This document examines the relationship between leadership, governance, and poverty in Nigeria since 1960. It argues that worsening poverty is due to poor political leadership and bad governance. Specifically, it finds that non-transformational leadership tends to facilitate bad governance, which increases poverty, while transformational leadership facilitates good governance and decreases poverty. It recommends establishing a more rigorous political recruitment process to elect leaders with strong vision who can improve governance and reduce poverty.
This document summarizes a research paper about democratic deficit and political participation in Nigeria. It discusses how most Nigerians do not participate in the political process, instead leaving it to political elites and their supporters. This has led to erosion of the social contract and democratic deficit. Leadership has become self-serving, lacking policy direction, corrupt, and developmentally deficient. However, active citizenship can lead to good governance. The paper argues that both citizens and leaders need to be on equal footing in the Nigerian system. Civil society and other groups should encourage political transformation and development through greater citizen participation.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
Corruption and public accountability in the nigerian public sector interrog...Alexander Decker
This document discusses corruption and public accountability in the Nigerian public sector. It begins by stating that corruption thrives where systems of public accountability are weak. While Nigeria has internal and external mechanisms for accountability, they appear ineffective due to a lack of political will to address corruption.
The document then reviews different perspectives on defining and conceptualizing corruption. Corruption is described as a deviation from formal duties for private gain, such as through bribery, nepotism, and misappropriation of public funds. It involves abusing public office for personal benefit rather than serving the public. Corruption stems from human greed and ambition as well as weak moral values. Both petty corruption by civil servants and grand corruption among high officials drain
This document outlines emerging trends in global governance, including a shift from centralized to decentralized governance, hierarchical control to stakeholder empowerment, and standardized procedures to performance orientation. It discusses experiments with new governance models in the Philippines based on decentralization, local autonomy, and greater civic participation. The trends are placing new demands on politicians, civil servants, and development professionals to reexamine assumptions and adapt to changes in accountability, inter-sector collaboration, and organizational competence.
This document discusses decentralization in Indonesia. It begins by outlining the historical arguments for a centralized government in Indonesia due to its diversity. However, decentralization was introduced in 1999 to address regional inequalities and grievances that had fueled separatist movements. The document defines decentralization as the transfer of authority and responsibilities from the central government to local governments. It explores how decentralization aims to give more autonomy to local areas and enhance democracy, legitimacy, and stability.
The document discusses the emergence of the concept of governance in development discourse in the 1990s. It was introduced by international institutions like the UN and World Bank as an alternative paradigm to address failures of previous development models. Governance goes beyond government to include citizens, institutions, and groups pursuing collective goals. It emphasizes principles like accountability, participation, transparency and the rule of law. The document outlines how governance and good governance are defined by different scholars and organizations and their relationship with development and poverty reduction.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of governance from the 1990s to 2000s. It summarizes that:
1. Governance expanded beyond just government to include the roles of citizens, organizations, and groups in pursuing collective goals.
2. Key factors that pushed the governance paradigm included development failures, environmentalism, globalization, and peacebuilding.
3. "Good governance" emerged as an international development principle promoting accountability, participation, predictability, transparency, and the rule of law.
4. Kofi Annan affirmed that good governance is essential for sustainable development and eradicating poverty.
This document discusses the various environmental constraints that can impact public administration. It identifies 5 main constraints: educational, legal-political, socio-cultural, economic, and religious. For each constraint, the document provides details on how it can influence an organization and its administrators. It also gives examples from other authors on how factors within these constraints, such as education levels, laws, social relationships, economic conditions, and religious beliefs, need to be considered by administrators in planning and implementing programs.
This document summarizes a research paper about democratic deficit and political participation in Nigeria. It discusses how most Nigerians do not participate in the political process, instead leaving it to political elites and their supporters. This has led to erosion of the social contract and democratic deficit. Leadership has become self-serving, lacking policy direction, corrupt, and developmentally deficient. However, active citizenship can lead to good governance. The paper argues that both citizens and leaders need to be on equal footing in the Nigerian system. Civil society and other groups should encourage political transformation and development through greater citizen participation.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
Corruption and public accountability in the nigerian public sector interrog...Alexander Decker
This document discusses corruption and public accountability in the Nigerian public sector. It begins by stating that corruption thrives where systems of public accountability are weak. While Nigeria has internal and external mechanisms for accountability, they appear ineffective due to a lack of political will to address corruption.
The document then reviews different perspectives on defining and conceptualizing corruption. Corruption is described as a deviation from formal duties for private gain, such as through bribery, nepotism, and misappropriation of public funds. It involves abusing public office for personal benefit rather than serving the public. Corruption stems from human greed and ambition as well as weak moral values. Both petty corruption by civil servants and grand corruption among high officials drain
This document outlines emerging trends in global governance, including a shift from centralized to decentralized governance, hierarchical control to stakeholder empowerment, and standardized procedures to performance orientation. It discusses experiments with new governance models in the Philippines based on decentralization, local autonomy, and greater civic participation. The trends are placing new demands on politicians, civil servants, and development professionals to reexamine assumptions and adapt to changes in accountability, inter-sector collaboration, and organizational competence.
This document discusses decentralization in Indonesia. It begins by outlining the historical arguments for a centralized government in Indonesia due to its diversity. However, decentralization was introduced in 1999 to address regional inequalities and grievances that had fueled separatist movements. The document defines decentralization as the transfer of authority and responsibilities from the central government to local governments. It explores how decentralization aims to give more autonomy to local areas and enhance democracy, legitimacy, and stability.
The document discusses the emergence of the concept of governance in development discourse in the 1990s. It was introduced by international institutions like the UN and World Bank as an alternative paradigm to address failures of previous development models. Governance goes beyond government to include citizens, institutions, and groups pursuing collective goals. It emphasizes principles like accountability, participation, transparency and the rule of law. The document outlines how governance and good governance are defined by different scholars and organizations and their relationship with development and poverty reduction.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of governance from the 1990s to 2000s. It summarizes that:
1. Governance expanded beyond just government to include the roles of citizens, organizations, and groups in pursuing collective goals.
2. Key factors that pushed the governance paradigm included development failures, environmentalism, globalization, and peacebuilding.
3. "Good governance" emerged as an international development principle promoting accountability, participation, predictability, transparency, and the rule of law.
4. Kofi Annan affirmed that good governance is essential for sustainable development and eradicating poverty.
This document discusses the various environmental constraints that can impact public administration. It identifies 5 main constraints: educational, legal-political, socio-cultural, economic, and religious. For each constraint, the document provides details on how it can influence an organization and its administrators. It also gives examples from other authors on how factors within these constraints, such as education levels, laws, social relationships, economic conditions, and religious beliefs, need to be considered by administrators in planning and implementing programs.
