The document discusses the importance of social inclusion in Nepal, highlighting the challenges faced by marginalized groups due to systemic discrimination based on caste, gender, and other factors. It emphasizes the need for inclusive policies and practices that address social exclusion and promote equity, participation, and empowerment. The author calls for a shift in approach towards empowerment rather than mere reservation, advocating for a society where every individual can realize their full potential.

1. Special Thanks to DR. Narendra Raj Poudel (Central
Department of Public Administration) and also those
researchers who made my work easier……

2. BY, NIRANJAN PRAKASH NIROULA
STUDENTS
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
GARIBILEMAROO@GMAIL.COM
PRESENTATION CLASS
JULY 31, 2014
Social Inclusion: Challenges,
Opportunity and Way Forward
© 2014, Niranjan Prakash Niroula

3. General Concept
Gender Vs Sex
- Gender is the social position and relations of men and
women as constructed by society. In many societies
around the world women have a systematically inferior
position both inside and outside the household and are
relatively deprived vis‐à‐vis men. (Amartya Sen)
Equity Vs Equality
-Means- Ends

4. General Concept- 2
Social Exclusion
- Social exclusion describes the experience of
groups who are systematically disadvantaged against
on the basis of their caste, gender, ethnicity, race,
religion, sexual orientation, age, disability, HIV
status, migrant status or where they live. DFID

5. Social Structure of Nepal

6. Introduction to Social Inclusion
Poverty divides us. Social inclusion can unite us. Whenever too many fall too far
behind the rest, our whole society is diminished. Inclusion demands goals and
policies (multicultural policies) that avoid separating us. Inclusion calls on us to
strive for a nation in which everyone lives with purpose, dignity and satisfaction.
(Bond of Common Fate, www.inclusivedemocracy.org)
Social inclusion is about participation of most disadvantaged people, who are left
out from the mainstream of development and governance process. (Narendra
Raj Paudel, 2014)
Social inclusion generally defined as a process of removing institutionalized social
barriers to solve the persistent problems related to class, caste, regional and gender
development in Nepal. (Gurung, n.d. , quoted from Paudel, 2014)
Antithesis of social exclusion
Rightful sharing of power, resources and opportunity.
Socially Constructed- so we can change this.

7. Three Phases that create fertile land for
Social Exclusion --(Harka Gurung)
1 . Feudalism Phase (1846-1951)
- Hinduism (dominated other religion)
- Muluki Ain, 1853 (punishment according to caste)
- I want to call this phase as a “Darwinian State Phase”
- Parochial political culture ( didn’t have political awareness- Almond & Verba, 1963)
2. Homogeneity Phase (1951-1990)
-Slogan (ek desh, ek bhasa-Nepali, ek bhes-daura suruwaal)
-Subject political culture ( having political culture but not desire for participation- ibid)
3. Ethnic Diversity Phase (1990-2006)
-gave spaces for multiethnic, multilingual but not multi religious (i.e. still domination by one
religion-Hindu)
- Participant political culture (political awareness- ibid)
Also due to globalization and 10 years long internal conflict gave stresses for social inclusion
(multiculturalism) in governance system. (Opening up a “Pandora's Box”)

8. Factors that influence Social Exclusion
Development Process- Economic Dimension (physical + psychological + emotional)
- Centralized development (Kathmandu- Jumla = Unequal investment )
- Supply centered (One who is born with a golden spoon hardly knows what
poverty is - Modhi)
Exclusion from social services delivery- Social Dimension
- Education. Health, Social security (lacks accessibility and availability)
- Targeted Group?
- Social inequality
Exclusion from Practices of Power- Political Dimension (lacks authority- participation in
governance system)
- Some caste holds excessive power
-Vertical relationship

9. Factors that influence Social Exclusion- 2
Culture of no confidence syndrome
- Undervalue their own potentiality, capability
Geographical Dimensions
Religious beliefs and practices

10. Why Social Inclusion?
Every people feel valued (David Cappo, 2002),
Their differences are respected (ibid),
Opportunity release their full potentiality,
Its also one of the strategy for fight against exclusion which
creates
- National unity and integrity
- Institutionalize of democracy (nearer to the people)
- Management of social conflict
- Social justice
- Popular participation in governance system

