a way of life, culture includes art, religion and religiosity, marriage and family, elders and ancestors, egalitarian societal values etc. The Igbo people have a profound religious sense in which the existence of the divine being and the invisible spirit world is natural. This study will examine some components of culture and highlights cultural erosion that affects the esteemed values vis-à-vis global changes. This leads to the trend to jettison original cultural authenticity by its sons and daughters. Hence the urgent challenge to engage the rest of the world within a composite framework situated in a purely African reality in spite of global change.
The document discusses the essence and nature of values. It defines values as elements that determine the worth of things, and notes they come from the Latin word "valere" meaning "to measure". Values are inherent in any society and revealed through people's acts. There are positive and negative values that create an atmosphere and hierarchy. Values transcend facts and cannot demand existence, but people experience an order of values. The document also examines the phenomenology and characteristics of moral values, as well as the relationship between natural and moral values.
This document discusses various pedagogies and teaching practices, including ecojustice pedagogy, feminist pedagogy, and queer pedagogy. For ecojustice pedagogy, it describes key points of ecojustice theory, methods for disrupting anthropocentric mindsets, and teaching methods focused on exploring intersections between cultural value systems and ecology. For feminist pedagogy, it outlines classroom practices like invitational rhetoric, empowerment, building community, giving voice, incorporating diverse experiences, and challenging traditional views. For queer pedagogy, it provides examples of lessons that investigate queered relationships, knowledges, and communities.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
1) The document discusses the trisula, a three-pronged spear that is a cultural symbol of Kuningan, Indonesia. It has been used as a weapon and heirloom passed down for hundreds of years.
2) It describes how early humans in Kuningan used weapons like stone, bone and horns for protection from wild animals. Over time, weapons took on new uses and symbolic meanings as society developed.
3) The trisula is an example of how cultural heritage can help maintain identity and unity, even under colonial pressures to change traditions. Maintaining these connections to the past is important for continuity of cultural goals.
These slides on Culture and Society are about Sociology. These slides help you to get information about different cultures and societies. In these slides you'll find amazing themes with beautiful pictures and some amazing animations. In these slides you'll find different quotes by different scholars and some Quranic verses also. Please rate us if you liked our slides.
Thanks
Philippine Copyright 2014
All Rights Reserved. Portions of this manuscript may be reproduced with proper referencing and due acknowledgement of the authors.
ask permission before copying the contents :)
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An existential phenomenology is a psychological approach that studies subjective human experiences to understand how individuals perceive themselves and their world. It aims to develop a deep understanding of human existence and challenges reductionist views of human behavior. The approach emphasizes meanings that individuals attach to their lives and experiences. It can be applied in tourism research to understand tourists' experiences by interviewing them about current and past trips and analyzing the insights to understand changes in their experiences.
This document summarizes and critiques the theoretical foundations of Warwick Fox's transpersonal ecology and Arne Naess' ecosophy T. It argues that Fox's focus on individual self-identification fails to account for the primacy and formative influence of culture. Cultures encode knowledge and shape identity through traditions like language, narratives, and root metaphors. Therefore, rational arguments aimed at individuals may not be the most effective way to address ecological issues or change cultural practices. Taking culture into account is important for developing a viable transpersonal ecology.
This document discusses human nature from an Indo-Eastern perspective across several philosophies. It describes the Vedantic view that the core of human beings is Brahman, or pure consciousness and bliss. The Jain perspective emphasizes non-violence and the Buddhist view focuses on the four noble truths about suffering and its cessation. Sufism aims to help individuals realize their true nature and experience the divine spark within through spiritual practices and teachings.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological lens. It then examines how anthropology views the self as both a biological and cultural entity shaped by one's environment and experiences. The document explores different cultural influences on the formation of self-concept and identities. It analyzes the concepts of material and non-material culture and how they shape perceptions and behaviors. Finally, it discusses two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and how culture influences our body image and sense of self.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological view. It then examines how anthropology sees the self as culturally constructed rather than innate. The document explores different dimensions of culture, including material and non-material aspects, and how culture shapes various aspects of the self like memories and body image. It analyzes two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and discusses how culture is a broad concept that illuminates ways of life and forms our identities.
Pham 1
Khoa Pham
2/3/2015
RELI 100
Prof. Sparks
Vietnamese Mother of Goddess Religion Rituals
There is unlimited question that has been passing down in history around "What is religion" through many civilizations, languages, or races. 'Author James Livingston mentions in his book that “religion is a universal and abiding dimension of human experience” (Livingston 3). Through the perspective of Vietnamese religion, we could somehow understand the basic definition of religion by looking to the Vietnamese Mother of Goddess that is the ambassador to connect the material world with the genies. They are marked in the propitiation of spirits of fortune to people that relates to the knowledge of Vietnamese history, moral, and gender equally.
Vietnamese religions are consisted of spiritual and natural habits which mainly affected from Chinese religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, etc. However, among them, the Mother of Goddess is combination between the rituals of religious belief and folk performance art. This is an indigenous and unique form because it embraces Vietnamese culture and the tradition of patriotism. The spirit medium is the tool to connect and communicate between human to genies by going into a trance. It is most notable ritual is the medium performance which is considered “anthropomorphic polytheism”.
The researcher, Mr. Nguyen Tien Dung at Vietnamese Belief Research Center, says: “According to legends, there are 36 Genies who are stationed in different regions. The 36 Genies are arranged in a strict hierarchical order. They spiritually match with certain people who are believed to have the fate of serving the Genies”. (Lan Anh, 2014) In the Mother of Goddess religion, a medium is called either Mr. or Ms. in different incarnate. But, most of the gods are women because they are the representation of reproduction, caring, and protection. The religion makes the women, the mothers as the role models in order to express the desire to break away from feudalism thinking.