Culture should be the primary lens for examining international development for several reasons:
1) Culture influences the development of political and economic institutions within societies. Societal values and beliefs shape how institutions are structured.
2) Studies have found that cultural factors like values, social patterns, and attitudes can impede or promote modernization and development. For example, certain cultural traits in Latin America and Southern Italy have slowed their economic and political progress.
3) Individual belief systems aggregate to form cultural norms that underlie and influence how societies design political and economic systems to achieve prosperity and progress. Culture is organic and shapes tangible institutions.
Participation a Requisite for Grass Root Democracy. An Indian Overviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Here are some key strategies to promote inclusion and combat exclusion of Madheshis in Nepal:
1. Integrated and multi-dimensional action programs: Address exclusion across dimensions like income, health, education, employment rather than separate policies for each.
2. Partnership and collaboration: Mobilize diverse stakeholders including government, civil society, private sector to work together on inclusion initiatives.
3. Participation: Involve Madheshis meaningfully in decision making at all stages from planning to implementation.
4. Spatial approach: Analyze exclusion at local levels to understand unique characteristics and design targeted interventions.
5. Increase access to education for Madheshis, especially girls and marginalized groups. Impro
This PPT deals with following:-
good governance, origin of good governance, good governance day in India, nature/characteristics of good governance, significance of good governance, challenges for good governance, citizen charter, origin of citizen charter, citizen's charter in India,
The Governance & Public Policy Initiative (GPPI) was established in 2012 in collaboration with the Centre for Policy Research to promote effective governance in India through discussions and debates. GPPI organizes roundtables, conferences, and seminars on issues like empowering citizens, foreign policy, health, and the environment. It aims to strengthen parliamentary diplomacy and engage lawmakers, thinkers, and civil society in policymaking. GPPI also coordinates international programs that take lawmakers to universities like Yale and Oxford to discuss governance challenges with scholars.
An Appraisal Of Nigeria’s Democratic Consolidation And Economic Development: ...inventionjournals
After years of military and authoritarian rule, great expectations accompanied the resumption of
civilian rule in Nigeria in May 1999. For a country that has suffered severe deterioration in its economy and
politics over the fifty years of military rule, the assumption that a civilian rule would herald a dawn of peace
and a deepening of democratic values and norms in the society was understandable. This paper sets out to
analytically x-ray the country’s political cum economic penchant and to ascertain to what degree its democratic
principles have been consolidated upon from the inception of its democratic rule. The paper finds that
consolidating democracy in Nigeria is tough and challenging but not entirely hopeless. Nigeria is a country with
thriving democratic spirit but is ruled by tyrants and despots who have both the inclination and resources to
scupper agitations for democratic reforms. Nigeria’s, like citizens in established democracies, want
constitutional democracy and all the rights, privileges and benefits associated with democracy
The document discusses the meaning and evolution of "public" in public administration and argues that voluntary sector management falls within the scope of public administration. It defines three meanings of "public" - as government organizations, as providers of public goods and services, and as governance for the public interest. All organizations exist on a continuum of publicness and privateness. Voluntary sector organizations, while not governmental, still aim to serve the public interest and provide public goods, placing their management within the domain of public administration.
Law, governance and the challenges for developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses law, governance, and development challenges. It defines law as an instrument for order maintenance, good governance, and social engineering. Good governance requires democracy, transparency, accountability, rule of law, and separation of powers. Development challenges include adopting holistic vs. piecemeal strategies, feedback mechanisms, and rent-seeking behaviors without oversight. Effective governance through law is needed to ensure infrastructure supports all economic players and development goals are achieved.
This article examines the role of community governance in strengthening the peacebuilding process in Nepal. It finds that community-based organizations are key actors in community governance and play an important role in addressing inequality, fostering awareness, promoting democratic values, and giving voice to marginalized groups. However, the overall practice of governance at the community level in Nepal has been moderate to efficient. The article concludes that for the peace process to be successful at the grassroots level, community governance must be strengthened to allow genuine participation and inclusion of local communities.
M.Ed Advanced Sociology of education's Topic - Womens empowerment..fatima roshan
Education is a key means of empowering women and promoting gender equality. Empowerment involves gaining knowledge, skills, and self-confidence to make choices and control one's own life. Education improves women's economic opportunities and status in society. It also leads to lower fertility rates and population growth by increasing access to family planning. However, disparities in access to education still exist between social groups in many countries due to poverty, discrimination, and lack of political will. Ensuring universal access to education is crucial for empowering women and promoting human rights.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AFTER
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NO. 22 OF 1999
(FROM AUTHORITATIVE TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTAL REGIME)
Submitted as Prerequisite for "Introduction to International Cooperation Law" Course
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
(DICOS, 300202040)
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
a product of my intense :) research about public administration's ethics, accountability and corruption. reported in partial fulfillment of the course Public Administration 208 or the Philippine Administrative System, at UP Diliman, QC
This document outlines a lecture on governance and global public policy. It discusses conceptual frameworks for understanding global public policy, including how governance processes consider decision making and resource management. Globalization has reconfigured the role of states through partnerships and networks. Global public policy has emerged to address transboundary, common, and simultaneous problems. A successful case of global public policy is the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which has been widely adopted with progress in related policies. However, the document argues that while global organizations define problems and advocate for policies, implementation and compliance remain more under the purview of nation states due to their focus on outcomes over processes in governance. A balance of shared beliefs and power distribution is needed in global governance theory and practice.
Democratic consolidation in Nigeria: Looking between the mirage and the mirrorKayode Fayemi
This document discusses democratic consolidation in Nigeria after the return to civilian rule in 1999. It makes three key points:
1) Civilian rule has not necessarily led to democratic consolidation due to deep divisions in Nigeria's politics that predate military rule. Communal conflicts have killed over 10,000 and societal violence is increasing.
2) Civil-military relations remain problematic as the military remains entrenched in civic and economic life. True civilian control requires a democratic struggle beyond just elections or subordinating the military to the president.
3) Electoral politics threaten democratic gains if elections are not free and fair. Rising poverty and pressure to spend on local projects near the 2003 elections could further destabilize the
The document summarizes research on how Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Cali, Colombia and Lima, Peru have impacted low-income populations' transportation access and mobility. Key findings include:
1) While the poor use the BRT systems, they do so at lower rates than other public transit due to issues with service quality, routes not reaching destinations, and in Lima, unaffordability when considering all trips needed.
2) BRT coverage is weaker in areas of extreme poverty, limiting access, and frequencies are lower there as well.
3) The systems provide important transportation for work and school trips by the poor, but issues remain around integration, quality, and affordability.
