The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Obtaining DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis may also be possible if well-preserved bones can be found. Analyzing ancient genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA survives is around 100,000 years.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. They hope to also obtain genomes from Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis. Analyzing ancient human genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA recovered is around 100,000 years old.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 17 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides from a lecture on metagenomics given by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The lecture discusses shotgun metagenomics and analyzing metagenomic functions and gene content from environmental samples without genome assemblies. It provides an example of a comparative metagenomics study of various microbial communities that identified habitat-specific genes and metabolic profiles reflecting the different environments. The slides include figures and references from a 2005 Science paper on this topic. Problem set 4 for the class involves selecting a relevant paper for presentation the following week.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 18 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides for a lecture on metagenomics. It discusses student presentation guidelines, summarizes a published article on characterizing genes from the human gut microbiome, provides details on the methods used in that study to extract and sequence DNA from fecal samples of 124 individuals, and includes some results tables. The study generated over 500 GB of sequence data and identified over 3 million non-redundant microbial genes from the gut microbiome.
This document contains lecture slides for a course on microbial phylogenomics taught by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The slides discuss the use of rRNA PCR and sequencing to study major microbial groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. They provide phylogenetic trees comparing sequences from cultivated vs uncultivated microbes in various bacterial divisions. The slides also address issues with phylogenetic analysis like unseen changes over evolutionary time and limitations in representing diversity due to a lack of cultivated microbes. Overall, the slides aim to provide students with an understanding of how rRNA gene sequencing has expanded knowledge of microbial diversity beyond what was known from culture and the challenges that remain in fully resolving deep phylogenetic relationships.
The document discusses research on analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It describes how the first ancient DNA sequences were obtained from an Egyptian mummy in the 1990s. Researchers are now able to sequence full genomes from Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. They hope to also obtain genomes from Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis. Analyzing ancient human genomes could provide insights into the evolution of disease genes and cognitive skills in modern humans. However, DNA degradation over time poses challenges, as the oldest intact DNA recovered is around 100,000 years old.
- Dean Mobbs' research at Stanford University uncovered two points of brain activity associated with humor: the limbic system which releases dopamine for pleasure, and the ventral striatum whose activity corresponds to a joke's funniness. This ties humor to basic reward systems important for survival.
- However, humor is more complex, activating frontal/cingulate cortex regions for association, learning, and decision-making. It also activates the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex found only in humans and great apes, suggesting humor is an advanced ability that evolved in early humans.
- While the core processes are understood, individual brain differences affect how humor is experienced and processed.
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. If well-preserved bones of Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis can be found, their genomes could also be sequenced. Ancient human genomes may provide insights into disease emergence and cognitive evolution. However, DNA degrades over time, limiting analysis to remains around 100,000 years old or younger.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 17 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides from a lecture on metagenomics given by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The lecture discusses shotgun metagenomics and analyzing metagenomic functions and gene content from environmental samples without genome assemblies. It provides an example of a comparative metagenomics study of various microbial communities that identified habitat-specific genes and metabolic profiles reflecting the different environments. The slides include figures and references from a 2005 Science paper on this topic. Problem set 4 for the class involves selecting a relevant paper for presentation the following week.
UC Davis EVE161 Lecture 18 by @phylogenomicsJonathan Eisen
This document contains slides for a lecture on metagenomics. It discusses student presentation guidelines, summarizes a published article on characterizing genes from the human gut microbiome, provides details on the methods used in that study to extract and sequence DNA from fecal samples of 124 individuals, and includes some results tables. The study generated over 500 GB of sequence data and identified over 3 million non-redundant microbial genes from the gut microbiome.
This document contains lecture slides for a course on microbial phylogenomics taught by Jonathan Eisen at UC Davis in winter 2014. The slides discuss the use of rRNA PCR and sequencing to study major microbial groups based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. They provide phylogenetic trees comparing sequences from cultivated vs uncultivated microbes in various bacterial divisions. The slides also address issues with phylogenetic analysis like unseen changes over evolutionary time and limitations in representing diversity due to a lack of cultivated microbes. Overall, the slides aim to provide students with an understanding of how rRNA gene sequencing has expanded knowledge of microbial diversity beyond what was known from culture and the challenges that remain in fully resolving deep phylogenetic relationships.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for analyzing metagenomic sequencing data from environmental samples. It notes that next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the amount of sequencing data produced but challenges remain for data analysis and interpretation. Methods discussed to help analyze large metagenomic datasets include computational techniques like de novo assembly to compress data size and digital normalization to scale datasets for assembly. Experimental partitioning of samples into bacterial, viral and other fractions is also presented as a way to gain insights from metagenomic data. The talk emphasizes that continued method development is needed to fully leverage the massive amounts of sequencing data now possible from microbial communities.