11. Tools for Social Inclusion
Participation with Control
Empowerment and Capacity development
Proportional Representation
Reservation, Special Protection, Subsidies can be
used for short term

12. Tools for Social Inclusion- 2
Positive Discrimination (Equality through equity)
- Mainstreaming to marginalized
- Support to Disadvantaged
- Opportunity to excluded
- Empower to weaker
Legal Protection
Investment in Human Development and Poverty
Alleviation
Awareness Programs

13. Practices in Nepal
Commitment towards inclusive democracy
-Political+ Economic+ Social+ Ecological= Combination
Constitutional Provision
Legal Arrangements
Institutional Arrangements
Agreement on International Instruments
Policies and Activities
- Three Year Plan
- Specific Initiatives
- Gender sensitive budget

14. Threats/ Challenges and Opportunity
Structure of Society – Vertical
- Religion biased 10- Hindu (81.3%)- 90% holds in civil service
- Caste Biased 126- Brahmin, Cheetri, Newar (33.8%)- 73.8%
holds
- Lingual Biased 123- Nepali (44.4%)
-Gender Biased – Male (48.50%)- 85% holds-- ( CBS Report,
2013 & www.psc.gov.np )
Nation Building
- unequal distribution/ sharing of resources- vicious circle of
poverty- hungry stomach- conflict
Substantive Equality (not for Window Dressing))

15. Threats/ Challenges and Opportunity- 2
Diversity Management (mobilization to accomplish
national goals which creates diversity dividend)
- Managing the differences within the country
(www.diversityworking.com)
- Multicultural societies contribute synergetic effects on
nation building.
-We have to capitalize the diversity to enhance socio-
economic development through organizational practices.
Conflict Management
Institutionalization of Democracy

16. Opportunity in Picture
सय थरी बाजा एउटै ताल्, सय थरी गोडा एउटै चाल्, मेची
काली ससङै ढिक्को, साझा हाम्रो जान नेपाल्!!!

17. Opportunity in Picture (Nelson Mandela's Imagination)

18. Threats in Picture

19. Conclusion
Reservation is the floor not the ceiling.
It is largely very low participation (45% does not work
for targeted people. Women - Just 28% in Legislative
body and 15% in Bureaucracy). (www.psc.gov.np)
Current reservation policy can not fulfill the objective
of representation with equity.
The reservation policy is captured by creamy layers.

20. Conclusion- 2
Psychological cost- They are there because they have quota.
Absence of governmental apparatus in backward region-
loose ownership, public trust and threat to nation building.
( officer exam- Kathmandu)
Inclusion, Gender sensitiveness- but not manage
meaningfully and scientifically
So, it would be better for someone to enable how to fishing
but not to feed them with fried fish, it makes him/her more
dependence and divides the society into two parts “We” and
“ They”.

21. Way Forward for Future Action
Create an environment that would help benefit the target group
to avail inclusive policies for the diversification of civil service.
The reservation should not privilege creamy layers of
beneficiaries at the true expanse of true egalitarianism. The
provision of reservation within the reservation is needed.
(Paudel, 2014)
Sharpen the weapons before they are used. Education, training,
seminars, workshops and other skill developing programs
certainly empower people and then the level of opportunity
automatically increases.
Focus on empowerment (creates equal playing field) rather
than reservation (side effect- but just for certain period).
Focus on quality rather than just quantity.

22. Way Forward for Future Action- 2
Guarantee to participate in governance system- Identity,
Access and Representation.
Inclusion is not just to reach power structure but to control
these. (for meaningful and constructive participation)
Change our age old patterns of behavior. {patrimonial
system- women as means of love (does not give anything) to
women as a means of respect which creates opportunity}
Last but not least, it needs to focus on such policies and
programs that enable and empower them to compete each
and every field with more confidence.

23. Final Conclusion
Human development, if not
engendered, is endangered.
-UNDP, 1995

24. Wait!!!
Stay Hungry! Stay Foolish!

25. Thank You for Your Kind Attention!
Question Please!!!