This document provides a summary of lecture notes on urban economics. It discusses why cities exist due to agglomeration economies like shared labor pools, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. It also notes that while cities provide economic benefits, they also create problems like pollution and traffic. The lectures focus on theories from Alfred Marshall and Jane Jacobs and explain how cities can encourage innovation to solve urban problems and fuel growth. However, cities can also fail if issues go unaddressed.
Culture should be the primary lens for examining international development for several reasons:
1) Culture influences the development of political and economic institutions within societies. Societal values and beliefs shape how institutions are structured.
2) Studies have found that cultural factors like values, social patterns, and attitudes can impede or promote modernization and development. For example, certain cultural traits in Latin America and Southern Italy have slowed their economic and political progress.
3) Individual belief systems aggregate to form cultural norms that underlie and influence how societies design political and economic systems to achieve prosperity and progress. Culture is organic and shapes tangible institutions.
Participation a Requisite for Grass Root Democracy. An Indian Overviewinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dialectical Relationship Between Terrorism and Human Security: A Sociological...Rula alsawalqa
This article analyzes the dialectical relationship between terrorism and human security to reveal its dimensions and their role in counterterrorism and to understand what motivates individuals to join terrorist groups. Adopting a qualitative methodological design, data were analyzed through deductive reasoning from the sociological perspective. The findings revealed that terrorist threats to human security could not be addressed through traditional mechanisms alone. They require a new consensus that recognizes the linkages and interdependencies between development, human rights, and national security through a comprehensive approach that uses a wide range of new opportunities.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Here are some key strategies to promote inclusion and combat exclusion of Madheshis in Nepal:
1. Integrated and multi-dimensional action programs: Address exclusion across dimensions like income, health, education, employment rather than separate policies for each.
2. Partnership and collaboration: Mobilize diverse stakeholders including government, civil society, private sector to work together on inclusion initiatives.
3. Participation: Involve Madheshis meaningfully in decision making at all stages from planning to implementation.
4. Spatial approach: Analyze exclusion at local levels to understand unique characteristics and design targeted interventions.
5. Increase access to education for Madheshis, especially girls and marginalized groups. Impro
This PPT deals with following:-
good governance, origin of good governance, good governance day in India, nature/characteristics of good governance, significance of good governance, challenges for good governance, citizen charter, origin of citizen charter, citizen's charter in India,
The Governance & Public Policy Initiative (GPPI) was established in 2012 in collaboration with the Centre for Policy Research to promote effective governance in India through discussions and debates. GPPI organizes roundtables, conferences, and seminars on issues like empowering citizens, foreign policy, health, and the environment. It aims to strengthen parliamentary diplomacy and engage lawmakers, thinkers, and civil society in policymaking. GPPI also coordinates international programs that take lawmakers to universities like Yale and Oxford to discuss governance challenges with scholars.
An Appraisal Of Nigeria’s Democratic Consolidation And Economic Development: ...inventionjournals
After years of military and authoritarian rule, great expectations accompanied the resumption of
civilian rule in Nigeria in May 1999. For a country that has suffered severe deterioration in its economy and
politics over the fifty years of military rule, the assumption that a civilian rule would herald a dawn of peace
and a deepening of democratic values and norms in the society was understandable. This paper sets out to
analytically x-ray the country’s political cum economic penchant and to ascertain to what degree its democratic
principles have been consolidated upon from the inception of its democratic rule. The paper finds that
consolidating democracy in Nigeria is tough and challenging but not entirely hopeless. Nigeria is a country with
thriving democratic spirit but is ruled by tyrants and despots who have both the inclination and resources to
scupper agitations for democratic reforms. Nigeria’s, like citizens in established democracies, want
constitutional democracy and all the rights, privileges and benefits associated with democracy
The document discusses the meaning and evolution of "public" in public administration and argues that voluntary sector management falls within the scope of public administration. It defines three meanings of "public" - as government organizations, as providers of public goods and services, and as governance for the public interest. All organizations exist on a continuum of publicness and privateness. Voluntary sector organizations, while not governmental, still aim to serve the public interest and provide public goods, placing their management within the domain of public administration.
Law, governance and the challenges for developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses law, governance, and development challenges. It defines law as an instrument for order maintenance, good governance, and social engineering. Good governance requires democracy, transparency, accountability, rule of law, and separation of powers. Development challenges include adopting holistic vs. piecemeal strategies, feedback mechanisms, and rent-seeking behaviors without oversight. Effective governance through law is needed to ensure infrastructure supports all economic players and development goals are achieved.
This article examines the role of community governance in strengthening the peacebuilding process in Nepal. It finds that community-based organizations are key actors in community governance and play an important role in addressing inequality, fostering awareness, promoting democratic values, and giving voice to marginalized groups. However, the overall practice of governance at the community level in Nepal has been moderate to efficient. The article concludes that for the peace process to be successful at the grassroots level, community governance must be strengthened to allow genuine participation and inclusion of local communities.
M.Ed Advanced Sociology of education's Topic - Womens empowerment..fatima roshan
Education is a key means of empowering women and promoting gender equality. Empowerment involves gaining knowledge, skills, and self-confidence to make choices and control one's own life. Education improves women's economic opportunities and status in society. It also leads to lower fertility rates and population growth by increasing access to family planning. However, disparities in access to education still exist between social groups in many countries due to poverty, discrimination, and lack of political will. Ensuring universal access to education is crucial for empowering women and promoting human rights.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA AFTER
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NO. 22 OF 1999
(FROM AUTHORITATIVE TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTAL REGIME)
Submitted as Prerequisite for "Introduction to International Cooperation Law" Course
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
(DICOS, 300202040)
The Militarization of the Turkey’s Democracy Promotion Policy in the Arab Mid...inventionjournals
This research examines why Turkey started to act against its principle of non-intervention by taking part in military actions in Libya and Syria, through process-tracing technique. The research derives evidence from statistical data, content analysis, and face-to-face interviews. We initially explain the strategic interests of Turkey in the two countries, and then indicate how Turkey acted to save its strategic interests during the uprisings between 2011 and 2016. This research is important as it contributes to the literature on the use of military power in relation with deterrence, democratization, and nationalism. It also broadens our understanding of liberal peace theory that emphasizes the non-violent nature of democracies. Finally, this research helps better understand Turkey’s foreign policy behaviors, sensitivities, regional power capacity and it is role in Democracy Promotion field, which is a completely new phenomenon in international security policy area.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
a product of my intense :) research about public administration's ethics, accountability and corruption. reported in partial fulfillment of the course Public Administration 208 or the Philippine Administrative System, at UP Diliman, QC
This document outlines a lecture on governance and global public policy. It discusses conceptual frameworks for understanding global public policy, including how governance processes consider decision making and resource management. Globalization has reconfigured the role of states through partnerships and networks. Global public policy has emerged to address transboundary, common, and simultaneous problems. A successful case of global public policy is the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which has been widely adopted with progress in related policies. However, the document argues that while global organizations define problems and advocate for policies, implementation and compliance remain more under the purview of nation states due to their focus on outcomes over processes in governance. A balance of shared beliefs and power distribution is needed in global governance theory and practice.