The ritual is a traditional custom so it is mostly performed during anniversaries, Lunar New Year, full moon festivals, etc. There is no exact reason why the Vietnamese have to perform the ritual on those days. It is just their instinctive action to do so when the time comes. Sacred places like pagodas, temples are ideal locations for medium performers because it is considered extremely serious and formal. All of these characteristics are “set us apart from other living species” (Livingston 3). Apparently, medium possession is a form of communication to the gods. People believe that the spirit possession on mediums can have the abilities to cure diseases, perform exorcize, give away luckiness, wealth, etc. When the gods possessed on the mediums, they are not themselves anymore but the representative of the god that incarnating. This is “worship of manlike but superhuman and semi-ethical beings” (Smith 278).
The medium ritual consists of four concepts: in.
Influence of environment and nature on educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses the influence of environment and nature on education. It argues that education has lost its way by focusing too much on advanced science and technology instead of moral values. Nature originally provided the basic education humans needed through qualities of love, peace and brotherhood. While technology has benefits, it has also increased selfishness and destroyed moral values. The ultimate goal of education should be developing well-rounded personalities and enabling social growth, maturity, and ability to maintain relationships. Education is shaped by one's environment, and ancient humans brought up in nature's lap were very different than modern humans.
11.influence of environment and nature on educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses the influence of environment and nature on education. It argues that education has lost its way by focusing too much on advanced science and technology instead of moral values. Nature originally provided the basic education humans needed through qualities of love, peace and brotherhood. While technology has benefits, it has also increased selfishness and destroyed moral values. The ultimate goal of education should be developing well-rounded personalities and enabling social growth, maturity, and ability to maintain relationships. Education is shaped by one's environment, and ancient humans brought up in nature's lap were very different than modern humans.
This document discusses Mahayana Buddhism's views on nature, the environment, and how the doctrine of "Consciousness-Only" can help address environmental problems. It outlines key Buddhist environmental concepts like interdependence, cycles of birth and death, and the equal intrinsic value of all things. It then describes characteristics of the "Consciousness-Only" doctrine, including the seven layers of consciousness - the first five senses, the mind consciousness, and the manas consciousness, which discerns the inner spiritual world and is the root of ego and karma. The document argues that to truly understand Buddhist environmental thoughts, one must grasp concepts at a deeper level of unconsciousness, as the doctrine teaches phenomena are only the surface and a
Sujay Cultural Symbiosis Personality and Mind-orientation FINAL FINAL FINAL.o...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses and defines key concepts related to cultural anthropology, including culture, ethnography, and various schools of thought regarding cultural change. It provides definitions of culture from prominent anthropologists that describe culture as socially learned, symbolic, shared, adaptive, and all-encompassing. It also outlines common attributes of culture, such as being expressed through human nature, integrated and patterned, evolving over time, and operating as a cognitive system. The document then discusses components of culture and defines ethnography as the systematic study of different peoples and cultures through participation and observation.
The Teachings of Central Asian Thinkers on the Formation of Personal Ecologic...YogeshIJTSRD
The document discusses the teachings of Central Asian thinkers on developing personal ecological culture. It examines how Islamic teachings promote respect for nature and emphasize humanity's role in maintaining balance with the environment. Thinkers like Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Beruni and Rumi discussed humanity's relationship with nature and responsibility to use resources rationally. Their works highlighted pantheism and emphasized nature's role in human well-being, thought, and worldview. Overall, the document analyzes how religious texts and philosophers from the region historically contributed to ecological thinking and consciousness.
This document discusses several key concepts related to religion and belief systems. It defines religion as pertaining to supernatural beings and forces according to anthropologists. It also discusses the differences between religious and non-religious phenomena, and provides examples of animism, polytheism, monotheism, and institutionalized religion. It notes that institutionalized religions have hierarchical leadership structures and codified rituals, and provides examples of the separation of church and state in historical and modern societies.
Preservation of Lake Toba Ecosystem through Batak Toba Folklore: Ecolinguisti...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to describe Batak Toba folklore which functions to preserve the Lake Toba ecosystem. Since this research is descriptive qualitative, so the data appears in the verbal forms. This study was conducted in Samosir Island and its neighbouring areas. The respondents were all locals, who had good knowledge of local folklore. Interviews were recorded on videotape and snowball technique was used when doing interviews. The recorded data was tested using validity technique, for instance, credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmation. Technique of analysis was using the interpretation. The result of this research shows that in relation to Lake Toba ecosystem preservation, Batak Toba folklore can include the harmony of land-use space, the norms of time-fishing and fishing tools, the obligations of planting trees and their conservation, stone texture and water preservation. Hariara Baringin is advised to be maintained. The messages in the folklore were corelated with prohibition, injunction, and solicitation.
The document discusses several key aspects of religion including definitions, beliefs, practices, and theories. It defines religion as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings. It explores issues in defining religion across cultures and the dichotomy between the spiritual and natural worlds. The document also summarizes several major theoretical perspectives on religion including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it provides examples of religious patterns like animism, polytheism, and monotheism throughout history.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in philosophy and how they relate to education. It discusses major branches and theories of philosophy from both Eastern and Western traditions. In Western philosophy, it covers naturalism and idealism. For Eastern philosophies, it outlines key concepts in Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, and Islam. It also discusses how these different philosophical traditions influence views of knowledge, logic, values, reality, and the purpose of education.
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An existential phenomenology is a psychological approach that studies subjective human experiences to understand how individuals perceive themselves and their world. It aims to develop a deep understanding of human existence and challenges reductionist views of human behavior. The approach emphasizes meanings that individuals attach to their lives and experiences. It can be applied in tourism research to understand tourists' experiences by interviewing them about current and past trips and analyzing the insights to understand changes in their experiences.
