Much work needs to be done on Southern Sudan from a legislative point of view, especially if Southern Sudan votes in favour of independence in the referendum to be held in 2011
This document provides an overview of public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as litigation filed in court for the protection of public interest on a wide variety of subjects concerning citizens. Specifically, PIL aims to make justice more accessible to disadvantaged groups in matters of environment, pollution, and labor. The document outlines who can file a PIL, against whom it can be filed, the areas where PILs are commonly filed, and the basic procedures and potential relief involved in a PIL case.
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
Public interest litigation (PIL) was introduced to protect fundamental rights and ensure government welfare programs are implemented. However, PIL has been criticized for being misused for political and publicity purposes. While PIL provides inexpensive access to justice, regular cases are backlogged and corruption persists in the courts. PIL has moved away from helping the poor and has been used for slum demolitions and other decisions that negatively impact livelihoods. Reforms are needed to ensure PIL is confined to its original purpose and judicial transparency and accountability are improved.
Constitutional Validity of Administrative Rule MakingSharan Shah
The constitutional validity of administrative rule making refers to the permissible extent to which a legislature can delegate rule making powers to other administrative agencies. As governments have expanded their authority in modern welfare states, greater power has been given to administrative agencies to carry out social and economic tasks. This transfer of legislative power to the executive is known as delegated legislation. There are three periods that describe the permissible limits of delegated legislation based on which court had highest appeal: 1) Privy Council period which established nature and extent of delegation, 2) Federal Court period which examined delegation to extraneous authorities, 3) Supreme Court period where references were made under the Constitution about delegation. Judicial, legislative and procedural controls are needed to prevent abuse of delegated
Public interest litigation (PIL) allows citizens to seek inexpensive legal remedies for issues that affect the public interest, such as human rights, consumer welfare and the environment. PIL was introduced to ensure implementation of rescue programs for disadvantaged groups and compel the government to perform its duties. However, PIL also faces issues like misuse seeking publicity and irresponsible activists overshadowing genuine public interest cases. The document discusses the merits and demerits of PIL and examines matters it has addressed such as human rights, the environment, and public accountability through cases like the Taj Mahal and Ganga River pollution cases.
PIL is one of utmost important area of Legal field. Today i prepared the short note on this. It will be helpful for all law students, and all other aspirant who are preparing for other governmental exams. In most of the government exam there is question relating to the this topic.
This document provides an introduction to business law. It defines key legal terms like plaintiff and defendant. It explains that laws affect both personal and business life. Personal laws regulate activities like driving and property ownership, while business laws impose regulations around areas like zoning, environmental protection, and workplace safety. Laws originate from constitutions, common law traditions, and statutes passed by legislatures. Major classifications of law include constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative, and international law. The document stresses that in addition to legal obligations, people have moral responsibilities to help and protect one another.
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Reviewijtsrd
In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
This document provides an overview of public interest litigation (PIL) in India. It defines PIL as litigation filed in court for the protection of public interest on a wide variety of subjects concerning citizens. Specifically, PIL aims to make justice more accessible to disadvantaged groups in matters of environment, pollution, and labor. The document outlines who can file a PIL, against whom it can be filed, the areas where PILs are commonly filed, and the basic procedures and potential relief involved in a PIL case.
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
Public interest litigation (PIL) was introduced to protect fundamental rights and ensure government welfare programs are implemented. However, PIL has been criticized for being misused for political and publicity purposes. While PIL provides inexpensive access to justice, regular cases are backlogged and corruption persists in the courts. PIL has moved away from helping the poor and has been used for slum demolitions and other decisions that negatively impact livelihoods. Reforms are needed to ensure PIL is confined to its original purpose and judicial transparency and accountability are improved.
Constitutional Validity of Administrative Rule MakingSharan Shah
The constitutional validity of administrative rule making refers to the permissible extent to which a legislature can delegate rule making powers to other administrative agencies. As governments have expanded their authority in modern welfare states, greater power has been given to administrative agencies to carry out social and economic tasks. This transfer of legislative power to the executive is known as delegated legislation. There are three periods that describe the permissible limits of delegated legislation based on which court had highest appeal: 1) Privy Council period which established nature and extent of delegation, 2) Federal Court period which examined delegation to extraneous authorities, 3) Supreme Court period where references were made under the Constitution about delegation. Judicial, legislative and procedural controls are needed to prevent abuse of delegated
Public interest litigation (PIL) allows citizens to seek inexpensive legal remedies for issues that affect the public interest, such as human rights, consumer welfare and the environment. PIL was introduced to ensure implementation of rescue programs for disadvantaged groups and compel the government to perform its duties. However, PIL also faces issues like misuse seeking publicity and irresponsible activists overshadowing genuine public interest cases. The document discusses the merits and demerits of PIL and examines matters it has addressed such as human rights, the environment, and public accountability through cases like the Taj Mahal and Ganga River pollution cases.
PIL is one of utmost important area of Legal field. Today i prepared the short note on this. It will be helpful for all law students, and all other aspirant who are preparing for other governmental exams. In most of the government exam there is question relating to the this topic.
This document provides an introduction to business law. It defines key legal terms like plaintiff and defendant. It explains that laws affect both personal and business life. Personal laws regulate activities like driving and property ownership, while business laws impose regulations around areas like zoning, environmental protection, and workplace safety. Laws originate from constitutions, common law traditions, and statutes passed by legislatures. Major classifications of law include constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative, and international law. The document stresses that in addition to legal obligations, people have moral responsibilities to help and protect one another.
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Reviewijtsrd
In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
This document discusses public interest litigation (PIL) in India. PIL allows individuals or organizations to file lawsuits in court to protect public interests. It aims to provide legal representation for underrepresented groups like the poor, minorities, and those advocating for environmental protection. Notable early PIL cases helped release thousands of under-trial prisoners and established the right to speedy justice. Later PIL cases addressed issues like bonded labor, worker exploitation, pollution, and sexual harassment. PIL has helped protect people's fundamental rights and forced the government to better uphold its constitutional obligations.
