In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
ADM Jabalpur V. Shivkant Shukla Case PresesntationJaimin Joshi
I studied this case very briefly because I have to make ppt presentation on this topic. This case is deals with Art.21 as well as with MISA Act,1973.
This case is Landmark case with respect to Indian Constitution.
This Presentation I am uploading just for the purpose of guiding on the subject. It might not give the reader whole explanation of the topic so it is advisable to refer other sources also in order to understand the topic. Publisher is not responsible for anything.
Public interest Litigation- means, litigation filed in a court of law, for the protection of “Public Interest", such as Pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, Constructional hazards etc
PRECEDENTS AS A SOURCE OF LAW
DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF PRECEDENTS
ARTICLE 141 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN INDIA THE APEX COURT AT THE TOP AND OTHER COURTS AS SUBORDINATE COURTS
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECEDENTS
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRECEDENTS
DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS
DECISION SUB SILENTIO
DOCTRINE OF PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING RATIO DECIDENI OF A CASE OBITER DICTUM OF THE CASE
MERITS OF PRECEDENTS
DEMERITS OF PRECEDENTS
It is a power point presentation on Natural law theory of Jurisprudence which is very important to learn by a person who wants to understand law. This theory is basis for fundamental rights given in part of Indian constitution so it is very important to understand and imply it in our legal system.
Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. Judicial Review plays an important role in Indian Judiciary.
With current new amendments and law adding on in the Indian Judiciary, its important to know and be well aware of the statutes. You can consider this subject as 'Grammar of Law'. Teaches you exactly are the statutes made by the Legislative authorities as well. From use of particular language to construction of words this presentation almost includes all the part of how a statute is made, how they are learned and how exactly are the legal maxims used.
Child protection- Social action litigation as a catalystNilendra Kumar
Judiciary has come forward in the sphere of child care and protection by not only interpreting the statues where so needed but also by adopting an active stance to take innovative steps for child care.
ADM Jabalpur V. Shivkant Shukla Case PresesntationJaimin Joshi
I studied this case very briefly because I have to make ppt presentation on this topic. This case is deals with Art.21 as well as with MISA Act,1973.
This case is Landmark case with respect to Indian Constitution.
This Presentation I am uploading just for the purpose of guiding on the subject. It might not give the reader whole explanation of the topic so it is advisable to refer other sources also in order to understand the topic. Publisher is not responsible for anything.
Public interest Litigation- means, litigation filed in a court of law, for the protection of “Public Interest", such as Pollution, Terrorism, Road safety, Constructional hazards etc
PRECEDENTS AS A SOURCE OF LAW
DIFFERENT DEFINITION OF PRECEDENTS
ARTICLE 141 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
HIERARCHY OF COURTS IN INDIA THE APEX COURT AT THE TOP AND OTHER COURTS AS SUBORDINATE COURTS
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECEDENTS
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRECEDENTS
DOCTRINE OF STARE DECISIS
DECISION SUB SILENTIO
DOCTRINE OF PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING RATIO DECIDENI OF A CASE OBITER DICTUM OF THE CASE
MERITS OF PRECEDENTS
DEMERITS OF PRECEDENTS
It is a power point presentation on Natural law theory of Jurisprudence which is very important to learn by a person who wants to understand law. This theory is basis for fundamental rights given in part of Indian constitution so it is very important to understand and imply it in our legal system.
Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. Judicial Review plays an important role in Indian Judiciary.
With current new amendments and law adding on in the Indian Judiciary, its important to know and be well aware of the statutes. You can consider this subject as 'Grammar of Law'. Teaches you exactly are the statutes made by the Legislative authorities as well. From use of particular language to construction of words this presentation almost includes all the part of how a statute is made, how they are learned and how exactly are the legal maxims used.
Child protection- Social action litigation as a catalystNilendra Kumar
Judiciary has come forward in the sphere of child care and protection by not only interpreting the statues where so needed but also by adopting an active stance to take innovative steps for child care.
public interest litigation 211047.docxSamrudhJain3
This is my research work related to public interest litigation. The information in this work are collected from various sources both from internet and books.
Judicial Review with a reference of Judicial Activism. Sanjana Bharadwaj
This PPT will give you a breif idea on what is Judicial Review, how did it origionate in India with a reference of Judicial Activism and PIL along with examples and case laws.