This document summarizes and critiques the theoretical foundations of Warwick Fox's transpersonal ecology and Arne Naess' ecosophy T. It argues that Fox's focus on individual self-identification fails to account for the primacy and formative influence of culture. Cultures encode knowledge and shape identity through traditions like language, narratives, and root metaphors. Therefore, rational arguments aimed at individuals may not be the most effective way to address ecological issues or change cultural practices. Taking culture into account is important for developing a viable transpersonal ecology.
This document discusses human nature from an Indo-Eastern perspective across several philosophies. It describes the Vedantic view that the core of human beings is Brahman, or pure consciousness and bliss. The Jain perspective emphasizes non-violence and the Buddhist view focuses on the four noble truths about suffering and its cessation. Sufism aims to help individuals realize their true nature and experience the divine spark within through spiritual practices and teachings.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological lens. It then examines how anthropology views the self as both a biological and cultural entity shaped by one's environment and experiences. The document explores different cultural influences on the formation of self-concept and identities. It analyzes the concepts of material and non-material culture and how they shape perceptions and behaviors. Finally, it discusses two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and how culture influences our body image and sense of self.
This document discusses anthropological perspectives on the self. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding how culture influences self-concept from an anthropological view. It then examines how anthropology sees the self as culturally constructed rather than innate. The document explores different dimensions of culture, including material and non-material aspects, and how culture shapes various aspects of the self like memories and body image. It analyzes two anthropological views of the self - the egocentric view and socio-centric view - and discusses how culture is a broad concept that illuminates ways of life and forms our identities.
Pham 1
Khoa Pham
2/3/2015
RELI 100
Prof. Sparks
Vietnamese Mother of Goddess Religion Rituals
There is unlimited question that has been passing down in history around "What is religion" through many civilizations, languages, or races. 'Author James Livingston mentions in his book that “religion is a universal and abiding dimension of human experience” (Livingston 3). Through the perspective of Vietnamese religion, we could somehow understand the basic definition of religion by looking to the Vietnamese Mother of Goddess that is the ambassador to connect the material world with the genies. They are marked in the propitiation of spirits of fortune to people that relates to the knowledge of Vietnamese history, moral, and gender equally.
Vietnamese religions are consisted of spiritual and natural habits which mainly affected from Chinese religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, etc. However, among them, the Mother of Goddess is combination between the rituals of religious belief and folk performance art. This is an indigenous and unique form because it embraces Vietnamese culture and the tradition of patriotism. The spirit medium is the tool to connect and communicate between human to genies by going into a trance. It is most notable ritual is the medium performance which is considered “anthropomorphic polytheism”.
The researcher, Mr. Nguyen Tien Dung at Vietnamese Belief Research Center, says: “According to legends, there are 36 Genies who are stationed in different regions. The 36 Genies are arranged in a strict hierarchical order. They spiritually match with certain people who are believed to have the fate of serving the Genies”. (Lan Anh, 2014) In the Mother of Goddess religion, a medium is called either Mr. or Ms. in different incarnate. But, most of the gods are women because they are the representation of reproduction, caring, and protection. The religion makes the women, the mothers as the role models in order to express the desire to break away from feudalism thinking.
The ritual is a traditional custom so it is mostly performed during anniversaries, Lunar New Year, full moon festivals, etc. There is no exact reason why the Vietnamese have to perform the ritual on those days. It is just their instinctive action to do so when the time comes. Sacred places like pagodas, temples are ideal locations for medium performers because it is considered extremely serious and formal. All of these characteristics are “set us apart from other living species” (Livingston 3). Apparently, medium possession is a form of communication to the gods. People believe that the spirit possession on mediums can have the abilities to cure diseases, perform exorcize, give away luckiness, wealth, etc. When the gods possessed on the mediums, they are not themselves anymore but the representative of the god that incarnating. This is “worship of manlike but superhuman and semi-ethical beings” (Smith 278).
The medium ritual consists of four concepts: in.
Influence of environment and nature on educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses the influence of environment and nature on education. It argues that education has lost its way by focusing too much on advanced science and technology instead of moral values. Nature originally provided the basic education humans needed through qualities of love, peace and brotherhood. While technology has benefits, it has also increased selfishness and destroyed moral values. The ultimate goal of education should be developing well-rounded personalities and enabling social growth, maturity, and ability to maintain relationships. Education is shaped by one's environment, and ancient humans brought up in nature's lap were very different than modern humans.
11.influence of environment and nature on educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses the influence of environment and nature on education. It argues that education has lost its way by focusing too much on advanced science and technology instead of moral values. Nature originally provided the basic education humans needed through qualities of love, peace and brotherhood. While technology has benefits, it has also increased selfishness and destroyed moral values. The ultimate goal of education should be developing well-rounded personalities and enabling social growth, maturity, and ability to maintain relationships. Education is shaped by one's environment, and ancient humans brought up in nature's lap were very different than modern humans.
This document discusses Mahayana Buddhism's views on nature, the environment, and how the doctrine of "Consciousness-Only" can help address environmental problems. It outlines key Buddhist environmental concepts like interdependence, cycles of birth and death, and the equal intrinsic value of all things. It then describes characteristics of the "Consciousness-Only" doctrine, including the seven layers of consciousness - the first five senses, the mind consciousness, and the manas consciousness, which discerns the inner spiritual world and is the root of ego and karma. The document argues that to truly understand Buddhist environmental thoughts, one must grasp concepts at a deeper level of unconsciousness, as the doctrine teaches phenomena are only the surface and a
Sujay Cultural Symbiosis Personality and Mind-orientation FINAL FINAL FINAL.o...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses and defines key concepts related to cultural anthropology, including culture, ethnography, and various schools of thought regarding cultural change. It provides definitions of culture from prominent anthropologists that describe culture as socially learned, symbolic, shared, adaptive, and all-encompassing. It also outlines common attributes of culture, such as being expressed through human nature, integrated and patterned, evolving over time, and operating as a cognitive system. The document then discusses components of culture and defines ethnography as the systematic study of different peoples and cultures through participation and observation.