The document discusses different areas of law including public law, private law, constitutional law, criminal law, civil law, written law, and unwritten law. Public law governs relationships between individuals and the state, while private law concerns relationships between individuals. Criminal law punishes wrongdoings against the state, and civil law provides remedies for individuals. Written law includes legislation while unwritten law includes precedents and customs. Procedural law establishes rules for enforcing rights in civil and criminal matters.
International law and municipal (national) lawHumairaTariq3
International Law governs relations between states, while municipal (national) law governs individuals and entities within a state. There are various theories on the relationship between the two systems of law:
1. The dualist theory views them as separate and distinct legal systems.
2. The monist theory sees them as part of a single legal order with international law superior to national law.
3. The theory of specific adoption holds that international law only applies domestically if specifically adopted by national law.
4. Delegation theory argues states delegate authority to their constitutions through international treaties determining how treaties are implemented domestically.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Article 10 of the Malaysian constitution. It provides an overview of the nature and extent of free speech rights, including protections for press freedom and symbolic speech. It then examines limitations on free speech that are permitted under Articles 10(2), 10(4), 149 and 150, such as through the Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, and Printing Presses and Publications Act. The document analyzes key cases that have interpreted and applied these laws. It concludes by discussing the lack of whistleblower protections or a right to information in Malaysian law.
The sources of law in Malaysia include the Federal Constitution, state constitutions, legislation passed by federal and state legislatures, judicial decisions, English common law, Islamic law, and customary laws. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Legislation includes Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation. Judicial decisions become precedents through the doctrine of stare decisis. English common law was received prior to independence. Islamic law and native customary laws also apply in certain circumstances.
The document discusses the concept of rule of law. It was first expounded by Edward Coke and further developed by A.V. Dicey. According to Dicey, rule of law means the supremacy of regular law over arbitrary power. It includes three principles - supremacy of law, equality before law, and predominance of legal spirit. The rule of law is the fundamental principle that governmental authority should only be exercised according to established written law and that no person is above the law. It aims to safeguard against arbitrary governance and protect individual rights and freedoms. The Indian constitution also incorporates the principle of rule of law.
This document provides an overview of the legal environment of business, including topics such as business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities. It discusses the philosophy of law, including definitions of law, the purpose of law, sources of law, and classifications of law. The key topics covered are rules accepted by a community to regulate behavior, legislation as the most important source of law, and the distinction between imperative, natural, conventional, customary, civil, and other types of law.
Law establishes order and justice in society through uniform application of rules. It provides stability, security, and protects individual freedoms. The purpose of law is to maintain social order while allowing individuals maximum freedom. Sources of law include formal legal sources like statutes and precedents, as well as historical sources like writings and religious texts. Law is classified into different types and governs various areas like contracts and torts.
Abstract: Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country where heterogeneous groups of people follow different religions peacefully. This land was previously ruled by Dutch, Portuguese and English colonisers who left huge influences in framing its plural legal systems. The objective of this study is to analyze the influences of ancestral customs and norms that have been practiced along with the introduction of Islamic principles and the recognition of English laws in Malay and Borneo-islands and their impact on framing the current legal system of Malaysia. It will investigate if different cultures have influenced the adoption and development of legal systems in Malaysia. This study will also look at the changes in Malay culture because of the adoption of different legal systems and will analyse the factors that may have encouraged the Malay Sultans to accept different laws into their own states. This article will also identify the reasons why orthodox people willingly abide by this plural legal system in settling their daily disputes in different courts. Data from journals and books have been taken into consideration in undertaking this study. It has also sifted through some prominent decisions of the judges. After considering all materials, this study advocates that, the federal laws of Malaysia are the combination of three principles: the common laws (applicable to all citizens in civil and criminal matters), the Shariah (applicable for Muslims especially in matrimonial matters) and the Native laws (for the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak). This study will look into how the state authority as well as the federal government manages and controls these plural court systems within a federal territory.
Key Words: Legal Pluralism, Legal System, Civil Courts, Shariah Courts & Native Courts.
Rights are those essential things without which we can't develop ourselves. This presentation file will help you learn Fundamental Rights in a eloquent wat.
Administrative law is one of the important subject of law. It is very complicated topic . Here i provide you a Basic note of Administrative that will be helpful to your law entrance examination.
Constitutionalism refers to ideas and theories that place limitations on political power and a government's control over its citizens. It is concerned with both establishing a framework of rights protections and structural provisions, as well as fostering commitment to constitutional values. Some key aspects of constitutionalism include limiting government power, respect for the rule of law, an independent judiciary, protection of fundamental rights and liberties, accountability of the government through elections and oversight bodies, and entrenchment of constitutional principles to prevent easy amendments that weaken safeguards. However, free and fair elections alone do not guarantee that a system respects constitutional values.
The document discusses the sources of Australian law, including the Constitution, separation of powers, levels of government, laws, statutory interpretation, and the roles of parliaments and courts. It addresses where Australian law comes from, noting that common law is based on judicial precedent while statute law is made by parliaments. The Constitution gives powers to the federal and state governments and created the High Court to review legislation. Federal law prevails over state law when validly made under the Constitution.
Classification of law - Legal Environment of business - Business Law - Manu M...manumelwin
Public Law is concerned with the legal relation between the state and the individuals. All laws relating to the distribution and exercise of power by the state are the part of public law.
The rule of law underwent radical changes in post-apartheid South Africa following the adoption of the 1996 Constitution. While the Constitution and the Bill of Rights enshrined new rights and protections, their implementation has faced significant challenges. South Africa now has extremely high crime rates that threaten democratic progress. Prosecutors have played a role in navigating constitutional issues but have limited means to initiate challenges. There is a need to develop the limitation of rights concerning crime and to shift emphasis to victims' rights while maintaining a balanced justice system.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Malaysian law. It begins by outlining the relevant constitutional provisions protecting freedom of speech, then discusses limitations on this right that are permitted by law, such as restrictions relating to security, public order, morality and contempt of court. Several laws that place restrictions on speech are examined in detail, including the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 and the Sedition Act 1948. Key cases interpreting and applying these laws are also summarized. The document concludes by restating the definition of "seditious tendency" under the Sedition Act.