The concept of rule of law is that the state is governed by the law, not by any particular government. This paper displays the present condition of the rule of law in curriculum and students’ intention in getting a course or a training program on the rule of law in their curriculum. In this study, 23 in-depth interviews with different university going students of different disciplines—science, social science, medical and engineering, 2 key-informant interviews, and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs), along with intensive studies from various secondary sources, were conducted.
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State, while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was predicated on two theories – Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected. Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst others. The study also found out, that majority of the information accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of Information Act, Implementation
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties
encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State,
while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was
predicated on two theories - Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility
theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and
evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information
under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while
utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information
from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected.
Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered
challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of
information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst
others. The study also found out, that majority of the information
accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed
outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in
Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst
others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study
should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate
quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory
function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National
Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of
Information Act, Implementation
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed.
Reaffirming LibertyThe Supreme Court has revived faith in the constitutional ideas of freedom of expression in their judgment on internet shutdown in Kashmir, says Prof Upendra Baxi
The establishment of a judiciary with the power of constitutional review — determining whether government actions comply with the constitution’s provisions — is now considered a standard component of a democracy. It is increasingly common to entrust the power of constitutional review to a specialised constitutional court that can issue authoritative decisions on the constitutionality of laws and government actions and can interpret the constitution’s provisions.
A constitutional court can play many important roles, including reviewing the constitutionality of legislation, protecting individual rights, providing a forum for the resolution of disputes in a federal system, enforcing the separation of powers, certifying election results, and assessing the legality of political parties.
Establishing a court with the power to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions provides political parties and groups with a form of “insurance” for future scenarios in which they may not be in government and want to make sure that a government formed by their opponents acts within the limits of the constitution. A constitutional court is a means of institutionalising the commitment made by all parties when drafting the constitution to abide by its provisions. Furthermore, foreign investors often regard an independent and well-functioning judiciary as a sign of a country’s stability and investment potential. There are many options in designing a constitutional court, yet some recommendations can be made on a number of key design questions:
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Public Interest Litigation:
B.A., L.L.B. (Hons) – II Sem.
ABSTRACT
In this research paper the researcher has focused on
the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the
Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of
law has been introduced for betterment of the socially
and economically deprived. Paper includes the
positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on
the Indian society and explores the ways someone can
use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of
the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses
about the writs that can be used to take the legal
remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and
judgments that show up the necessity public interest
litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at
critically analyzing the public interest litigation
instrument introduced by the judicial system. The
researcher also comments on the present scenario of
the public interest litigation and aims to show its
importance by discussing relevant case laws that
made an impact on the judicial system. The
conclusion part lays an overview of the research work
done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be
taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be
mended.
INTRODUCTION
Public Interest Litigation: The term refers to any legal
action conducted by the court of law for the benefit of
the masses, irrespective of race, caste, religion, sex, or
income, or any of them; for the purpose of enforcing
the rights and seeking for the remedy. PIL is a new
evolving concept arising in the field of adjudication.
The main reason of formation of public interest
litigation is to shatter the walls of existing technical,
legal and procedural constraints and aim at providing
justice to specially the poverty struck, illiterate who
are unable to access the legal remedies provided by
the judicial system for the infringement of their
| Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review
Arihant Agrawal
II Sem., Indore Institute of Law, Affiliated To DAVV and BCI
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
In this research paper the researcher has focused on
Interest Litigation in the
Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of
law has been introduced for betterment of the socially
and economically deprived. Paper includes the
positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on
explores the ways someone can
use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of
the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses
about the writs that can be used to take the legal
remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and
show up the necessity public interest
litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at
critically analyzing the public interest litigation
instrument introduced by the judicial system. The
researcher also comments on the present scenario of
ic interest litigation and aims to show its
importance by discussing relevant case laws that
made an impact on the judicial system. The
conclusion part lays an overview of the research work
done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be
oophole that exists, which needs to be
Public Interest Litigation: The term refers to any legal
action conducted by the court of law for the benefit of
the masses, irrespective of race, caste, religion, sex, or
income, or any of them; for the purpose of enforcing
remedy. PIL is a new
evolving concept arising in the field of adjudication.