This document discusses the challenges involved in reviving the woolly mammoth from extinction by cloning or genetic engineering. It would require obtaining a high quality genome sequence with very few errors, synthesizing entire chromosomes, constructing a functional nucleus, and obtaining elephant eggs - all of which present significant technical obstacles. While mammoth cloning is not currently possible, advances in genome sequencing and synthesis may someday make reviving extinct species more feasible if these many difficult steps can be overcome.
This document summarizes a study that used PCR and cloning to analyze the 16S rRNA genes present in a natural marine bacterioplankton population from the Sargasso Sea. Researchers constructed a library of 51 small-subunit rRNA genes and sequenced five unique genes. In addition to genes from known marine Synechococcus and SAR11 lineages, they identified two new classes of genes belonging to alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, confirming that many planktonic bacteria have not been previously recognized by microbiologists.
The document describes a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) that used coordinated protocols and analytical methods to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. By tracking individual bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences across multiple studies, the analysis resulted in both a reference database providing global context to DNA sequence data and an analytical framework for incorporating future study data to further characterize Earth's microbial diversity. The meta-analysis found that standardized environmental descriptors and new analytical methods, particularly using exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enabled comparisons across studies and exploration of large-scale ecological patterns.
This document summarizes a study that reconstructed 7,903 bacterial and archaeal genomes from over 1,500 public metagenomes. Key findings include:
- The genomes increase phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal trees by over 30% and provide first representatives for 17 bacterial and 3 archaeal candidate phyla.
- 245 genomes were recovered from the Patescibacteria superphylum.
- The genomes vary substantially in quality, with 43.5% considered near-complete, 43.8% medium quality, and 12.7% partial.
- The genomes expand representation of underrepresented phyla like Aminicenantes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Lentisphaera
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Analyzing DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis could provide insights into the evolution of humans and the relationships between different species. However, obtaining useful DNA is challenging as it degrades over time, with most intact DNA surviving only around 100,000 years.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!
This document discusses using ancient DNA analysis to study archaeological remains. It notes that ancient DNA is typically fragmented into small pieces 100-500 base pairs long. Contamination from other sources is also a major issue. However, ancient DNA analysis can be used to study species phylogenies, hominin evolution, past diets and behaviors, origins of domestication, and population histories. As a case study, the document discusses analyzing ancient DNA from pygmy hippopotamus remains on Cyprus to learn about population dynamics and what caused their extinction 12,000 years ago alongside human arrival and climate change. Stable isotope analysis of bones and teeth can also provide clues about past diets.
This document discusses human evolution and molecular archaeology. It begins by outlining key events in human evolution such as diverging from apes 5-7 million years ago in Africa. Early hominid fossils like Lucy provided evidence that upright walking evolved 3.2 million years ago. DNA and fossil evidence support humans and apes sharing a common ancestor. The document then discusses how molecular archaeology uses proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids preserved in ancient remains to study prehistoric peoples. Molecular archaeology helped prove Darwin's theory of humans evolving in Africa. It provides insights into ancestry, disease, and past human migrations.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
DNA is made up of a double helix structure with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases that form base pairs between strands. It functions to store genetic information through its DNA code for proteins. The DNA code uses a four-letter alphabet of nucleotide bases to form genes which provide instructions for building proteins. DNA replicates itself through a semiconservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Mutations can occasionally occur during this replication when mistakes are made in copying the genetic code.