This document discusses the rise of administrative law in India. It notes that the increasing role of the state, an overburdened judicial system unable to efficiently handle complex disputes, and the legislature's inability to adequately make detailed rules all contributed to the growth of delegated legislation. This allowed administrative authorities to make rules with more flexibility and expertise. However, concerns remained around permissible limits of legislative delegation. The document outlines key court cases that helped shape the understanding of these limits during different periods when the Privy Council, Federal Court, and Supreme Court acted as the highest court of appeal in India.
The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
This document is a student project on the role and importance of sub-delegated legislation. It was submitted by Baby Ramya to Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA in 2012 under the guidance of Prof. Vikram Singh for the course Administrative Law.
The project defines delegated legislation and sub-delegated legislation. Delegated legislation refers to rules and regulations made by an authority other than the sovereign power. Sub-delegated legislation occurs when the authority to whom powers were delegated further delegates those powers to another subordinate authority.
The document discusses the necessity and types of sub-delegated legislation. It examines sub-delegation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers. Sub-delegation of legislative powers
The document provides guidance on writing introductions for college papers according to rubrics at USF. An introduction should state the main topic/thesis clearly and capture the reader's attention. It can be written either before or after the first draft. Effective introductions start with a question, anecdote, fact, paradox or analogy related to the topic. The introduction should define the topic and divide out points that will be discussed in the body, then drive those points home in the conclusion.
This document discusses public interest litigation (PIL) in India. PIL allows individuals or organizations to file lawsuits in court to protect public interests. It aims to provide legal representation for underrepresented groups like the poor, minorities, and those advocating for environmental protection. Notable early PIL cases helped release thousands of under-trial prisoners and established the right to speedy justice. Later PIL cases addressed issues like bonded labor, worker exploitation, pollution, and sexual harassment. PIL has helped protect people's fundamental rights and forced the government to better uphold its constitutional obligations.
The document discusses different areas of law including public law, private law, constitutional law, criminal law, civil law, written law, and unwritten law. Public law governs relationships between individuals and the state, while private law concerns relationships between individuals. Criminal law punishes wrongdoings against the state, and civil law provides remedies for individuals. Written law includes legislation while unwritten law includes precedents and customs. Procedural law establishes rules for enforcing rights in civil and criminal matters.
International law and municipal (national) lawHumairaTariq3
International Law governs relations between states, while municipal (national) law governs individuals and entities within a state. There are various theories on the relationship between the two systems of law:
1. The dualist theory views them as separate and distinct legal systems.
2. The monist theory sees them as part of a single legal order with international law superior to national law.
3. The theory of specific adoption holds that international law only applies domestically if specifically adopted by national law.
4. Delegation theory argues states delegate authority to their constitutions through international treaties determining how treaties are implemented domestically.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Article 10 of the Malaysian constitution. It provides an overview of the nature and extent of free speech rights, including protections for press freedom and symbolic speech. It then examines limitations on free speech that are permitted under Articles 10(2), 10(4), 149 and 150, such as through the Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, and Printing Presses and Publications Act. The document analyzes key cases that have interpreted and applied these laws. It concludes by discussing the lack of whistleblower protections or a right to information in Malaysian law.
The sources of law in Malaysia include the Federal Constitution, state constitutions, legislation passed by federal and state legislatures, judicial decisions, English common law, Islamic law, and customary laws. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Legislation includes Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation. Judicial decisions become precedents through the doctrine of stare decisis. English common law was received prior to independence. Islamic law and native customary laws also apply in certain circumstances.
The document discusses the concept of rule of law. It was first expounded by Edward Coke and further developed by A.V. Dicey. According to Dicey, rule of law means the supremacy of regular law over arbitrary power. It includes three principles - supremacy of law, equality before law, and predominance of legal spirit. The rule of law is the fundamental principle that governmental authority should only be exercised according to established written law and that no person is above the law. It aims to safeguard against arbitrary governance and protect individual rights and freedoms. The Indian constitution also incorporates the principle of rule of law.
This document provides an overview of the legal environment of business, including topics such as business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities. It discusses the philosophy of law, including definitions of law, the purpose of law, sources of law, and classifications of law. The key topics covered are rules accepted by a community to regulate behavior, legislation as the most important source of law, and the distinction between imperative, natural, conventional, customary, civil, and other types of law.
Law establishes order and justice in society through uniform application of rules. It provides stability, security, and protects individual freedoms. The purpose of law is to maintain social order while allowing individuals maximum freedom. Sources of law include formal legal sources like statutes and precedents, as well as historical sources like writings and religious texts. Law is classified into different types and governs various areas like contracts and torts.
Abstract: Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country where heterogeneous groups of people follow different religions peacefully. This land was previously ruled by Dutch, Portuguese and English colonisers who left huge influences in framing its plural legal systems. The objective of this study is to analyze the influences of ancestral customs and norms that have been practiced along with the introduction of Islamic principles and the recognition of English laws in Malay and Borneo-islands and their impact on framing the current legal system of Malaysia. It will investigate if different cultures have influenced the adoption and development of legal systems in Malaysia. This study will also look at the changes in Malay culture because of the adoption of different legal systems and will analyse the factors that may have encouraged the Malay Sultans to accept different laws into their own states. This article will also identify the reasons why orthodox people willingly abide by this plural legal system in settling their daily disputes in different courts. Data from journals and books have been taken into consideration in undertaking this study. It has also sifted through some prominent decisions of the judges. After considering all materials, this study advocates that, the federal laws of Malaysia are the combination of three principles: the common laws (applicable to all citizens in civil and criminal matters), the Shariah (applicable for Muslims especially in matrimonial matters) and the Native laws (for the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak). This study will look into how the state authority as well as the federal government manages and controls these plural court systems within a federal territory.