The main reason of formation of public interest
litigation is to shatter the walls of existing technical,
legal and procedural constraints and aim at providing
the poverty struck, illiterate who
are unable to access the legal remedies provided by
the judicial system for the infringement of their
fundamental rights and legal rights. It is a framework
designed to make the judicial system free from
formalistic and technical connotations and provide
justice irrespective of wealth and social influences.
Public Interest Litigation can be filed on the grounds
for –
1. Violation of human rights of the poor
2. Conduct of the government
3. Performance of public duty by municipal
authorities
4. Violation of Fundamental rights
5. Environmental issues
The rule of “Locus Standi”, that the person, whose
right is violated or is infringed can alone file a petition
to seek redressal of the damage, has been
considerably relaxed by the Supreme
and permits public interest litigation through “Public
Spirited Citizens” for the enforcement of
constitutional as well as legal rights. These citizens
can move to the court of law and file the petition for
public interest without having any
under-
1. Supreme Court - Article 32 of the Constitution of
India
2. High Court- Article 226 of the Constitution of
India
3. Court of Magistrate- Section 133 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure
BACKGROUND
Public interest litigation, an international movement,
having its origin in the American and British system
of laws has travelled far beyond those frontiers and
with some variations and inculcation of indigenous
features, entered other common law jurisdict
2018 Page: 935
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 5
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
A Critical Review
AVV and BCI,
fundamental rights and legal rights. It is a framework
designed to make the judicial system free from
d technical connotations and provide
justice irrespective of wealth and social influences.
Public Interest Litigation can be filed on the grounds
Violation of human rights of the poor
Conduct of the government
Performance of public duty by municipal
Violation of Fundamental rights
, that the person, whose
right is violated or is infringed can alone file a petition
to seek redressal of the damage, has been
considerably relaxed by the Supreme Court of India
and permits public interest litigation through “Public-
Spirited Citizens” for the enforcement of
constitutional as well as legal rights. These citizens
can move to the court of law and file the petition for
public interest without having any personal interest
Article 32 of the Constitution of
Article 226 of the Constitution of
Section 133 of the Code of
Public interest litigation, an international movement,
having its origin in the American and British system
of laws has travelled far beyond those frontiers and
with some variations and inculcation of indigenous
features, entered other common law jurisdictions such
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 936
as India. Initially, however, this movement
commenced in the United States wherein during the
late 1960s there emerged certain public interest law
firms to provide legal representation to unrepresented
or underrepresented groups or interests. This firm
specialized in different disciplines such as
environment, consumerism, civil liberties, minority
rights etc.1
In India, the revolutionary change into judicial system
was introduced by Justice P.N Bhagwati and Justice
V.R Krishna through the cases of Fertilizer
Corporation Kamgar Union; and S.P. Gupta vs. Union
of India. (AIR 1982 SC 149) popularly known as
“JUDGES TRANSFER CASE”.
Justice Krishna Iyer in the Fertilizer Corporation
Kamgar Union case enumerated the following reasons
for liberalization of the rule of Locus Standi:-
1. Exercise of State power to eradicate corruption
may result in unrelated interference with
individual’s rights.
2. Social justice wants a liberal judicial review
administrative action.
3. Restrictive rules of standing are antithesis to a
healthy system of administrative action.
4. Activism is essential for participative public
justice2
Which enables a public-spirited citizen to move to
court in the interest of the common citizens.
In the case of S.P. Gupta v Union of India, the
Supreme Court made the jurisdiction clear and
observed:3
"Where a legal wrong or a legal injury is caused to a
person or to a determinate class of persons by reason
of violation of any constitutional or legal right or any
burden is imposed in contravention of any
constitutional or legal provision or without authority
of law or any such legal wrong or legal injury or
illegal burden is threatened and such person or
determinate class of persons is by reason of poverty,
helplessness or disability or socially or economically
disadvantaged position, unable to approach the court
1
https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/W5-
Public%20Interest%20Litigation.pdf last visited on 11/07/2018
at 13:00
2
http://law.galgotiasuniversity.edu.in/pdf/issue6.pdf last visited
on 13/07/2018 at 17:30
3
Supra 1
for relief, any member of the public can maintain an
application for an appropriate direction, order or writ
in the High Court under Art. 226 and in case of
breach of any fundamental right of such person or
determinate class of persons, in the Supreme Court
under Art. 32 seeking judicial redress for the legal
wrong or injury caused to such person or determinate
class of persons."