Evolution, Humanity and Religion Where is the evidence for God?William Hall
This hypertextual presentation derives from a nearly completed hypertext book on the co-evolution of and revolutions in tools humans use and human cognition (see below), and was tailored for an atheists and freethinkers group interested in what paleontology, archeology and human genomics have to say about the human origins of religion. Comprehensively detailed scientific evidence for the evolution of modern humans from our primate ancestry leaves no gaps in our long evolution that need any kind of mystical explanation to account for our existence. The presentation begins with a consideration of the biophysical nature of life and the philosopher Karl Popper’s construction of an evolutionary theory of knowledge. These foundation stones explain how natural selection works. The recent development of genomic technology, has enabled detailed genomes to be constructed for many humans, all of the great apes, and two extinct human species, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The genomes plot the detailed sequences for some 3 billion DNA nucleotides for each species. Humans are 99% identical and chimpanzees / bonobos down to the nucleotide level, 98.4% identical to gorillas, and 97.4% identical to orangutans. Given the vast number of data-points it is easy to unambiguously reconstruct details of the relationships and relative times of speciation in the ancestry. Although scrappy fossils are notoriously difficult to reconstruct they do establish the presence of certain lineages in particular geographic areas. Various forms of radioactive decay allow their ages to be determined with some considerable accuracy. It is clear that we share a “last” common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos some 5-7 million years ago. Paleoarcheological evidence traces the initially gradual development of tool use over that period of time. Several videos in the presentation demonstrate that the great apes are also surprisingly accomplished tool users. This evidence is then used to construct in detail the evolution of small-brained tool-using ape men into spear and fire equipped top carnivores into today’s big-brained modern men that are dominating the entire planet. Human speech probably emerged only in the last 100,000 – 200,000 years ago. With the emergence of speech, people could begin to speculate about their origins – positing earth mothers and angry sky gods. Only in the last few decades has the evidence become strong enough to show there is no need for mystical gods and creators to explain human origins. When the writing and editorial work on the book “Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation – A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge” is finished, it will be published via Kororoit Institute (http://kororoit.org). Crowd funding will be sought to complete the editorial and publishing work. The argument of that book is structured as a fugue, crossing many disciplinary paradigms.
The document discusses evidence that supports evolution being real, including fossil records, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and direct observation. Fossil records show remains of ancestral species and how creatures have changed over time. Embryology and comparative anatomy demonstrate homologous and analogous structures between species. Molecular biology reveals DNA comparisons between past and present species. Direct observation allows seeing how species adapt in their environments. Taken together, this evidence substantiates evolution as occurring through genetic changes in populations over generations in response to their environments.
The document discusses DNA and its role in storing genetic information. It begins by noting that DNA contains an immense amount of information, equivalent to 1 million encyclopedia pages, that is used to control all functions of the human body. It describes DNA as a "data bank of life" and the "secret world" that contains all the instructions needed to construct the human body. The document argues that the complex information storage capabilities of DNA provide clear evidence of intelligent design by an all-powerful Creator, as the idea that such a system could arise by chance through evolutionary processes is unreasonable.
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This document discusses challenges and opportunities for analyzing metagenomic sequencing data from environmental samples. It notes that next-generation sequencing has led to an exponential increase in the amount of sequencing data produced but challenges remain for data analysis and interpretation. Methods discussed to help analyze large metagenomic datasets include computational techniques like de novo assembly to compress data size and digital normalization to scale datasets for assembly. Experimental partitioning of samples into bacterial, viral and other fractions is also presented as a way to gain insights from metagenomic data. The talk emphasizes that continued method development is needed to fully leverage the massive amounts of sequencing data now possible from microbial communities.
This document discusses the challenges involved in reviving the woolly mammoth from extinction by cloning or genetic engineering. It would require obtaining a high quality genome sequence with very few errors, synthesizing entire chromosomes, constructing a functional nucleus, and obtaining elephant eggs - all of which present significant technical obstacles. While mammoth cloning is not currently possible, advances in genome sequencing and synthesis may someday make reviving extinct species more feasible if these many difficult steps can be overcome.
This document summarizes a study that used PCR and cloning to analyze the 16S rRNA genes present in a natural marine bacterioplankton population from the Sargasso Sea. Researchers constructed a library of 51 small-subunit rRNA genes and sequenced five unique genes. In addition to genes from known marine Synechococcus and SAR11 lineages, they identified two new classes of genes belonging to alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria, confirming that many planktonic bacteria have not been previously recognized by microbiologists.
The document describes a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) that used coordinated protocols and analytical methods to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. By tracking individual bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences across multiple studies, the analysis resulted in both a reference database providing global context to DNA sequence data and an analytical framework for incorporating future study data to further characterize Earth's microbial diversity. The meta-analysis found that standardized environmental descriptors and new analytical methods, particularly using exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enabled comparisons across studies and exploration of large-scale ecological patterns.
This document summarizes a study that reconstructed 7,903 bacterial and archaeal genomes from over 1,500 public metagenomes. Key findings include:
- The genomes increase phylogenetic diversity of bacterial and archaeal trees by over 30% and provide first representatives for 17 bacterial and 3 archaeal candidate phyla.