Key Words: Legal Pluralism, Legal System, Civil Courts, Shariah Courts & Native Courts.
Rights are those essential things without which we can't develop ourselves. This presentation file will help you learn Fundamental Rights in a eloquent wat.
Administrative law is one of the important subject of law. It is very complicated topic . Here i provide you a Basic note of Administrative that will be helpful to your law entrance examination.
Constitutionalism refers to ideas and theories that place limitations on political power and a government's control over its citizens. It is concerned with both establishing a framework of rights protections and structural provisions, as well as fostering commitment to constitutional values. Some key aspects of constitutionalism include limiting government power, respect for the rule of law, an independent judiciary, protection of fundamental rights and liberties, accountability of the government through elections and oversight bodies, and entrenchment of constitutional principles to prevent easy amendments that weaken safeguards. However, free and fair elections alone do not guarantee that a system respects constitutional values.
The document discusses the sources of Australian law, including the Constitution, separation of powers, levels of government, laws, statutory interpretation, and the roles of parliaments and courts. It addresses where Australian law comes from, noting that common law is based on judicial precedent while statute law is made by parliaments. The Constitution gives powers to the federal and state governments and created the High Court to review legislation. Federal law prevails over state law when validly made under the Constitution.
Classification of law - Legal Environment of business - Business Law - Manu M...manumelwin
Public Law is concerned with the legal relation between the state and the individuals. All laws relating to the distribution and exercise of power by the state are the part of public law.
The rule of law underwent radical changes in post-apartheid South Africa following the adoption of the 1996 Constitution. While the Constitution and the Bill of Rights enshrined new rights and protections, their implementation has faced significant challenges. South Africa now has extremely high crime rates that threaten democratic progress. Prosecutors have played a role in navigating constitutional issues but have limited means to initiate challenges. There is a need to develop the limitation of rights concerning crime and to shift emphasis to victims' rights while maintaining a balanced justice system.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Malaysian law. It begins by outlining the relevant constitutional provisions protecting freedom of speech, then discusses limitations on this right that are permitted by law, such as restrictions relating to security, public order, morality and contempt of court. Several laws that place restrictions on speech are examined in detail, including the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 and the Sedition Act 1948. Key cases interpreting and applying these laws are also summarized. The document concludes by restating the definition of "seditious tendency" under the Sedition Act.
This document discusses the rise of administrative law in India. It notes that the increasing role of the state, an overburdened judicial system unable to efficiently handle complex disputes, and the legislature's inability to adequately make detailed rules all contributed to the growth of delegated legislation. This allowed administrative authorities to make rules with more flexibility and expertise. However, concerns remained around permissible limits of legislative delegation. The document outlines key court cases that helped shape the understanding of these limits during different periods when the Privy Council, Federal Court, and Supreme Court acted as the highest court of appeal in India.
The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
This document is a student project on the role and importance of sub-delegated legislation. It was submitted by Baby Ramya to Symbiosis Law School, NOIDA in 2012 under the guidance of Prof. Vikram Singh for the course Administrative Law.
The project defines delegated legislation and sub-delegated legislation. Delegated legislation refers to rules and regulations made by an authority other than the sovereign power. Sub-delegated legislation occurs when the authority to whom powers were delegated further delegates those powers to another subordinate authority.
The document discusses the necessity and types of sub-delegated legislation. It examines sub-delegation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers. Sub-delegation of legislative powers
The document provides guidance on writing introductions for college papers according to rubrics at USF. An introduction should state the main topic/thesis clearly and capture the reader's attention. It can be written either before or after the first draft. Effective introductions start with a question, anecdote, fact, paradox or analogy related to the topic. The introduction should define the topic and divide out points that will be discussed in the body, then drive those points home in the conclusion.
The document discusses the differences between online and printed annual reports. It notes that while printed annual reports are still highly valued by investors, the web is the most used information source. Online reports need intuitive navigation, quick loading pages, and easy to understand content to motivate discovery. In contrast to printed reports, online reports have an interactive experience where visitors can click through topics of interest non-linearly. People also skim and scan online rather than read thoroughly. The document then provides examples of how online reports can improve the experience through tools like videos, downloadable files, and being accessible across devices.
Cloud BioLinux provides pre-configured virtual machines on Amazon EC2 with over 100 bioinformatics tools for genomic analysis. It allows small labs and researchers to perform large-scale genomic computations in the cloud without extensive hardware, expertise, or time to install software locally. The Cloud BioLinux virtual machine images can be run on EC2 or other cloud platforms like Eucalyptus. The project is open source and community-driven to expand available tools and collaboration capabilities.
Keypoint is an app that allows users to build, edit, share, and view presentations on their iPhone. The developer released the first beta which had a rough interface and was the first presentation app for iPhone. After releasing a second beta with some interface tweaks and animations, the app became an Apple staff pick. An upcoming third beta will add features like exporting to Keynote, more options, and themes, with the goal of eventually releasing as a native iPhone app.
1ºdt tema 1 t fundamentales en el plano1 v.7qvrrafa
Este documento trata sobre diferentes conceptos geométricos como lugares geométricos, paralelismo, perpendicularidad, segmentos, ángulos y sus propiedades. Explica cómo construir y trazar estos elementos geométricos de forma fundamental en el plano mediante el uso de compás y regla.
Los comerciantes mayoristas y minoristas en EE.UU. y Europa explotan a los trabajadores latinos y asiáticos al no pagarles correctamente, no cumplir con los contratos laborales y hacerlos trabajar más horas de las pactadas, aprovechándose de su condición de inmigrantes ilegales al negarles derechos básicos como ir al baño, comer e ir al médico. Además, a los trabajadores asiáticos sólo se les paga un dólar diario.