Public interest litigation was indeed a native recipe for
making socio-economic justice accessible to all.
Justice Bhagwati explains:4
"The weaker sections of Indian humanity have been
deprived of justice for long years; they had no access
to justice on account of their poverty, ignorance and
illiteracy. They are not aware of the rights and
benefits conferred upon them by the Constitution and
the law. On account of their socially and
economically disadvantaged position they lack the
capacity to assert their rights, and they do not have
the material resources with which to enforce their
social and economic entitlements and combat
exploitation and injustice."
The Indian Judicial system was willing to extend its
helping hands to the underprivileged and exploited to
get the benefits of the rule of law and secure its
interests and rights. The extended help from the
judiciary was not just limited to fight the social elite
but also to fight against the mighty government.
Justice Bhagwati, declared:5
"When the Court finds, on being moved by an
aggrieved party or by any public spirited individual
or social action group, that the executive is remiss in
discharging its obligations under the Constitution or
the law, so that the poor and the underprivileged
continue to be subjected to exploitation and injustice
or are deprived of their social and economic
entitlements or that social legislation enacted for their
benefit is not being implemented thus depriving them
of the rights and benefits conferred upon them, the
Court certainly can and must intervene and compel
the Executive to carry out its constitutional and legal
obligations and ensure that the deprived and
vulnerable sections of the community are no longer
subjected to exploitation or injustice and they are able
to realise their social and economic rights.... It is vital
4
ibid
5
ibid
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 937
for the maintenance of the rule of law that the
obligations which are laid upon the executive by the
Constitution and the law should be carried out
faithfully and no one should go away with the feeling
that the constitution and the law are meant only for
the benefit of a fortunate few and have no meaning for
the large numbers of half-clad, half-hungry people of
this country."
In cases of public interest litigation the jurisdiction of
courts have been increased and the rule of Locus
Stand been relaxed making it possible for public-
spirited citizens to approach the courts.
THE 2 FACES OF PUBLIC INTEREST
LITIGATION
Positive
The most important contribution of PIL according to
me is bringing the courts to the disadvantaged
sections of the society. The revolutionary judicial
system has proved to be effective for the prisoners,
bonded labourers, women, children and scheduled
tribes/castes.
Public interest litigation is an inexpensive source of
getting remedy as the court fees is very nominal for
the cases filed under PIL.
Protection of Human Rights is made possible through
this system through the cases of public concerned
issues such as – environmental issue, consumer
welfare issues etc.
It acts as instrument to increase demand fairness,
promote rule of law, increase transparency, fight
corruption in administration and enhance the
accountability of the government sector and executive
sector.
The Indian judiciary, courtesy of PIL, has helped in
cooling down a few controversial policy questions on
which the society was sharply divided. One could
think of the controversy about the reservation of seats
for SCs/STs and other backwards classes in
employment or educations institutions, the
government policies of liberalisation and
privatisation, and the contested height of the Narmada
dam as examples of this kind of contribution.6
6
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8530/2cf2447c26d50a78a322b
03f1af93a5e9fdd.pdf last visited on 14/07/2018 at 13:00
Acts like a watch keeper on the executive sector and if
executives fail to act like they were supposed to, then
it comes into play and lets judiciary take the control.
An important use of public interest litigation is to
make public and scrutinize hidden or obfuscatory
information, including cost of potential social
programs, which the state and corporate entities on
occasion have reasons to exaggerate or hide.7
PIL enables judicial monitoring of State institutions
such as juvenile homes, jails, asylums etc, and helps
courts to keep a watch on their administration and
management. For protection of human rights in these
institutions the court takes over the administration.
Devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of
the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal
commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official
for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of
National Human Rights Commission or Central
Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire
into human rights violations. This may be called
Investigation Litigation. 8
The Indian Judicial System has earned public
confidence and established its legitimacy in the
society and has earned public respect across the
nation.