The Teachings of Central Asian Thinkers on the Formation of Personal Ecologic...YogeshIJTSRD
The document discusses the teachings of Central Asian thinkers on developing personal ecological culture. It examines how Islamic teachings promote respect for nature and emphasize humanity's role in maintaining balance with the environment. Thinkers like Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Beruni and Rumi discussed humanity's relationship with nature and responsibility to use resources rationally. Their works highlighted pantheism and emphasized nature's role in human well-being, thought, and worldview. Overall, the document analyzes how religious texts and philosophers from the region historically contributed to ecological thinking and consciousness.
This document discusses several key concepts related to religion and belief systems. It defines religion as pertaining to supernatural beings and forces according to anthropologists. It also discusses the differences between religious and non-religious phenomena, and provides examples of animism, polytheism, monotheism, and institutionalized religion. It notes that institutionalized religions have hierarchical leadership structures and codified rituals, and provides examples of the separation of church and state in historical and modern societies.
Preservation of Lake Toba Ecosystem through Batak Toba Folklore: Ecolinguisti...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to describe Batak Toba folklore which functions to preserve the Lake Toba ecosystem. Since this research is descriptive qualitative, so the data appears in the verbal forms. This study was conducted in Samosir Island and its neighbouring areas. The respondents were all locals, who had good knowledge of local folklore. Interviews were recorded on videotape and snowball technique was used when doing interviews. The recorded data was tested using validity technique, for instance, credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmation. Technique of analysis was using the interpretation. The result of this research shows that in relation to Lake Toba ecosystem preservation, Batak Toba folklore can include the harmony of land-use space, the norms of time-fishing and fishing tools, the obligations of planting trees and their conservation, stone texture and water preservation. Hariara Baringin is advised to be maintained. The messages in the folklore were corelated with prohibition, injunction, and solicitation.
The document discusses several key aspects of religion including definitions, beliefs, practices, and theories. It defines religion as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings. It explores issues in defining religion across cultures and the dichotomy between the spiritual and natural worlds. The document also summarizes several major theoretical perspectives on religion including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it provides examples of religious patterns like animism, polytheism, and monotheism throughout history.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in philosophy and how they relate to education. It discusses major branches and theories of philosophy from both Eastern and Western traditions. In Western philosophy, it covers naturalism and idealism. For Eastern philosophies, it outlines key concepts in Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, and Islam. It also discusses how these different philosophical traditions influence views of knowledge, logic, values, reality, and the purpose of education.
Similar to Learning from Bima: A Myth Perspective (20)
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
Enhancing Asset Quality: Strategies for Financial Institutionsshruti1menon2
Ensuring robust asset quality is not just a mere aspect but a critical cornerstone for the stability and success of financial institutions worldwide. It serves as the bedrock upon which profitability is built and investor confidence is sustained. Therefore, in this presentation, we delve into a comprehensive exploration of strategies that can aid financial institutions in achieving and maintaining superior asset quality.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
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American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-03, Issue-10, pp-01-08
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Learning from Bima: A Myth Perspective
Dr. I Nyoman Mustana., S.Kar., M.Hum.1
, Dr. Sunardi., S.Sn., M.Sn.2
,
Sudarsono., S.Kar., M.Si3
1
(Theatre Departement and Post Graduate Departements/ Indonesian Institute of Arts, Indonesia)
2
(Puppets Departements/ Indonesian Institute of Arts, Indonesia
3
(Puppets Departements/ Indonesian Institute of Arts, Indonesia)
ABSTRACT: The article entitled "Learning from Bima" in the perspective of a myth is a scientific writing
that contains the story of the birth of Bima to the process to get a set of life-guiding beliefs. In the process, many
events that are passed through related to the nature of the natural and cultural environment that is not entirely
logical or have hidden logic, but require leaps of extra careful logic, because it gets beyond habits that cause
myths appear to be irrational. The story that was worked on was Bima character who eventually met Dewaruci,
his God. In this research, we used a qualitative method that emphasizes the full involvement of researchers in
digging for and collecting data to conduct analysis, as well as compiling reports, and articles. Myth theory is
used to reconstruct a symbolic mythological understanding of living energy such as water, wind or its
composition that is converted into fire/apui, water/udgata, wind/maruta becoming a symbol of God, namely
AUM. The results of the research were descriptive understanding of the use of water, wind, and fire as sources
of vital energy for life that can be obtained through samadi.
KEYWORDS: Bima, Dewaruci, water, wind, fire
I. INTRODUCTION
Earth inhabited by humans today is a planet that is constantly in turmoil with various social and cultural
changes and radical nature that presents uncertainty in a major crisis of civilization (Bell, Daniel, 1997: 21). But,
the talks between layers of the culture of the present and the past are often in the form of mythical stories which
at first glance seem irrational, but actually they are rational in the sense that there are thoughts in them that have
not been critically examined. It can be an expression of the story of a charismatic legendary hero, the story of
gods, superstition, mythological animals or the names of certain wayang figures such as Krishna, Sakuni, or
Ramawijaya and Rahwana which are related to the beliefs of the people of a certain place.
Myth is always alive and developing in a particular society. It is an oral tradition that survives and
develops in the lives of people throughout the world. Myths are often sacred and pure and are related to
supernatural senses that are difficult to prove by scientific methods, so there are illogical and anonymous
tendencies like wayang kulit purwa (literally „original wayang‟). Nevertheless, myth is useful as a talk to
strengthen social connection (Humaeni, 2012: 176). In wayang Nusantaraperformance, Bima character can be
used as an example of mythical stories, models, codes, and cybernetics or cyberspace that stimulates cultural
values that are visualized in forms of behavior through the characters acting in wayang stories. Wayang
stimulation affects the mental attitude of the community. Social reality expressed through various imaginary
characters can give a vivid picture (Kuntowijoyo, 1987: 135).