IVI Program, 'Scaling Up Entrepreneurship,' progam descriptionThomas Nastas
This document outlines an entrepreneurship training program aimed at government staff, investors, and entrepreneurs in emerging markets. The objective is to scale up entrepreneurship and venture capital by educating these stakeholders. It describes the program's modules over three days, covering topics like the role of entrepreneurs and investors, developing business models, and building effective management teams. The goal is to deepen understanding of challenges faced and provide networking opportunities to better support startups and innovation in these countries. The program has been delivered in several countries, with positive feedback from participants.
This document proposes building a video platform that delivers niche video feeds to users through customized mobile apps. It notes that current solutions require too much effort to find new videos across different sites. The proposed platform would automatically grab videos from YouTube, categorize them by niche and subcategory, and create dedicated mobile apps for different niches. Each app would provide an easy way for fans of that niche to get updated on new relevant videos. The goal is to launch 100 niche apps per year, with each app averaging $5,000-$10,000 in revenue from ads after reaching 100,000 downloads. This would be accomplished through a pipeline that can create a new app using 3 developers over 3 days.
The document discusses open access, scholarly communication, and institutional repositories. It defines open access as free online access to peer-reviewed scholarly journal literature. Scholarly communication is defined as the creation, sharing, and preservation of academic knowledge. Institutional repositories are digital collections of scholarly work created by a university's faculty. The document also provides strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analyses for open access, scholarly communication, and institutional repositories.
Financing Innovation in Croatia: By Tom NastasThomas Nastas
Financing Innovation in Croatia, presentation to build on science & technology initiative for creation of an angel, seed & early stage venture capital fund in Croatia
This document summarizes a study that examined how people comprehend illustrations showing physical actions from different perspectives. The study presented participants with images of a man holding or swinging a bat from different angles and heights. Participants had to identify which overhead image matched each image. Results showed that images with canonical views (e.g. 1/3 side views) had somewhat higher accuracy than non-canonical views, but accuracy was still high for non-canonical views with more practice. The study suggests that with more time, people can perform mental rotation tasks to comprehend images from different perspectives.
The document discusses improving health care services for mobile, migrant and minority populations by addressing challenges like communication barriers and cultural differences through practices like language services and cultural support staff, supportive policies at international, national and local levels, and strategic alliances between stakeholders to promote engagement and comprehensive action. The goal is to provide quality health care for globalized patients from diverse backgrounds.
Presentation given on May 6th at CIM 2013 Toronto.
A discussion on the reasons that lead to the generalized public distrust phenomena, how better risk assessments would help reduce distrust and support better decisions.
Increasingly Accurate Representation of Biochemistry (v2)Michel Dumontier
Biochemical ontologies aim to capture and represent biochemical entities and the relations that exist between them in an accurate manner. A fundamental starting point is biochemical identity, but our current approach for generating identifiers is haphazard and consequently integrating data is error-prone. I will discuss plausible structure-based strategies for biochemical identity whether it be at molecular level or some part thereof (e.g. residues, collection of residues, atoms, collection of atoms, functional groups) such that identifiers may be generated in an automatic and curator/database independent manner. With structure-based identifiers in hand, we will be in a position to more accurately capture context-specific biochemical knowledge, such as how a set of residues in a binding site are involved in a chemical reaction including the fact that a key nitrogen atom must first be de-protonated. Thus, our current representation of biochemical knowledge may improve such that manual and automatic methods of bio-curation are substantially more accurate.
Multicultural health standards around the worlddiversityRx
This presentation reviews key standards, performance measures, and laws related to multicultural health and cultural competence from the US, Australia, and Scotland. Presented at the EU COST ADAPT meeting, Amsterdam, October 2012.
Background TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to u.docxwilcockiris
Background: TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to understand the legal system and processes, including the court system and jurisdiction of the courts. This is especially important as GC plans to conduct business over the internet and thus, will have potential transactions throughout the U.S. and, possibly, globally.
For the initial meeting between GC owners and TLG, Winnie and Ralph asked you to present an overview of the law and the legal system. Your presentation explained federalism, the court system, and common law v. civil law, and explained the nature of law and the legal process.
Review all assigned materials listed in Overview.
Some of the points included in your presentation are:
(1) the primary purpose of the law is to establish a set of rules and guidelines for society to promote order and to create parameters for acceptable and prohibited behavior;
(2) laws are inevitably subject to interpretation and reinterpretation by courts;
(3) laws must be reasonably specific, and yet sufficiently general, with inherent flexibility, to withstand the rigors of interpretation and the "test of time";
(4) laws that strike a balance as described in (3) above, usually endure as relevant, applicable rules, even with societal changes and reinterpretations;
• example: the U.S. Constitution has withstood the test of time, partly because of an inherent balance of specificity, generality, and flexibility
(5) laws are promulgated and interpreted by human beings, and thus, are imperfect;
(6) some laws have a worthy purpose, but are difficult to adequately enforce i.e. speed limit laws;
(7) all laws are not necessarily ethical; some conduct can be legal, but considered unethical;
(8) U.S. law has a very dominant protective purpose – protecting all citizens, as well as providing special protections for certain groups of people, in certain circumstances, i.e., minors;
(9) fairness to all is a primary goal of the law, but what is fair to one group may be unfair to another group; what is fair in one situation may be unfair in another situation - every right granted to an individual or group, to some extent, impinges on the rights of another individual or group;
(10) legislatures enacting laws, and courts interpreting laws, must weigh and balance the right(s) granted v. the rights restricted by a specific law to determine if the law is justifiable and fair - this weighing and balancing involves determining if there a compelling public interest or purpose for the law that justifies granting certain rights while restricting other rights;
• example: highway speed limit laws protect everyone (drivers, passengers, and pedestrians), but also restrict the freedom of drivers to drive at a speed of their choice - on balance, the restriction is easily justified as there is an important purpose in protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
• example: laws that prohibit alcohol consumption/purchase by minors grant rig.