Democratic consolidation in Nigeria: Looking between the mirage and the mirrorKayode Fayemi
This document discusses democratic consolidation in Nigeria after the return to civilian rule in 1999. It makes three key points:
1) Civilian rule has not necessarily led to democratic consolidation due to deep divisions in Nigeria's politics that predate military rule. Communal conflicts have killed over 10,000 and societal violence is increasing.
2) Civil-military relations remain problematic as the military remains entrenched in civic and economic life. True civilian control requires a democratic struggle beyond just elections or subordinating the military to the president.
3) Electoral politics threaten democratic gains if elections are not free and fair. Rising poverty and pressure to spend on local projects near the 2003 elections could further destabilize the
The document summarizes research on how Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems in Cali, Colombia and Lima, Peru have impacted low-income populations' transportation access and mobility. Key findings include:
1) While the poor use the BRT systems, they do so at lower rates than other public transit due to issues with service quality, routes not reaching destinations, and in Lima, unaffordability when considering all trips needed.
2) BRT coverage is weaker in areas of extreme poverty, limiting access, and frequencies are lower there as well.
3) The systems provide important transportation for work and school trips by the poor, but issues remain around integration, quality, and affordability.
This document provides a summary of lecture notes on urban economics. It discusses why cities exist due to agglomeration economies like shared labor pools, input sharing, and knowledge spillovers. It also notes that while cities provide economic benefits, they also create problems like pollution and traffic. The lectures focus on theories from Alfred Marshall and Jane Jacobs and explain how cities can encourage innovation to solve urban problems and fuel growth. However, cities can also fail if issues go unaddressed.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Omosalewa Mosope Arubayi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics from the University of Lagos. It examines the effectiveness and impact of poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria on the economy. The introduction provides background on the high level of poverty in Nigeria despite its status as an oil-rich country. It then outlines several poverty reduction programmes established by successive Nigerian governments since independence, noting that most failed to achieve their objectives and alleviate poverty. The study will review literature on poverty, analyze data collected through surveys, and make recommendations to improve the implementation of anti-poverty strategies in Nigeria.
Growth Redistribution and Inequality Effects on Poverty in NigeriaUNDP Policy Centre
Jude Chukwu (Department of Economics, University of Nigeria and Visiting Research Fellow, IPC-IG) introduced his research, presenting its empirical findings during a presentation on the IPC-IG’s Seminar Series. He delved into the patterns of growth and inequality in Nigeria, as well as on the extent of pro-poorness and inclusiveness of growth in the country.
This document provides an overview of theories and ideas that have shaped cities from a planner's perspective. It begins with an introduction on the interdisciplinary nature of planning and then divides the rest of the document into sections on historic planning theory, modern planning ideas, transportation demand theory, and further resources. Some of the key theories and ideas discussed include Jane Jacobs' approach to cities as ecosystems, Kevin Lynch's theory of legibility and imageability, the City Beautiful movement, regional planning, urban renewal, and transportation planning concepts.
2009 The culture and economics of urban public space design public and profes...Lee Pugalis
Urban public space is once again a ‘hot’ topic and figures strongly in place quality discourse. City spaces are being recycled, reinterpreted and reinvented in a drive for a competitive quality of place. This paper illustrates the changing face of contemporary UK public space through a qualitative analysis of the perceptions held by public and professional-bureaucratic actors. Drawing on empirical case study research of five recent enhancement schemes at prominent nodes throughout the North East of England, the research explores the culture and economics of urban public space design. Some tentative observations are expressed in terms of the links between cultural activity and economic vitality, and some reflections on policy and practice are put forward.
Key words: urban public space, cultural vitality, economic activity, place quality
Pugalis, L. (2009) 'The culture and economics of urban public space design: public and professional perceptions', Urban Design International, 14 (4), pp. 215-230.
Tvet as a method of facilitating poverty alleviation in third world nations w...Sagir Iliyasu
TVET is a key solution to poverty eradication,job creation,economic expansion, reducing unemployment and improve social and economic well-being of a nation.
1. The document discusses several theories of industrial location including Weber's model, Bid Rent theory, and Losch's market area analysis.
2. Weber's model proposes that industries locate based on minimizing costs of transportation, labor, and agglomeration. Bid Rent theory explains how land values decline with distance from the central business district due to increasing transportation costs.
3. Losch's market area analysis focuses on maximizing sales volume and profit by locating within the range of the market demand cone centered around population centers.
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Urban biodiversity, economics & ethics. (Paper to be presented at ACERP 2011: Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion and Philosophy 2011. 20-22 March, 2011,Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACERP Conference Proceedings, pp.28-42, ISSN: 2185-6141. http://www.iafor.org/ACERP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
This document discusses sustainable transportation planning and goals for India. It outlines essential ingredients for sustainable transport including a comprehensive mobility plan, compact cities, an integrated public transport system, and efficient interchanges. Key themes and principles are presented, such as integrating transportation and land use planning, considering all modes, and managing both transportation demand and supply. Performance indicators and case studies on initiatives in India are provided. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a holistic urban transport strategy in India given rapid urbanization.
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Environmental psychology, urban planning and economics: Intersections, crossroads & tangents. (Paper to be presented at ACP 2011: the Asian Conference on Psychology and the Behavioral Sciences 2011. 20-22 March 2011, Osaka, Japan.) Gezgin, U. B. (2011). Environmental psychology, urban planning and economics: Intersections, crossroads & tangents. (Paper prepared for ACP 2011: the Asian Conference on Psychology and the Behavioral Sciences 2011. 20-22 March 2011, Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACP Conference Proceedings, pp.50-67, ISSN: 2186-615X. http://www.iafor.org/ACP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
This document provides an overview of urban economics. It defines urban economics as the study of the geographical arrangement of households and firms in urban areas and the locational choices they make. It examines where economic activity occurs as households choose where to live and work, and firms choose where to locate factories, offices, or stores. The document outlines the objectives of studying urban economics and the scope of topics covered, including location choices, urbanization, sprawl, poverty, unemployment, crime, traffic, pollution, housing, land, education, and public finance issues in urban areas.
Tim Stonor Predictive analytics using Space Syntax technologyTim Stonor
Tim Stonor presents on predictive analytics for urban planning. He discusses several key discoveries from research using spatial analytics: (1) layout influences human behavior, (2) spatial layout distributes land use and influences crime and safety, (3) spatial layout determines land value, and (4) layout affects carbon footprint. He advocates for an integrated urban model and data-driven approach to address challenges in urban planning.