Bima became a myth of a powerful figure, because hehad amazing strength in terms of physical, mental
and spiritual, and was a motivator to strengthen the unity of life for all species on earth to grow and develop
according to the nature of each habitat. He was called a motivator, because Bima cared about the natural
environment and social environment through spiritual activities such as tapa, berata, yoga, and samadi. Tapa is
a human effort to obtain supernatural powers through hardening of the body, worship and asking for fortune
(material things) from God. Brata is a restraint of desires (fasting) in a certain period of time according to the
purpose. Yoga is a process of body and mind (soul) towards physical and spiritual health/soul, and samadi is an
activity of concentration of the soul (mind and feeling) in prayers that are of mythological sacred values as a
way of manunggaling kaula lan Gusti or vertical communication between humans and God.
The activities of mythological figures such as Bima used in wayang performance stories always transmit
the teachings of goodness. The activities carried out by Bima are oriented to the balance and harmony of all
ecological levels which are internally dynamic and occupy nature and God as the subject. All three are focused
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on the activities of art and culture as human objects that have implications for all beings that live in nature so
that happiness and harmony can be achieved with the essence of each life. The reasoning becomes important to
be conveyed and responded to, so that Bima as the subject who is placed as a teacher in the perspective of the
myth really does not transform into a big narration, which is the expression of thinking of higher self,
prestigious, having gaps, and baing different in front of others including appreciator (Bell, 2002: 194). If this is
the case, it meansthere is a denial of democratic values based on communal expression. Therefore, in terms of
the role, function and dominance of the relational values of Bima figure, it is very urgent as a reference for
imagination to increase the dynamics of art that is constantly moving and being moved together with the
necessity of cultural inner voice (Humardani, S.D., 1979/1980:50). Thus, the values of art and cultural treasures
revealed in wayang art for example, are an endless source to be extracted and absorbed in their essence as a
means of personal formation (Wibisana, Singgih. 1972:12).
II. PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Based on these complex social cultural phenomena or realities, three questions emerge as an effort to
simplify the process while looking for focal points formulated in the formulation of the problem statements. The
three problem statements are as follows.
1. What is Bima's attitude toward himself?
2. What is the attitude of Bima towards other parties?
3. Why does Bima like purity?
The three questions in the formulation of the problem statements are sought answers and explanations
in a research based on qualitative methods. Kaelan (2005:5-6) states that qualitative research is emphasized in
terms of quality, naturally which involves understanding, concepts, values, and other identities that objectivate.
According to Bogdan and Biklen (in Kaelan, 1982: 3), qualitative research concerns humans and their cultural
expressions. Qualitative research can also be named phenomenological research, case studies, interpretive,
ecological or descriptive. Qualitative research can be carried out by at least one person with a single case (Miles
and A. Michael Huberman, 1992:59). Arikunto (1993:115) also emphasizes that case studies are intensive,
detailed, and in-depth research of organisms, institutions or symptoms in a particular area with a narrow subject.
Data were collected through interviews with a number of sources, such as Mr. Bambang Suwarno,
Kuato, and Sudarsono through the technique of snow ball openly and continuously through focused talks that
lead to problem solving efforts faced by Bima in the life process of birththrough adult. Literacy study was
conducted to start the process until the end of this research to gather a number of information in the form of data
in the form of images, documents, and video recordings. Data were mostly collected by the work team on an
ongoing basis and were analyzed from the start in focus group discussion (FGD) activities with interdisciplinary
literacy discourse to explain complex conceptual maps from diverse data with the supporting capacity of social
sciences, cultural studies, religion, art and politics. The creatorhad the perspectives that that (1) Bima shaped his
character, (2) Bima cared about other parties, and (3) Bima acted sacred/pure natures. The creator places these
three things which can be assumed as the concept of forming Bima's personality to obtain self-image in order to
obtain complete personal authenticity.
III. THE IDENTITY OF BIMA
From the case of birth, it gives a space of awareness to always build social and cultural integrity,
especially in the values of logic, empiricism, ethics, and aesthetics. These four values are needed as active
instruments with religious dimensions and minimum standards in welcoming someone's birth. At the level of
factual reality, birth is addressed religiously, slowly, but surely, and can be passed through step by step. The
purpose of human life, both as individuals and social groups depends on the direction of life force, guiding light,
and the rule of law as a navigation form of its implementation (Radhakrishnan, S. 2003:3).
(1) The Birth of Bima
The earth where humans live is a laboratory of spirits (atma). When the spirit occupies the human
body, the spirit undergoes the best process of sublimation (purification) through birth. Birth as a human
should be used as well as possible. An obsession of being human is an ideal desire because being born as
a human is an opportunity to do good (Donder, I Ketut and I Ketut Wisarja, 2009: 195). Therefore, every
pair of people would want to have children for the continuity of their dynasty. Pandu in the cursed state
was still trying to gain a child. Pandu's first child, Yudistira, was only one year old. Pandu has expressed
his will again to Kunti to be given a child who has great strength. Kunti was interested in Pandu's request
and gave a positive response, that Pandu wanted Dewa Bayu to be the father of his second child.