This document discusses the sources and types of Nigerian law. It begins by defining law and describing it as a formal mechanism for social control established by the state. The main sources of law in Nigeria are described as customs, conventions, legislation, and judicial opinions. The document outlines the different types of law as public law which regulates public activities and private law which governs interpersonal relationships. It also distinguishes between civil law which adjudicates private disputes and criminal law which punishes offenses against the state. Additional details provided include the powers of the Nigerian state divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
This document provides an overview of law and the legal system in Trinidad and Tobago. It discusses what law is, the main sources of law including the constitution, legislation, case law, and international law. It also describes the different types of laws, such as public law, private law, civil law, and criminal law. The document examines key legal concepts like statutory interpretation, the separation of powers, and the rule of law.
The document provides an introduction to business law, including definitions of key concepts like law and legal systems. It outlines several major areas of law like contracts, torts, and property law. It also discusses sources of law such as legislation, judicial precedent, and customs. Business law regulates industry and commerce while promoting the rights of businesses. It has become more important with increasing globalization and complex modern business activities.
This document provides an introduction to business law. It defines law and discusses its key features, including that law regulates human actions and is enforced by the state. It notes that people interact in various roles in society, such as landlord and tenant, and that law establishes rules of conduct for peaceful coexistence. The objectives of law are to ensure peace, order and socioeconomic justice. Law is dynamic and changes with circumstances. The document outlines different branches of law and sources of Indian business law. It discusses the functions and importance of business law, as well as types of business law such as contracts, intellectual property, and antitrust laws.
There are three major legal systems in the world: common law, civil law, and theocratic law. The document discusses the differences between common law and civil law systems, focusing on how common law emphasizes remedies while civil law emphasizes rights, the importance of precedent in common law versus written codes in civil law, and the adversarial versus inquisitorial approaches. The document also examines mixed legal systems and the sources of law they incorporate, such as common law, equity, statutes, sharia law, merchant law, and canon law. Public law governs relations between states and citizens, while private law regulates relations between private individuals and entities.
Lord Sumption indexes relevance or Otherwise of
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Knowledge of Which is Precondition re: and Requisite for
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Management according to Law
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Current or Future - Past or Present
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Currency - Communication - Currency of Communication and Communication of Currents - as may or may not be evidenced by or deployed - deployable or otherwise according to Marine Law - Maritime Regard and Observance of Seabord - basis of which indicates and is indicative of
Thalassocracy - Evidencing The Precedent of Trafalgar and the License of Those Who Provision and In regard of Whose
SEAT - Tenure - Tenet and Capacity - (The 4 Agreements)
Provision is Made - See: Legacy of Royal Exchange (Sir John Gresham) Gresham Institute and Gresham's LAW.
Shivani Dharmaraj Pawar
NLC IV
Roll No- 5422
Sub- Jurisprudence
College Name- Yashwantao Chavan Law College, Malkapur-Karad
Subject Teacher- Dr. M.S.Khairnar
This document discusses the key concepts of law and the legal system. It begins by defining law and examining the need for laws in society. It then explores the sources of law, including formal sources like statutes and informal sources like customs. It analyzes the main legal sources - the constitution, customs, judicial precedent, legislation, and European law. It also distinguishes between public and private law. The document concludes by examining the characteristics of English common law, such as the doctrine of precedent and absence of codification.
Lecture 1 background and intro to labor law.pptxGERALDDEARCO
Labor law, also known as employment or workplace law, is a specialized branch of legal jurisprudence that governs the rights and obligations of employers, employees, and labor unions in the workplace. Its primary purpose is to establish a framework that regulates the relationship between employers and employees, ensuring fair and just treatment and promoting a harmonious working environment. The foundations of labor law are deeply rooted in historical struggles for workers' rights and the recognition of the inherent power imbalance between employers and employees.
The origins of labor law can be traced back to the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries when rapid industrialization led to the emergence of factories and a growing workforce. The harsh working conditions, long hours, and meager wages prompted workers to demand better treatment and protection from exploitation. This era marked the birth of labor movements and the push for legislation to safeguard workers' rights.
Over time, labor law has evolved to address the changing dynamics of the workplace and the complexities of the modern economy. It encompasses a wide range of legal issues, including employment contracts, collective bargaining, workplace safety, discrimination, wages, and the resolution of disputes between employers and employees.
One of the key components of labor law is the concept of collective bargaining, where workers, often represented by labor unions, negotiate with employers to determine terms and conditions of employment. This process aims to strike a balance between the interests of employers and employees, fostering cooperation and preventing exploitation. Additionally, labor laws often establish minimum standards for working conditions, wages, and hours to protect employees who may have limited bargaining power.
Labor law also addresses issues related to workplace safety and health, prohibiting practices that could jeopardize the well-being of employees. It sets guidelines for the fair treatment of workers, irrespective of their gender, race, religion, or other protected characteristics, promoting equality and diversity in the workplace.
In many jurisdictions, labor law is a dynamic field that continuously adapts to societal changes, technological advancements, and economic shifts. Governments play a crucial role in shaping and enforcing labor laws, establishing agencies to oversee compliance and adjudicate disputes.
In summary, labor law serves as a crucial framework that balances the interests of employers and employees, fostering a just and equitable working environment. Its historical roots in workers' movements underscore its commitment to addressing power imbalances and promoting fairness in the dynamic world of employment.
Labor law, also known as employment or workplace law, is a specialized branch of legal jurisprudence that governs the rights and obligations of employers, employees, and labor unions in the workplace. Its primary pur
Instructor Notes.htmlTo assist you in completing consulting asTatianaMajor22
Instructor Notes.html
To assist you in completing consulting assignments for TLG, it is important to review some basic concepts relevant to the legal system and constitutional law.
First, review the concept of federalism, the court system, and common law v. civil law, and the nature of law and the legal process.