Application of gis & rs in urban planning sathish1446
Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or aircraft to acquire spatial, spectral and temporal data about objects without physical contact. This data is digitized and processed into images. GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatial or geographic information. Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for urban planning applications such as land use/cover mapping, environmental monitoring, updating basemaps, studying urban growth, transportation systems, and site suitability analysis. GIS allows for overlaying of maps, buffering, and route analysis to support zoning, land management, emergency response and other planning needs. Together, remote sensing and GIS provide timely, reliable spatial data and analysis functions for addressing challenges
This presentation is a compilation of selected topics on the history of urbanization, urban and regional planning theories, urban thinkers and their contributes, concepts, bases of land use, applicability to the Philippine setting, and a briefer of urban design elements.
Transportation planning involves preparing for the movement of people and goods by identifying transportation needs, defining systems, and considering efficiency, quality, and equity. It uses several models and studies - including trip generation, distribution, modal split, and traffic assignment - to understand existing and future travel demand and develop an optimal transportation network. Common transportation studies in the planning process are origin-destination studies, traffic volume studies, speed studies, and parking studies, which provide key data for planning decisions.
The document discusses the history, theory, aspects, and practice of urban planning. It begins with definitions of urban planning and discusses its origins in ancient civilizations. It then covers influential urban planning theories and thinkers from Hippodamus to modernists like Howard and Le Corbusier. The document outlines aspects of urban planning like aesthetics, infrastructure, transportation and discusses sustainable practices. It also discusses new master-planned cities and different levels of urban planning from national to municipal. In the end, it discusses impacts of urban planning on happiness, education and criminality.
Introduction to human settlement and housingty0385
Human settlements are places where humans live and are influenced by various factors. Settlements have evolved over time from primitive and non-organized groups to modern organized cities and urban areas. The document discusses the major phases of evolution of human settlements from primitive groups to modern urban areas. It also discusses how early settlements arose in river valleys that had fertile soil and water for agriculture, which allowed surplus food and the rise of early cities with specialized populations. Environmental factors like water sources, landscape, and vegetation influenced where early humans chose to settle.
Chapter 6 Urban Land Rent - Urban Economics 6th EditionParamita E.
Urban Economics 6th Edition by Arthur O'Sullivan.
This is a brief presentation of Chapter 6. Urban Land Rent, with some cases from Indonesia and some other parts of the world.
11.effective leadership tool for achieving political stability and national d...Alexander Decker
This document discusses effective leadership and its role in achieving political stability and national development in Nigeria. It defines key concepts like leadership, national development, and important leadership traits. It argues that ineffective leadership has hindered Nigeria's development since independence in 1960. It also discusses different leadership styles and theories, emphasizing that the situational approach is most effective as the best style depends on circumstances. The lack of effective leadership is identified as a major factor in Nigeria's failure to develop despite its resources and potential. Adopting the right leadership styles is presented as important to achieving the country's development goals.
Effective leadership tool for achieving political stability and national deve...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about effective leadership and its role in achieving political stability and national development in Nigeria. It begins by outlining Nigeria's struggles with political stability and development since gaining independence. It then defines key concepts like leadership, political stability, and national development. The document discusses important leadership traits like energy, integrity, and judgment. It analyzes different leadership styles and theories. It ultimately argues that Nigeria lacks effective leadership, which has hindered its development, and that adopting more effective leadership could help the country achieve political stability and growth.
11.effective leadership tool for achieving political stability and national d...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about effective leadership and its role in achieving political stability and national development in Nigeria. It begins by outlining Nigeria's struggles with political instability and underdevelopment since gaining independence. It then defines key concepts like leadership, political stability, and national development. The document discusses important leadership traits like energy, integrity, and judgment. It also examines different leadership styles and theories. Overall, the document argues that adopting effective leadership can help Nigeria overcome its challenges and achieve greater political stability and national development.
An appraisal of nigeria’s democratization in the fourthAlexander Decker
This document summarizes and appraises democratization in Nigeria's Fourth Republic from 1999-2010. It finds that the military-led transition to civilian rule failed to establish strong democratic institutions and infrastructure, which has undermined the democratization process. Key issues include a dysfunctional electoral system, disregard for the rule of law, lack of internal democracy in political parties, repression of citizens, manipulation of democratic institutions for personal gain, and widespread poverty. As a result, Nigeria ranks as one of the world's most failed nations despite over a decade of civilian rule. The document concludes that sustained civic activism is needed to overcome Nigeria's democratic challenges.
Politics, poverty and violent conflicts exploring theirAlexander Decker
This document discusses the complex relationship between politics, poverty, and violent conflict in Nigeria, focusing on the fourth republic. It argues that when political leaders allocate resources to enrich themselves rather than the public, it increases poverty and can fuel frustration, aggression, and ultimately violent conflict. The frustration-aggression theory is used as a framework, suggesting that when basic needs and expectations are not met, people may direct their anger towards those they hold responsible. The paper examines concepts like politics, poverty, conflict, and violence, and analyzes how misused political power can entrench poverty, which has direct and indirect links to conflict in Nigeria.
Empowering Civil Society initiative by PRIA
This version of the paper has been written under the three-year project Cultures of Governance and Conflict Resolution in Europe and India (http://www.projectcore.eu/), which concluded in December 2013, funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the differences between managers and leaders using examples of notable historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Bill Gates. It states that leaders influence others through inspiration and vision, while managers focus on power and authority. Leaders leave a lasting legacy through their words and influence on generations, and the examples given for each leader highlight traits like passion, challenging the status quo, compassion, and oration skills that enabled their leadership. Bill Gates in particular demonstrated focus, thinking big, passion for learning, and using his wealth and influence to give back through his philanthropic foundation.
Decentralization and democratic local government in cross river state, nigeri...Alexander Decker
This study examines decentralization and local government in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study aims to determine if state government interference undermines local governments' ability to function effectively. 900 political party members from the state's three geopolitical zones were surveyed. Results showed that political actors perceive local governments in Cross River State are not development-focused due to state interference, contrary to Nigeria's constitution. The study uses institutional theory to analyze how state influence shapes local government administration in the state.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Leadership behaviour and the crises of state failure in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses leadership behavior and state failure in Nigeria. It argues that Nigeria exhibits characteristics of a failing state, such as widespread corruption, declining economy, insecurity, and lack of public services. The document attributes Nigeria's failing state status primarily to poor leadership attitudes. Specifically, Nigerian leadership suffers from extreme moral failings and corrupt behavior which has led to poor governance, high poverty, and crumbling infrastructure. The document proposes that for Nigeria to improve, its leadership must adopt a new, transformational attitude focused on serving the public interest rather than self-interest. It analyzes approaches to changing leadership attitudes and recommends "legitimate compulsion" to stimulate positive change.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Views on different facets of women empowermentdeshwal852
The document discusses women's empowerment and analyzes views on different facets of empowerment through a survey of 240 women professionals. It finds that there are significant differences in understanding different facets of empowerment, such as economic, political, health, and educational empowerment. There are also differences found between women from different cities in their understanding of empowerment. Empowering women is identified as key to reducing poverty and advancing a nation's economic development.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between conflicts and national development in Nigeria. It discusses several key concepts including conflict, national security, and development. It then analyzes some of the main challenges to security in Nigeria that have implications for development, including ethno-religious conflicts, high youth unemployment, and issues with electoral politics and political violence. The document concludes that addressing security challenges is critical to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria.