One positive contribution of PIL in India, which has
extended outside the Indian Territory, deserves a
special mention. The Indian PIL jurisprudence has
also contributed to the trans-judicial influence—
especially in South Asia—in that courts in Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal have cited Indian
PIL cases to develop their own PIL jurisprudence.9
Negative
The phenomenal growth of Public Interest Litigation
in India has given to various other litigations in the
garb of Public Interest Litigations. It is not far from
the truth to say that in many cases, these public
interest litigation are in fact nothing but Publicity
Interest Litigations or Politically Interested
Litigations. Taking advantage of the Judiciary’s desire
7
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Public%20Intere
st%20Litigation%20in%20India.pdf last visited on 14/07/2018
at 17:30
8
http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l273-Public-Interest-
Litigation.html last visited on 15/07/2018 at 10:00
9
Supra 6
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to render justice to the downtrodden, many a time
interested parties, camouflaging themselves as Public
interested personalities, have instituted ligations
before courts espousing clandestinely their personal or
publicity interest. If the Judiciary does not lay down a
parameter within which it should entertain Public
Interest Litigation, it is likely that the noble cause for
which the Judiciary has developed this concept is
likely to denigrate the Judiciary.10
Since it is an instrument that is inexpensive many
people have started using it as a tool to harass others
by filing frivolous cases against them at very nominal
fee as compared to private litigations.
The judiciary oversteps its jurisdiction by exercising
its control over other pillars of the constitution and
acting against their workings.
The judicial system is already backlogged with
pending cases and the increased number of public
interest litigation cases including most of them to be
of frivolous nature has made the working of judiciary
really slow. The wrong PIL’s waste the energy and
time of court as well as the public and violates their
right of speedy trail and justice.
There lies no proper system which separates the good
intention PIL’s from the PIL’s filed with malice. The
Indian judiciary system lacks the no. of judges
required to serve such a huge population and has
already a huge number of backlogged cases making it
more difficult for focusing at public development and
thus has to cater so many frivolous cases along with
the correct ones that aim to secure the rights of human
beings.
Writs used for filing the PIL’s
One can file a PIL to the Supreme Court Of India,
under Article 32 of the Constitution of India or before
the High Court of State under Article 226 of the
Constitution of India with their writ jurisdiction. The
five types of writs available are-
1. Writ of Mandamus:
The English meaning of the Latin term is “WE
COMMAND”. The writ allows the superior court to
issue an order to is lower court, public authority or
tribunal to perform some act that falls under its duty.
10
https://www.nls.ac.in/students/SBR/issues/vol4/401.pdflast
visited on 15/07/2018 at 16:00
The writ is issued to make sure that public duties are
performed and proper enforcement of private rights
that are withheld with public authorities. Basically, it
is a writ that reminds a public official to do an act
which he forgot to do. But the writ cannot be claimed
as a right and the discretionary power lies with the
court.
2. Writ of Habeas Corpus:
The term means “Let us have the body”. It plays as
one of the most important writ for personal liberty of
someone as when used the writ allows the arrested
person to be produced in front of the Magistrate and if
the court finds his detention to be illegal, issues an
order for his release.
3. Writ of Prohibition:
A writ of prohibition is issued primarily to prevent an
inferior court or tribunal from exceeding its
jurisdiction or acting contrary to the rules of natural
justice. It is issued by Supreme Court to inferior
courts for the purpose of preventing inferior courts
from usurping a jurisdiction with which it was not
legally vested, or in other words to compel inferior
courts to keep within limits of their jurisdictions.
Thus, the writ is issued in both cases where there is
excess of jurisdiction and where there is absence of
jurisdiction.11
4. Writ of Quo-Warranto:
The English meaning of the term is “By what
warrants?”. It is a writ issued to restrain a person
acting as a public officer which he is not in actual or
is not entitled to be. To prevent from illegal
assumption of any public office.
5. Writ of Certiorari:
The literal meaning of the term is “Certified”. The
writ is issued by the Supreme Court to the inferior
courts or tribunals to transfer the case to SC or any
other superior authority for its proper consideration of
the case. This writ is also used for quashing of any
order by the Supreme Court or High Court of State
that is passed by any inferior court.
Judicial Trends –
In the case Simran Singh Mann v Union of India12
the
question of law was whether a third party to a case
11
Dr. J. N Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India, page no.
630, 50th
edition, 2013
12
(1992) 4 SCC 653.
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can challenge the conviction and sentence awarded to
the convicts through PIL, having no Locus Standi to
do so. It was held that the one filing the PIL had no
locus standi as he was totally a stranger and also not
authorised by the prisoners.