Some important points are:
(1) the primary purpose of the law is to establish a set of rules and guidelines for society to promote order and to create parameters for acceptable and prohibited behavior;
(2) laws are inevitably subject to interpretation and reinterpretation by courts;
(3) laws must be reasonably specific, and yet sufficiently general, with inherent flexibility, to withstand the rigors of interpretation and the "test of time";
(4) laws that strike a balance as described in (3) above, usually endure as relevant, applicable rules, even with societal changes and reinterpretations;example: the U.S. Constitution has withstood the test of time, partly because of an inherent balance of specificity, generality, and flexibility
(5) laws are promulgated and interpreted by human beings, and thus, are imperfect;
(6) some laws have a worthy purpose, but are difficult to adequately enforce i.e. speed limit laws;
(7) all laws are not necessarily ethical; some conduct can be legal, but considered unethical;
(8) U.S. law has a very dominant protective purpose – protecting all citizens, as well as providing special protections for certain groups of people, in certain circumstances, i.e., minors;
(9) fairness to all is a primary goal of the law, but what is fair to one group may be unfair to another group; what is fair in one situation may be unfair in another situation - every right granted to an individual or group, to some extent, impinges on the rights of another individual or group;
(10) legislatures enacting laws, and courts interpreting laws, must weigh and balance the right(s) granted v. the rights restricted by a specific law to determine if the law is justifiable and fair - this weighing and balancing involves determining if there a compelling public interest or purpose for the law that justifies granting certain rights while restricting other rights;example: highway speed limit laws protect everyone (drivers, passengers, and pedestrians), but also restrict the freedom of drivers to drive at a speed of their choice - on balance, the restriction is easily justified as there is an important purpose in protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians example: laws that prohibit alcohol consumption/purchase by minors grant rights to those 21 years and older, and restrict rights of those under 21 years - on balance, society, legislatures, and courts have determined this law is justified as Society has a strong public interest in protecting minors who may not have reached a level of maturity and judgment to handle the right to choose to consume/purchase alcohol
(11) the familiar symbol for law and the legal system is the ...
This document provides an overview of business law and the legal system in Sri Lanka. It discusses how business law regulates commercial transactions and entities. It also explains that Sri Lanka has a mixed legal system, incorporating elements of English common law, Roman-Dutch civil law, and customary laws. The legal system encompasses laws, legislatures, judiciaries, prosecution, police, and prisons. Major legal traditions of common law and civil law are also summarized.
The document discusses admission rates for law students in Nigerian universities. It finds that less than 8% of total university applicants choose to study law, and of those, less than 5% are admitted each year. This is considered too low given Nigeria's population of over 170 million people and issues related to human rights, corruption, and injustice. Increasing admission rates for law programs could help address these issues by educating more people about their legal rights and privileges under the rule of law.
This document provides an introduction to a course on business law. It discusses the meaning and definitions of law from different perspectives, as well as the key features of law. The course will cover topics such as the law of personality, contracts, agency, sales, commercial instruments, and insurance. The goal is to equip students with fundamental legal tools to deal with business matters and challenges in their future careers.
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties. The position of a legal consultant is straightforward but flexible. Some of the shifts in environment and responsibilities associated with the transition may be obvious, but the changes are somewhat based on the circumstances.
This document outlines the course content for a course on commercial and industrial law. It begins with an overview of the key areas of law that will be covered, including contract law, company law, employment law, and trade unions. It then lists the learning outcomes which are to describe, explain, apply, analyze, and interpret the relevant laws. The document goes on to define law and the differences between civil and criminal law. It also discusses the key sources of law, including the constitution, statutes, judicial decisions, customs, equity, religion and opinions of jurists.
This document provides an introduction to business law. It defines business law as the system of rules that governs business affairs and settles disputes. The document outlines the different branches of law including constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, civil law, and commercial law. It also discusses sources of business law, legal positivism, cases of first impression, and legal reasoning. The purpose of government is defined as preventing crime and preserving contracts. The key differences between civil and criminal law are also summarized.
Background TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to ucameroncourtney45
Background: TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to understand the legal system and processes, including the court system and jurisdiction of the courts. This is especially important as GC plans to conduct business over the internet and thus, will have potential transactions throughout the U.S. and, possibly, globally.
For an in initial meeting between GC owners and TLG, Winnie and Ralph asked you to present an overview of the law and the legal system. You explained federalism, common law, and the court system.
In addition, your presentation discussed the nature of law and the legal process. Some of the points included in your presentation are:
(1) the primary purpose of law is to establish a set of rules and guidelines for Society to promote order and to create parameters for acceptable and prohibited behavior;
(2) laws are inevitably subject to interpretation and reinterpretation by courts;
(3) laws must be reasonably specific, and yet sufficiently general, with an inherent flexibility, to withstand the rigors of interpretation and the "test of time";
(4) laws that strike a balance as described in (3) above, usually endure as relevant, applicable rules, even with societal changes and reinterpretations;
• example: arguably, the U.S. Constitution has withstood the test of time, partly because of an inherent balance of specificity, generality, and flexibility
(5) laws are promulgated and interpreted by human beings, and thus, are imperfect;
(6) some laws have a worthy purpose, but are difficult to adequately enforce, i.e., speed limit laws;
(7) all laws are not necessarily ethical; some conduct can be legal, but considered unethical;
(8) U.S. law has a very dominant protective purpose – protecting all citizens, as well as providing special protections for certain groups of people, in certain circumstances, i.e., minors;
(9) fairness to all is a primary goal of law, but what is fair to one group may be unfair to another group; what is fair in one situation may be unfair in another situation - every right granted to an individual or group, to some extent, impinges on the rights of another individual or group;
(10) legislatures enacting laws, and courts interpreting laws, must weigh and balance the right(s) granted v. the rights restricted by a specific law to determine if the law is justifiable and fair - this weighing and balancing involves determining if there a compelling public interest or purpose for the law that justifies granting certain rights while restricting other rights;
• example: highway speed limit laws protect everyone (drivers, passengers, and pedestrians), but also restrict the freedom of drivers to drive at a speed of their choice - on balance, the restriction is easily justified as there is an important purpose in protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
• example: laws that prohibit alcohol consumption/purchase by minors grant rights to those 21 years and older, and restr ...