This document summarizes a study examining the role of local governance in rural development in Maryland County, Liberia. The study had three objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between accountability of local governance and rural development, 2) to determine the relationship between transparency of local governance and rural development, and 3) to assess the relationship between the rule of law of local governance and rural development. The study used a correlational research design involving questionnaires and interviews with local government officials and residents. The results showed that while local governments are meant to promote rural development, they face challenges such as lack of financial resources, inequality, and corruption, hindering their effectiveness. Accountability, transparency, and adherence to the rule of law were found to be
The document discusses good governance. It defines good governance as how public institutions effectively conduct public affairs and manage resources for public benefit. It originated as a concept promoted by the World Bank in 1989 to describe factors necessary for development. Key elements of good governance discussed include participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, equity, effectiveness, efficiency and accountability. The document also discusses Kautilya's views on good governance and highlights that Himachal Pradesh is ranked first among small states in India for quality of governance according to a 2017 survey.
This document discusses zoning and party politics in Nigeria, focusing on the People's Democratic Party (PDP). It examines the importance of zoning and power rotation in Nigeria given its diverse population and history. The emergence of President Goodluck Jonathan in 2011 presented a dilemma for the PDP regarding its zoning formula for the 2015 presidential election. The paper aims to analyze how zoning issues may impact party politics and pose a challenge for the PDP in the upcoming 2015 election. It relies on secondary sources and game theory to frame its analysis of these dynamics.
*Stereotyping and Conflict within the Context of Power Relations in a Multicu...AJHSSR Journal
The document discusses stereotyping and conflicts within the context of power relations in multicultural societies, using Nigeria as a case study. It argues that stereotypes often lead to conflicts because they involve falsely labeling groups based on assumptions. In Nigeria's multicultural context, where there are many ethnic groups and religions, stereotypes threaten harmonious coexistence and have escalated various conflicts as groups struggle for power and control. Effective communication is seen as important to address stereotypes and their role in conflicts. The paper aims to conceptually argue that various media and communication strategies can be used to resolve conflicts caused by stereotypes by promoting understanding between groups.
This document discusses gender inequality and the role that local governments can play in promoting gender equality. It explores how decentralization and increasing the power of local governments can boost their capacity to address gender issues. Several articles examine different aspects of this topic, including whether affirmative action and training programs have effectively increased women's participation and influence in local governments. While international policies have made progress, more needs to be done at the local level to translate policies into real changes that promote gender equality.
Similar to Leadership, governance, and poverty in nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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Easy Earnings Through Refer and Earn Apps Without KYC.pptxFx Lotus
Learn how to make extra money with refer and earn apps that don’t require KYC. Find out the advantages, top apps, and strategies to boost your earnings quickly and easily.
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Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
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L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023
Leadership, governance, and poverty in nigeria
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
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Leadership, Governance, and Poverty in Nigeria
Dr. Emmanuel S. I. Ejere*
Department of Political Science & Public Administration, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: iriemi_ejere@yahoo.com
Abstract
Since Nigeria’s independence in 1960, the incidence of poverty has been on the rise in spite of the fact that the
country had again returned to democratic governance in 1999. The poverty profile of the country had not
improved after over thirteen years of uninterrupted purportedly liberal democratic practice. This paper therefore
examines the relationship between leadership, governance, and poverty in Nigeria with particular reference to
the Fourth Republic; and argues that the worsening poverty situation in the country is due principally to poor
political leadership and the resultant bad governance. It was therefore recommended that a more rigorous and
competitive political recruitment procedure should be put in place so as to ensure that only the best available
persons with transformational vision are elected to high political offices.
Keywords: Leadership, Political Leadership, Good Governance , Poverty, Nigeria
1. Introduction
Since Nigeria attained political independence in 1960, the disturbing trend has been raising poverty among her
populace despite her abundant human and material resources. Regrettably, after over 13 years of uninterrupted
democratic governance in today’s Nigeria the poverty situation in the country has not improved. Indeed, poverty
is still growing. Yet, the eradication of poverty by 2015 is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
subscribed to by Nigeria. The essence of governance, as UNDP (2004) emphasized, is the improvement of the
welfare of the governed.
The thesis put forward in this paper is that increasing poverty among Nigerians is due principally to bad
governance resulting from poor and ineffective (non-transformational) political leadership. The leadership-
governance- poverty interface can be represented diagrammatically thus: (see figure 1).
Transformational leadership tends to facilitate good governance and resultantly decreases poverty. In contrast,
non-transformational leadership is more likely to bring about bad governance and consequently increases
poverty. Successes and failures of nations are attributable directly or indirectly to leadership. There is no gain
saying that leadership matters. There seems to be a general consensus among Nigerians (Bichi 2002, Akanbi
2003, Natufe 2006, Fagbadebo 2007) that poor political leadership is the bane of Nigeria’s development. Asuquo
(2011) established in his study that poor governance, mismanagement of resource, corruption as well as poor
execution of economic development policies and plans were all linked to political leadership in Nigeria.
Leadership is the ultimate activity which brings to success the potential of a country and her people. The main
aim of this paper therefore is to examine the relationship between political leadership, governance, and poverty
in Nigeria with particular reference to the Fourth Republic that began on May 29, 1999 when democratic
governance was restored in the country after about 15 years of military rule or dictatorship.
2. Conceptual Overview
It is pertinent to examine and clarify the three major concepts namely leadership, governance, and poverty that
are germane to this discourse.
2.1 Leadership
Leadership, according to Barnard (1948), refers to the quality of behaviour of individuals, whereby they guide
people in the activities in organized effort. Koontz & Donnell (1955) see leadership as “the activity of
persuading people to cooperate in the achievement of a common objective”. Terry (1956) stated that leadership is
the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual objectives. Leadership basically entails
influencing the actions of other people in cooperative effort that is goal-directed.