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The child will bring the truth from the most powerful gods of all gods. When a truth is supported by great
power, then no one can match it, because physical strength along with inner strength will bring out tremendous
strength. Dewi Kunti accepted with full confidence Prabu Pandu's request. Through the spells and prayers of the
Hredaya Dewi Kunti, they worshipped and called on Dewa Bayu. After prostrating to Hyang Agung (the
almighty God), the universe was engulfed in darkness, so that the universe was invisible, without nature, beyond
reasoning, and was like having a long deep sleep (Donder, I Ketut and I Ketut Wisarja, 2009: 37). After a while,
a baby was born from the womb of Kunti, a handsome, mighty and strong child. His body was tall with a round
eyeball (Murtana, 1992/1993: 14). As soon as Bima was born, there was a magical sound that this newborn child
would be the most amazing and powerful person, his name was Bima (Subramaiam, 2003: 29-30).
Bhima was born wrapped in a placenta that is very hard and difficult to break. Various weapons were
tried to break down the placenta, but it was not yet successful (Bambang Suwarna, Kuato, and Sudarsono.
Interviews on 6 and 20 July 2019). Batara Bayu helped the birth of Bima because it was born in the form of a
wrap. For fourteen years in a pack, like a hermit in a pack (Bambang Suwarno, Kuato, and Sudarsono, an
interview on July 25, 2019). He entered Sena's elephant body to give strength to break the amniotic fluid
wrapping skin. The way that Batara Bayu Betara didwas by causing a wind storm that caused the skin covering
the placenta to fly to the coast of Sindureja Kingdom.
Dewi (goddess) Uma with her supernatural powers gave clothes from heaven in the form of a poleng
bang bintulu cloth worn as underpant, Candrakirana bracelet, nagasara necklace, or nagabanda necklace,
jaroting asem earrings, hair curled in the shape of pudhak sinumpet. By dressing like that, Bima seems to be of
good character, handsome, and strong. A character is not enough through its outer appearance, but rather tends
to refer to inner attitudes (Dewojati, 2012: 176), such as honest, loyal, open, smooth, rude, responsible and so
on.
An elephant named Sena arrived and broke the wrap. Bima was born still having red skin at birth but had
shown tremendous strength. Once born Gajah Sena was attacked by Bima, so that fighting between Bima and
Gajah Sena was inevitable. As a result of the battle, Sena was killed. The spirit and magic power of Gajah Sena
then merged with Bima's body and soul so that the power of Bima multiplied. Bima as the personification of
extraordinary, brave and brute strength, but with a golden heart, should have a position as raksha (protector),
pelana (guardian), and yogakhsema (welfare) (Radendra, I.B., 2007: 3). Bima has other names such as
Bratasena, Werkudara, Bayusuta or Bayusunu. Bratasena is a combination of the word sena which means
warrior and barata means barata‟s descendant. Therefore, Bratasena means warrior of barata, the name of Bima
in childhood. Werkudara is derived from the word wrika (Sanskrit) which means that the wolf and the virgin are
air or stomach. Werkudara means a person who has a stomach like a wolf. This name was given by Dewi Uma,
Betara Guru‟s wife, the supreme god of heaven (S. Pendit, 1980: 44).
Batara Bayu was also called Hyang Pawaka (wind god), a symbol of strength. Symbols are not only as a
medium of understanding but also have the power to give meaning to social reality. Through the process of
imaging, the symbol system obtains its abstract power in order to change the meaning and lead the way of
having perspective to influence the practice of a person or group (Fashri, 2007: 17). Batara Bayu was the fourth
son of Sang Hyang Manik Maya, King of Tribuana with the empress, Dewi Umayi. Batara Bayu was Sang
Hyang Manikmaya incarnating on Semar, automatically Batara Bayu was also admitted as a son by Semar. Sang
Hyang Bayu had 5 siblings namely Batara Sambo, Brama, Indra, Vishnu, and Kala. Other siblings from
different mothers, namely Batara Cakra, Mahadewa, Asmara, from Mother Dewi Umarakti. Batara Bayu was
Bima's real father, so Bima was called Bayu putra (son), Bayusiwi, Bayu Tenaya or Bayusuta. All names have
meanings, Batara Bayu‟s child. Dewi Kunti and Prabu Pandudewanata could not have children because of the
curse of Resi Kindama. Kunti thanked to the power of cloning, Ajian Hredaya, brought Batara Darma.
(2) Bima cared for other parties
In Bale Sigala-gala story, Bima saved Ibu Kunthi and the four siblings, Yudistira, Arjuna, Nakula, and
Sahadewa from the burning flames which spread heat in every corner of the candle house that burned it. The
incident was allegedly because of Kurawa who wanted the death of Pandawa. Bima swiftly passed through the
flash of tongues of fire to set foot in the mouth of the tunnel, then disappeared swallowed by the tunnel hole that
was pitch dark and musty. They were rescued by a mongoose of Anantaboga‟s incarnation so that Pandawa
survived from the fire and arrived at Saptapratala (Sudibyoprono, R. Rio, 1991:115-116).
The five siblings, namely Yudistira, Bima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadewa seemed inseparable from the
sense of unity and oneness in their social life. They lived in mutual cooperation. A sense of solidarity or
tolerance was always fostered among the five of them. If any one of them faced a problem, then they would both
feel the problem as the problem of each individual and work on a solution together, so that the unity of values
and the benefits of togetherness could be felt. Ibu Kunti always reminded and controlled their togetherness.
They were born in a certain place in the palace of Astina in different situations and times, but from childhood to
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adulthood they were always educated to be always in harmony to foster unity. Their spirit or the soul of
togetherness was always united between thoughts, words, and behaviors/actions. It is like one organ that has
been formed in its functional connectivity systematically between one element with another, meaning that one
subject to problems will be felt by other parts of the organ. Bima as the strengthener or unifier of the kinship is
like a thumb that becomes the strongest grip in building unity without ignoring the role and function of the other
four fingers, meaning that without the other fingers it is impossible for the thumb to give that power perfectly.