In Bihar Legal Support Society v Chief Justice of
India13
, the court of law made it clear that the
introduction of public interest litigation system has
been done by the courts with a vision to make justice
come within the reach of the poor and downtrodden
sections of the society.
In Hussainara Khatoon v State of Bihar14
, in Bihar a
large number of prisoners were kept in jails without
having trails against them. Public interest litigation
was filed for the benefit of the prisoners and for
protection of their fundamental rights. The court held
that Speedy trial is an integral and essential part of the
fundamental right to life liberty under Article 21 of
the Indian Constitution and considered the
constitutional duty of the courts to enforce the right of
accused.
In M.C Mehta v State of Tamil Nadu15
, the court held
that no children should be employed in match
factories concerned directly with the production of
matchsticks. They can be employed in packing
process but not in manufacturing process as it is
hazardous in nature and also every children working
should be insured for sum of Rs.5000 with premium
paid by the employer.
In Gaurav Jain v Union of India16
, the court rejected a
public interest litigation demanding the provision for
providing separate schools and hostels for children of
prostitutes, as the demand was not in the interest of
such children. The application was made under
Article 32 asking for such provisions to be made.
In M.C. Mehta v Union of India17
, the petitioner filed
the Public interest litigation asking the courts to order
closure of Tanneries at Jajmau near Kanpur, which
heavily polluted the sacred river Ganga. The court of
law declared a date stating all the tanneries to install
proper refinery system to stop pollution and if the
13
(1986) 4 SCC 767
14
AIR 1979 SC 1369
15
AIR 1991 SCC 417
16
AIR 1990 SC 292
17
(1987) 4 SCC 463
tanneries failed to do so, the court ordered their shut
down.
In Delhi Judicial Service Association v State of
Gujarat18
, the case relates to the subject of protection
of dignity and honour of courts, the court for the first
time sent five police officers including I.P.S officer to
the jail as they were guilty for criminal contempt of
Judicial Magistrate Court. As they hand-cuffed him
and also tied him to a rope on allegation of being
drunk.
In Rudal Shah v State of Bihar19
, in this case the court
awarded a compensation of Rs. 30,000 to the
petitioner who had to suffer being in the jail for 14
years due to the irresponsible nature of the state
authorities.
In National Federation of Blind v U. P. S. C.20
The
Supreme Court held that the visually Handicapped
will be eligible to write the civil services examination.
One of the best features of Public Interest Litigation is
that it helps in Finding the SCAMS happening in the
country like- Hawala Scam, Fodder Scam in Bihar, St.
Kits Scam, Uria Scam and Ayurvedic Medicine Scam
and Illegal allotment of government houses and Petrol
Scam, these scams were uncovered by Public Interest
Litigation.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
The inclusion of Public Interest Litigation in the
Indian Judicial System has proved to be a boon for the
society. It has bridged the gap between the judiciary
and the poor and downtrodden section of the society.
Also it directly effects the upper sections as in the
form of PIL’s filed for the environment issues,
consumer welfare issues etc.
The established principle of “Locus Standi” seemed to
get violated by the public interest litigation but the
ruling of theSupreme Court made the boundaries of
the maxim wide and stretched and included or
expanded the boundaries for public interest litigation.
Any Public- Spirited Citizen can approach the court
without any of his personal interest in the case for the
benefit of the society at large, for securing their rights
and make sure they are shielded by the law.
18
(1991) 4 SCC 406
19
(1983) 4 SCC 141
20
(1993) 2 SCC 411
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The current phase of Indian Judicial System is not
very good as judges are overburdened with cases as
there are very few judges to handle the burden of such
a big population. Also, due to the lack of basic
structure of PIL which differentiates between
frivolous cases and the real cases, the courts are filled
with more of PIL cases filed with malice intention.
Thus a proper structure is needed that filters the PIL’s
filed rather than specific courts to me made for
specific jurisdiction of PIL cases to be file within the
country.
The Public Interest Litigation System in India seems
to be under-achieving as it has the potential to cater
the society but due to improper structure of its it has
under-performed and also caused difficulties to the
courts and public. If PIL evolution continues then
surely it will fulfil all the needs of the society and also
become one of the best tools of the Judicial Syste.