But leadership is not a synonym for management. In distinguishing between management and leadership, Kotter
(2001) says that management is dealing with complexities, practices and procedures while leadership is coping
with change. In general, leadership requires a higher order of capability than management. Leadership could be
described as ‘doing the right things’ whereas, management could be stated as ‘doing things right’ (Odgers &
Keeling 2000). Shafritz, Russell & Borick (2009) write that:
Leadership is the exercise of authority, whether formal or informal, in directing and
coordinating the work of others. The best leaders are those who can simultaneously exercise
both kinds of leadership: the formal based on authority of rank or office, and the informal,
based on the willingness of others to give service to a person who special qualities of authority
they admire. It has long been known that leaders who must rely only on formal authority are at
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a disadvantage when compared with those who can also mobilize the informal strength of an
organization or nation.
Political leadership involves the exercise of political power or authority. Simon (1957) defines authority as the
power to make decision which guides the actions of another. It implies that someone has the right to receive
obedience; hence legitimate power is often referred to as authority (Mahajan 2008). Power, according to Roskin
et al. (2008), is the ability of one person to get another to do something. Power is used to produce intended
effects.
Nigro (1965) stated that the essential quality of leaders is that they are convinced that something must be done
and they persuade others to help them to get it done. Warren Bennis declares that the single defining quality of
leaders is their ability to create and realize a vision (Bennis 1989). Effective political leadership is clearly
essential to good governance.
2.2 Governance
The World Bank defines governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a
country’s economic and social resources for development. The bank’s conception of governance has three
applications: In the form of the political regime; the process by which governmental power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources; and the capacity of government to design, formulate
and implement policies (World Bank 1992).
Governance can also be seen as an ongoing global movement towards democratization highlighting the rule of
law, human rights, participatory development and efforts towards open and transparent administration. This links
up governance to the older ethical normative issue of ‘good government in political thought literature (Basu
1994).
Good governance is a multi-dimensional concept, the interrelated dimensions of which includes the political,
institutional, and technical (Hussein 2003): The political dimension is concerned with the form of political
authority that exists in a country and it encompassed democratic governance and such elements as
decentralization, legal and institutional frameworks, accountability, transparency and popular participation. The
institutional dimension is concerned with the ability to manage and get things done through institutional
mechanisms. It is closely related to the technical dimension, which focuses on resources constraints and the
technical know-how concerning efficient and effective utilization of resources in quality service delivery and
economic development.
Good governance is usually associated with effective liberal democratic political regimes. Marie Besancon
writes that:
The practice of good governance distinguishes successful democratic nations from those many
states which do little for their people. Governance is the delivery of a number of critical public
goods to citizens: security, rule of law, political freedoms an enabling framework for economic
performance, education, health, and so on. Where a regime fails to perform-fails to provide
reasonable quantities and qualities of essential public goods-it is governing poorly (Besancon
2003).
Good governance is people-centred: There is apparent concern with focusing on people’s issues and ensuring
that people are the focal point for development-this is manifested in concerns about poverty eradication at the
national level (Commonwealth 2003). According to Downer (2000), “Good governance means competent
management of a country’s resources and affairs in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable, equitable and
responsive to people’s needs”. Good governance is the pathway to poverty reduction and possibly eradication.
2.3 Poverty
Poverty, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica (1981), is a lack of means to satisfy a person’s needs for
nutrition, housing, clothing, and other essentials of life. These needs may be defined narrowly as those necessary
for survival or more broadly as determined by the prevailing standard of living in the community. The World
Bank (2000) states that poverty means lack of what is necessary for material well being especially food, housing,
land and other assets. The World Bank (2003) provides a comprehensive and graphic description of poverty thus:
poverty is hunger, poverty is lack of shelter, poverty is being sick and not able to see a doctor, poverty is not
being able to go to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living
one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water; poverty is powerlessness,
lack of representation and freedom.
Poverty can be defined narrowly as absolute poverty or broadly as relative poverty. Poverty can therefore also be
measured in absolute or relative terms (Burkey 1993). A set standard which is consistent over time across
countries is used to measure absolute poverty. The World Bank defines extreme absolute poverty as living on
less than US$1 (Purchasing Power Parity-PPP) per day, and moderate absolute poverty as living on less than
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US$2 a day.
In contrast, relative poverty is socially defined and dependent on social context, thus it is a measure of income
inequality. Usually relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some
fixed proportion of median income. Unlike absolute poverty that measures material deprivation or hardship,
relative poverty measures inequality. Our concern in this paper is more with absolute poverty than relative
poverty.
3. Theoretical Framework
Burns (1978) identified two types of political leadership; transactional and transformational. Transactional
leaders use exchange relationships to influence their followers. Such leaders motivate followers by exchanging
rewards and promises of reward to secure essential efforts from their followers or pay for services rendered.
Transactional leaders give their followers something they want such as jobs in exchange for something that they
(the leader) want such as votes-an exchange of values akin to a barter of sorts. A transactional leader will rely
virtually on formal authority. Fred Luthans maintains that “transactional leadership is a prescription for
mediocrity” (Luthans 2008).
On the other hand, the transformational leaders articulate a vision and inspire followers to achieve success to
make the vision become reality. The transformational leader, according to Bass (1998) inspires people through a
vision. A transformational leader will rely on both formal and informal authority.
In the context of a developing country like Nigeria, a transformational leader will promote development. Such a
leader will be committed to the development of the society over which he or she rules, ensuring the formulation
and implementation of policies aimed at enhancing the quality of life of all the citizens. This is essentially a
transformational task as it involves moving a country from a lower level of development to a higher level with
reduced poverty, marked by significant improvements in respect of the basic needs of education, health, food
and housing (Adamolekun 2005). The focus of this discourse is on transformational leadership, rather than
transactional leadership because a political leadership that is visionary, transformational and development
oriented will invariably better the lives of the people.
The four key characteristics (Bass & Riggio 2006) of transformational leaders are summarized as follows:
a) Idealized influence- builds trust and respect in followers and provides the basis for them to accept
radical and fundamental changes.
b) Inspirational motivation- changes the expectations of the followers to believe that the nation’s
problem can be solved.
c) Intellectual stimulation- address the problem of creativity by stimulating followers to be innovative
and creative.
d) Individualized consideration- the purpose of individualized consideration is to determine the needs
and strengths of others (followers) and use this knowledge, acting as mentors, to help followers
develop to successively higher levels of potential and take responsibility for their own
development.
These four transformational leadership factors represent a cluster of interrelated styles aimed at: changing
situations for the better, developing followers into leaders, providing followers with new strategic directions and
inspiring people by providing energizing vision and high ideal for moral and ethical conduct (Bass & Riggio
2006). Tichy & Devanna (1980), from their study found that effective transformational leaders share the
following characteristics:
i. They identify themselves as change agents
ii. They are courageous
iii. They believe in people
iv. They are value driven
v. They are life long learners
vi. They have the ability to deal with complexity, ambiguity, and uncertainty
vii. They are visionaries.