In a social context, the five sons of Kunti can be analogous to social theology, especially Bima. He was a
spiritualist figure who could be regarded as a community's spiritual teacher who became a role model in the
sense of being trusted (digugu) and being an example (imitated) by the community. At the time of Bima's
childhood, Bratasena studied the science of government, especially in the field of arthasastra which in the
description gave priority to the people's prosperity on the one hand and the prosperity of the state on the other.
Learned by Pandawa and Kurawa children about law enforcement (dandaniti), which is a science of dispute
resolution efforts (Radenra, I.B., 2007:2). In law enforcement, it is not just giving punishment to certain people
for evil actions, but the most important thing is to provide social education in the form of education throughout
the life (long life education) in order to strengthen the social structure on a massive scale, because people who
behave like an evil appear at any time beyond the predictions of the general public, in every location and
condition. Therefore, the community is given an ongoing understanding in order to have the awareness to apply
the three words in their lives, namely thinking, saying, and acting honestly as the basis for realizing social order.
A person's awareness is never independent and cannot be separated from the reality outside it. Awareness is
always about something. Reality can be built through awareness. There is an inherent interdependence between
awareness and reality. Representation is always related to reality and must be referred to, so that reality is in
accordance with its existence (Sugiharto in Adlin, 2006:9).
Bima's awareness representation only revealed when he received learning materials of thirty-five (35)
formations of defense or attack that were trained repeatedly by Bagawan Drona together with Pandawa and
Kurawa about skills or the science of national defense in the war strategy category when they were teenagers. .
In Bratayudha war, only ten (10) core defense or attack formations were applied by Pandawa and Kurawa for
soldiers in both camps. The ten formations are as follows.
(1) Wukir-sagara wyuha (coral hills and sea water waves).
(2) Wajratiksnna wyuha (a kind of trident weapon).
(3) Kagapati wyuha (eagle).
(4) Gajendramatta wyuha (army of elephants).
(5) Chakra wuha (chakra weapon).
(6) Makara Wyuha (Scorpion).
(7) Sucimukha wuha (needle-shaped).
(8) Padma wyuha (lotus flower).
(9) Ardhcandra wyuha (crescent).
(10) Right wyuha (circular warrior layer) (Wirjosuparto, R.M. Sutipto, 1968:30).
Bima was not satisfied with getting a war strategy education, so he wanted to continue his spiritual
studies to get guidance, so that he begged Guru Drona of Kanuragan. As a teacher for the kingdom of Astina, it
seems that it was not appropriate enough to be rejected, so Bimasena was directed to look for the wind center
(susuhing angin) that was in Forest Reksa Muka. Bima went to look for it. According to the authors, Bima was
told to go to the forest to find social construction spaces. Yet, the fact was that the forest was deserted, habitat
for all kinds of savage and wild animals. The situation was sometimes scary. This is in accordance with the
opinion Massey to put forward five arguments for social space. Space is (1) a social construction, (2) it is
spatially constructed, (3) it is not static because it is formed by constantly changing social relations, (4) it is
related to the construction of power and symbolism, (5) social space is expanded simultaneously; overlapping,
side by side, paradoxical relations or antagonism may occur (in Barker, 2005:384).
IV. BIMA HAD SACRAL DIMENSIONS
The figure of Bima when he has an orientation in the sacred world can be analogous to a cosmic man
who views life in a society as compared to having a relationship with an extended family that originated from a
belief system in God. Bima is a figure who has a high awareness of personal success in the present and the
future. In a story entitled "Bima Suci" (The Sacred Bima), Bima became a priest, a holy figure. In addition, it
had become Bima's personal sacred commitment to unite thoughts, words, and provisions (manunggaling Bayu,
Sabda, Idep), that the ideal of uniting the family must be realized even though there are various obstacles in the
way, all obstacles or obstacles do not let the spirit down, but sought a way out.
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When Bima wanted to get Kanuragan from Bagawan Drona's teacher, only Bima wanted to get it while
the other Drona‟s students like Kurawa and other Pandawa had no ideas or desires to obtain Kanuragan. Seeing
Bima's will so seriously, Bagawan Drona also greeted him with high enthusiasm. Drona advised Bima to go to
Forest Reksa Muka, which literally means the message, suggestion, or command, which means to preserve
(Javanese: openana) your face, because there are eyes, nose, ears and mouth. Four (4) elements that form the
structure of the face also determine the behavior, even the character of life. Everything that can be seen by the
eyes, inhaled by the nose, heard by the ears, and tasted with the tongue through the mouth can or talk about
good things because it can affect perception and direct behavior.
When often seeing the goodness of action and natural beauty or cultural engineering, then his behavior
tends to serve the good and praise the beauty, because the beauty is a friend of goodness. If you often smell
fragrant then people will become worshippers of fragrance as a truth. If people often hear the words of good
value, then people are encouraged to do good, and if the diet is not good, it will interfere with their health. When
Bima was suggested by Guru Drona to look for wind gung susuhing angin wood (the center/source of wind), he
did not find in the forest, because Bima had not yet been clearly formulated the purpose, direction, and purpose
of his wishes. Gung susuhing angin wood is the natural forest of the universe (macrocosm) which is the center
of the world's lungs to get energy from negative ions and clean air, while the source/center of wind in the small
universe (microcosm) is in the human lung organs. Drona's message or suggestion to Bima might be interpreted
or told to meditate. The forest is a symbol of silence. In silence arises a feeling of calm, comfort, peace, serenity
and various kinds of imagination about many frightening things such as giant disturbances or the possibility of
wild animal attacks disturbing the minds of meditators like Bima in this case Dewaruci's story.