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Prof William Kosar: From Policy to Law (English & Arabic)William Kosar
The document discusses the problem-solving approach to legislation and policy development in Iraq. It explains that the making of law is the most important function of government and that laws must be made in accordance with Iraq's constitution. The problem-solving approach involves identifying the problem, examining explanations for problematic behaviors, designing solutions, and monitoring/evaluation. This approach is useful for policymakers as it provides a framework for systematically analyzing issues and developing effective policies and legislation.
Prof William Kosar: Letters of Credit as a Payment MethodWilliam Kosar
This is the 2nd lesson from a 5 day course on Letters of Credit (in English and Arabic) taught to Iraqi Private Commercial Bankers both at the Banking and Finance Academy in Erbil as well as the Banking Studies Center of the Central Bank of Iraq in Baghdad. .
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This document discusses the process of developing public policy and legislation in Iraq. It begins by explaining the hierarchy of norms in Iraqi law, with the Constitution at the top. It then covers the definition of key concepts like the rule of law, policy, legislation, and the different types of public policies. The document outlines the problem-solving approach to developing legislation, which involves identifying the problem, explaining problematic behaviors, designing solutions, and monitoring outcomes. It provides frameworks for analyzing issues, including the ROCCIPI factors and a checklist of questions to better understand the causes of problems. The overall summary is that the document presents the process and analytical tools used in developing sound public policy and legislation according to the Iraqi legal system.
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This document provides an overview of key contract information for budget officers. It discusses types of contracts including public contracts, general conditions of contracts, and public-private partnerships. It also covers memorandums of understanding, performance guarantees, bid rigging, and types of resource exploration contracts like production sharing agreements and power purchase agreements. Checklists are recommended to ensure all important contract details are included. The dangers of memorandums of understanding being non-binding are outlined, and performance guarantees using letters of credit or bonds are described. Finally, common forms of bid rigging like cover bidding, bid suppression, bid rotation, and market allocation are defined, along with warning signs of anti-competitive bidding practices.
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This document discusses doing business in post-conflict nations. It notes that while the legal and institutional environment is often lacking, that is not always a fatal flaw for foreign investment. Investors look for protection of investments, repatriation of profits, stable currency and a stable country. Starting a business in post-conflict nations may involve a lack of bureaucracy but also lack of protections. Enforcing contracts is possible through the legal system and courts. However, closing a business is difficult due to an absence of bankruptcy laws. Other challenges include an economically destructive tax system, a broken legislative process, and a shortage of skilled local labor.
The document summarizes legislative updates from the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly (SSLA). It outlines the flow of legislation through various government bodies before being signed by the President. It lists laws that have been passed by the SSLA, including appropriations acts and laws establishing government bodies. The SSLA session ended in August 2008 and will reconvene in October to focus solely on passing the budget until December. Future plans include establishing a new government gazette office.
This document summarizes the key facts about Afghanistan, including its government structure, constitution, challenges, and prospects for the future. It notes that Afghanistan has a population of around 30 million people across several ethnic groups. The country's constitution establishes it as an Islamic republic with three branches of government. However, the country faces significant security, economic, and human rights challenges as it recovers from decades of war and conflict. While progress has been made in some areas, the security situation is deteriorating in parts of the country. Overall, the prospects for Afghanistan's future remain uncertain as reforms continue and the country works to establish stability and prosperity.
2. Key Elements of Rule of Law The orderly operation of a legal system in any modern, democratic country, plays an important role in society The courts facilitate the interpretation of those rules by providing a system to resolve disputes between individuals or individuals and the government The courts also function in our society, as well as others, as the chief interpreters of the constitution Global Public Sector Industry Strategy Refresh 2
13. Background Sudan - largest country in Africa Population approx. 39 million 1 country - 2 systems Government of National Unity - Khartoum Government of Southern Sudan (“GoSS”)- Juba Population of Southern Sudan - approx. 8.26 million
14. Background Southern Sudan has been almost continually at war since before independence from the Anglo-Egyptian condominium on January 1, 1956 The most recent conflict lasting 23 years ended with the signing of the CPA on January 9, 2005 Ongoing conflict in Darfur
15. Background Shari’a imposed in 1983 ICC indictment against President Omar al-Bashir on March 14, 2009 Post-CPA—English & Arabic official languages Common Law Referendum on independence scheduled for January 2011
17. Constitutions Constitutions in Southern Sudan Interim National Constitution Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan State Constitutions All derived from the CPA Where there is a conflict between a provision in a Constitution & the CPA, the CPA governs
18. Hierarchy of Norms Constitutions (CPA/INC/ICSS/State) Customary Law Treaties Codes/Laws Regulations Circulars/Decrees/Orders Presidential Ministerial UnderSecretary
19. Challenges hot, humid tropical weather disease Events frequently cancelled due to perceived or actual security threats. often locked down in our camps Meetings never begin on time, if at all organizing an event is never easy frequently cancelled because of competing events Global Public Sector Industry Strategy Refresh 12
20. Back to Law School Many legal counsels were trained in Arabic and learned Shari’a For many this course was their first introduction to both the Common Law and legal training conducted in English novel to the students is the use of case studies and “mini-trials” as a method of learning Global Public Sector Industry Strategy Refresh 13
21. Petroleum divided up its oil fields into Blocks. Production Sharing Agreements (“PSAs”) with IOCs whereby the state, either directly or through a state-owned oil company, receives % in the proceeds of E & P negotiated with each IOC and varies between countries and indeed between oil fields. Nile Petroleum Corporation (“Nile Pet”) Limited to commercialize the South’s extensive petroleum assets—10% Global Public Sector Industry Strategy Refresh 14
22. Prognosis Return of the Diaspora Elections: April 11-13, 2010 Referendum on Independence—January 2011 Global Public Sector Industry Strategy Refresh 15