The major defining features of transformational leadership identified by Bass & Riggio (2006) as well as Tichy
& Devanna (1986) are useful in the classification of national political leadership in post-independence Nigeria
into the two broad categories of transformational leaders and non-transformational leaders. Being a developing
country Nigeria needs transformational leadership, more than any other leadership style, as such a leadership
is development- oriented.
4. Leadership, Governance, and Poverty: An Analysis of Nigeria’s Situation
The trouble with Nigeria, as Chinua Achebe rightly observed “is simply and squarely a failure of leadership”
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(Achebe 1998). Nigeria has experienced democratic governance for over 23 years: 6 years in the first republic-
October, 1960- January, 1966; 4 years in the second republic- October, 1979- December, 1983, and now over 13
years in the on-going fourth republic-May, 1999-? The country had also been under military rule for about 28
years: January, 1966-September, 1979; January, 1984-May, 1999. Within a period of 52 years, Nigeria has had
14 heads of state comprising 9 unelected and 5 purportedly elected political leaders.
Whatever has been the pattern of governance, whether military or democratic, the country has not been blessed
with transformational/development-oriented political leaders at the national level. As Achebe (1998) puts it: “…
Nigeria has been less than fortunate in its leadership…”. A fact corroborated by Obasanjo & Mabogunje (1991),
Sklar et al. (2006), and Kew (2006). According to Obasanjo & Mabogunje (1991), “the performance of leaders
to date has made governments to become instruments for under development, rather than its opposite”. Sklar et
al. (2006) contends that the leadership pattern in Nigeria lacks the necessary focus capable of instilling national
development and promoting political stability. On his part, Kew (2006) avers that the Nigerian government
(political leadership) remains distant from serving the interest of its people.
It is hardly debatable that Nigeria’s progress has been undermined by a run of successive non-transformational
political leaders. Consequently, ‘much motion and little or no movement’ has been more or less the governance
style in the country since independence. The return to democratic governance in 1999 has not fulfilled the hope
of Nigerians for good governance. It is instructive that Nigeria’s governance performance has consistently rated
poorly in the Mo Ibrahim Index of African Governance that provides a comprehensive collection of comparative
quantitative data for the annual assessment of governance in African countries. Key indicators used in the index
as proxies for the quality of the process and outcomes of governance are: safety and Rule of Law, participation
and Human Right, Sustainable Economic opportunity, and Human development. Nigeria was ranked 39th
(from
48 countries), 35th
, 40th
, and 41 in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively out of a total of 53 African countries
ranked in the governance index. The Mo Ibrahim good governance report indicates that between 2006 and 2011,
Nigeria’s overall governance quality deteriorated. (Mo Ibrahim 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012). This dismal
governance rating of Nigeria is hardly contestable as signs of bad governance abound in all sectors of national
life such as the economy, energy and industry. Nigeria’s rising poverty incidence is an offshoot of poor
governance. The level of poverty that prevails in Nigeria after over 13 years of democratic experience is
unbelievably high. The total poverty head count rose form 15 percent in 1960 to 27.2 percent in 1980 and to 69
percent in 2010 representing approximately 112. 518 million Nigerians living in poverty defined as living on
less than US$1 a day. Inequality and unemployment are correlates of poverty.
Gini coefficient (income inequality measure) that was 0.429 in 2004 rose to 0.447 in 2010 indicating a 4.1
percent increase in income disparities in the country (FOS 1961, NBS 2005, NBS 2011). This means that the
gap between the rich and poor is widening in the country. Unemployment rate rose from 12.3 percent in 2006 to
23.9 percent in 2011 (NBS 2012).
In 1999, Nigeria was ranked number 146 out of 176 countries in the human development index of United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP); in 2011, the country dropped to the 156 position out of the 187
countries surveyed putting her among the 31 poorest countries in the world (UNDP 2000, UNDP 2012).
Corruption that is a major hindrance to the goal of eradicating poverty is also on the rise in Nigeria. On a scale
of 0-10. Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index for Nigeria was 1.6, 2.2, and 2.4 in 1999,
2007 and 2011 respectively. The country ranked 81 in 1998 but slipped to the 143 position out of the 183
countries surveyed in 2011 corruption perception index. It was reported that between 2010 and 2011, Nigeria’s
position declined by nine places, which indicates that Nigeria is one of the most corrupt countries in the world
(Transparency International 1999, 2000, 2008,2011, 2012).
Clearly, leadership is the missing link on Nigeria’s path to good governance and improved quality of life for her
citizens. We can not help but agree with the opinion expressed by the National Chairman of an Opposition Party-
the Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA) Chief Sam Nkire that:
“… it was rather unfortunate that PDP led federal Government in the last 13 years was not
able to protect lives and property of Nigerians let alone provide employment, housing, steady
electricity, good roads and cheap transportation for the people… it was sad that rather than
make the people prosperous, government officials made themselves richer and Nigerians
poorer, through bad policies, huge allowances and corruption” (Daily sun Tuesday July 17,
2012, p. 8).
5. Conclusion
From the fore goings, it is inevitable to reach the conclusion that the nature of political leadership determines the
quality of governance and consequently the incidence of poverty in the polity. The scourge of poverty in Nigeria
is an incontrovertible fact. Nigeria presents a paradox: a rich country with poor people. The prevalence of
poverty in Nigeria is due to bad governance resulting from poor leadership.
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Following Seers (1972), addressing the three central problems of poverty, unemployment, and inequality is
critical for positive developmental outcome. Poverty is therefore one of the major problems a transformational
and development oriented leader must successfully tackle. An uninspiring, visionless, and lethargic leader can
not possibly accomplish the goal of poverty eradication. To underscore the importance of leadership, Pfiffner &
Sherwood (1960) declares “get the right man (person) in the leadership job, and all your problems will be
solved”.
It is salient to point out that the ‘illiberal democracy’- regimes that are elected but lack democratic qualities
(Roskin et al. 2008), being practiced in Nigeria partly explains the country’s bad governance and rising poverty
incidence. In order to overcome the challenges of poor leadership, bad governance and rising poverty, the
following suggestions are advanced:
i) A more rigorous and competitive recruitment procedure should be put in place so as to ensure only
the best available persons with transformational vision are elected to high political offices.
ii) The country and her political leaders must endeavour to practice liberal democracy alright by
embracing best global democratic practices.
iii) Political leaders need to rededicate and recommit themselves to the service of the people rather
than self in order to Steer Nigeria to a prosperous and better future.
iv) Nigerians deserve better life and must therefore be proactive in demanding good governance from
the political leadership.
v) The political leadership should fight corruption , that aggravates poverty, with all seriousness and
sincerity of purpose.
vi) The Nigerian state must be retooled to make her better able to achieve national development goals.
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