Dewaruci's story is more or less the same as the Bima Suci. Both are categorized as philosophical stories
(lakon lebet), but the same essence, that is equally seeking sacred water from the ocean. Bima Suci or Dewaruci
story tells about the journey of Bima in search of Tirta Pawitra (sacred water) on Drona's directions. Water in
the Balinese socio-religious paradigm is seen as having sacred values and reflecting the occult element (Goris,
1984:9). That means water is important for human life as is Bima who opened the space of consciousness with
the wind and fire which is always united in the origin of the universe to uncover the secrets of life to overcome
earthly ties and to find a point of balance. Sacred water, wind, and fire are life energy found in Bima through the
form of Bima khalik called Dewaruci, the opening of consciousness space. Therefore, Dewaruci is a symbol of
the existence of the Divine nature that Bima felt when he was one with Dewaruci's holy body. An unlimited
ocean was seen there. The depth was immeasurable, deep blue water with strong waves. The holy qiblah shines
and the light of the emptiness (awang-uwung) symbolizes the sacred journey of searching for God, Bima
realized as the essence of God (Soetarno, 1989:24).
Bima was sitting cross-legged, worshipping, and speaking by krama hinggil (subtle Javanese). His
attitude deviated from the habit, because Bima was not accustomed to speaking manners and his attitude
remained upright with his hands on his hips. At that time, Bima felt very small in front of Dewaruci. Bima's
power, intelligence, might, wisdom, and existence were as small as an atom when faced with power,
intelligence, wisdom, and the existence of a transcendental eternal God. Consequently, as humans we must
communicate, worship, and surrender to the creator through faith (Soetarno, 1995: 82-83).
When Bima was in the holy body of Dewaruci, he witnessed various events such as Pancamaya, Catur
warna, Hastawarna, and Pramana. In the human body, there are senses that are capable of responding to their
creations which are neatly stored in the heartstrings. The place of response is a colorful shadow called
Pancamaya that occurs because of the senses. Pancamaya (five images) is the heart's content in the form of
patterns of life experiences that guide human bodies to true glory. Unlike catur warna –black, red, yellow, and
white as the base of the human mind and color human characters. Whoever is free from the three colors namely
black, yellow, and red, will attain true release, return to the origin of all events and return to God when death
comes. The black color is coloring glamour, stupidity, rage. Red colors the actions that encourage lust and is
unwise. Yellow colors human actions leading to destruction and obstruct safety. White color refers to true purity
and happiness. If white can compensate for the three including black, yellow, and red colors, Catur warna will
disappear and the behavior will be colored by eight colors (Hastawarna).
The essence of eight colors is a mirror of the eight characteristics found in the universe that can be
responded to by the senses and stored as Pancamaya in the heart. Between the big world, the universe, and the
small world, namely Pancamaya which is stored in the heartstrings, it is not different from hastawarna
(hastabrata) meaning eight main practices consisting of the sun, moon, stars, earth, water, sea, wind, and fire. In
the heartstrings of human, hastabrata becomes the power of strength, beauty, consistency, patience, purity,
capacity, accuracy, and harmony. In the human body, hastawarna (hastabrata) is an inseparable unity and
oneness, like the heart and pulse as long as the body is still alive, Pramanain body. As long as the body is still
alive, Pramana does not eat, drink and sleep, but is still alert. Hastabrata (hastawarna) describes part of the
attributes of God The Almighty as a human unity called sukma. This soul supports the soul with pramana as the
intermediary. When a human dies, the prama disappears from the body. Thus, his body is dead, but the soul and
the body carry each other alive in an all-wise world, there is no sadness, no hunger, sleepiness, there is only
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satisfaction (Sotarno, 1991: 84). From the description above, it can be understood that the existence of human
beings in the world does not exist by itself, but is made into God. The nature of God is transcendent while
humans as humans are immanent creatures. However, humans can further unite with their God as described in
the story of Bimasuci (Soetarno, 1991:85).
V. FIGURES
Picture 1
Bratasena/Young Bima
Puppet Creations and Collections of Dr. Bambang Suwarno
Photo: I Nyoman Murtana
Picture 2
Bagawan Drona
Collection of Dr. Bambang Suwarno, S.Kar., M.Hum
Photo: I Nyoman Murtana
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Picture 3
Bratasena
Collection of Dr. Bambang Suwarno, S.Kar., M.Hum.
Photo: Dr. I Nyoman Murtana
VI. CLOSING
1. Conclusion
a. One's identity cannot be separated from the involvement of others. When new born, he was named
Bima. The one giving the name was unknown, because of it was an occult sound. Busana bang bintulu
was also given by another person, Batari Uma, Batara Guru's wife. Great power is the request of
Pandudewanata's father to Kunti, the Batara Bayu gift, a symbol of the power god. Gajahsena who
succeeded in breaking Bima's placenta was violently attacked by Bima to death and his spirit fused with
Bima's body,making the power more powerful. Since then he has been named Bimasena. Bima means
brave and rude, but with a noble heart. He was named Bratasena, Werkudara, Bayusuta, or Bayusunu.
b. Bima cared about other parties. He really loved his family. Evidently Bima carried his mother, brother,
and younger siblings out of the flames that burned down the candle house where the party took place to
be rescued to saptapratala. Bima was very respectful to Guru Drona who gave lessons in governance,
war strategy, kanuragan and spiritual life.
c. Bima followed instructions of Guru Drona to look for Guh Susuhing angin wood in Forest Reksa Muka.
His efforts failed to meet Giant Rukmuka and Rukmakala. Bima was bearded. They lost and
transformed back into their original form as Batara Indra and Bayu. Bima continued his journey in
search of Tirta Pawitra at the bottom of ocean, attacked by a serpent. Bima fainted, but gradually woke
up. At that time, Dewaruci appeared before him. Bima worshipped and spoke softly, having dialogue
about the nature of life and finding eight divine lights, the light of God with all its power to devote them
in the mortal world.
2. Criticism and Suggestions
This paper could not be separated from deficiencies, both sentences and thoughts in the form of
conceptual and theories. Therefore, criticisms and suggestions are needed from readers for future
improvement.
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