- 245 genomes were recovered from the Patescibacteria superphylum.
- The genomes vary substantially in quality, with 43.5% considered near-complete, 43.8% medium quality, and 12.7% partial.
- The genomes expand representation of underrepresented phyla like Aminicenantes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Lentisphaera
The document discusses research into analyzing ancient human DNA to learn about past species. It notes that the first ancient DNA sequences came from a 2400-year-old Egyptian mummy. A team is publishing the genome of several Neanderthals dating back 38,000-70,000 years. Analyzing DNA from other ancient hominids like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis could provide insights into the evolution of humans and the relationships between different species. However, obtaining useful DNA is challenging as it degrades over time, with most intact DNA surviving only around 100,000 years.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!
This document discusses using ancient DNA analysis to study archaeological remains. It notes that ancient DNA is typically fragmented into small pieces 100-500 base pairs long. Contamination from other sources is also a major issue. However, ancient DNA analysis can be used to study species phylogenies, hominin evolution, past diets and behaviors, origins of domestication, and population histories. As a case study, the document discusses analyzing ancient DNA from pygmy hippopotamus remains on Cyprus to learn about population dynamics and what caused their extinction 12,000 years ago alongside human arrival and climate change. Stable isotope analysis of bones and teeth can also provide clues about past diets.
This document discusses human evolution and molecular archaeology. It begins by outlining key events in human evolution such as diverging from apes 5-7 million years ago in Africa. Early hominid fossils like Lucy provided evidence that upright walking evolved 3.2 million years ago. DNA and fossil evidence support humans and apes sharing a common ancestor. The document then discusses how molecular archaeology uses proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids preserved in ancient remains to study prehistoric peoples. Molecular archaeology helped prove Darwin's theory of humans evolving in Africa. It provides insights into ancestry, disease, and past human migrations.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
DNA is made up of a double helix structure with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases that form base pairs between strands. It functions to store genetic information through its DNA code for proteins. The DNA code uses a four-letter alphabet of nucleotide bases to form genes which provide instructions for building proteins. DNA replicates itself through a semiconservative process where the strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand. Mutations can occasionally occur during this replication when mistakes are made in copying the genetic code.
Evolution, Humanity and Religion Where is the evidence for God?William Hall
This hypertextual presentation derives from a nearly completed hypertext book on the co-evolution of and revolutions in tools humans use and human cognition (see below), and was tailored for an atheists and freethinkers group interested in what paleontology, archeology and human genomics have to say about the human origins of religion. Comprehensively detailed scientific evidence for the evolution of modern humans from our primate ancestry leaves no gaps in our long evolution that need any kind of mystical explanation to account for our existence. The presentation begins with a consideration of the biophysical nature of life and the philosopher Karl Popper’s construction of an evolutionary theory of knowledge. These foundation stones explain how natural selection works. The recent development of genomic technology, has enabled detailed genomes to be constructed for many humans, all of the great apes, and two extinct human species, the Neanderthals and Denisovans. The genomes plot the detailed sequences for some 3 billion DNA nucleotides for each species. Humans are 99% identical and chimpanzees / bonobos down to the nucleotide level, 98.4% identical to gorillas, and 97.4% identical to orangutans. Given the vast number of data-points it is easy to unambiguously reconstruct details of the relationships and relative times of speciation in the ancestry. Although scrappy fossils are notoriously difficult to reconstruct they do establish the presence of certain lineages in particular geographic areas. Various forms of radioactive decay allow their ages to be determined with some considerable accuracy. It is clear that we share a “last” common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos some 5-7 million years ago. Paleoarcheological evidence traces the initially gradual development of tool use over that period of time. Several videos in the presentation demonstrate that the great apes are also surprisingly accomplished tool users. This evidence is then used to construct in detail the evolution of small-brained tool-using ape men into spear and fire equipped top carnivores into today’s big-brained modern men that are dominating the entire planet. Human speech probably emerged only in the last 100,000 – 200,000 years ago. With the emergence of speech, people could begin to speculate about their origins – positing earth mothers and angry sky gods. Only in the last few decades has the evidence become strong enough to show there is no need for mystical gods and creators to explain human origins. When the writing and editorial work on the book “Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation – A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge” is finished, it will be published via Kororoit Institute (http://kororoit.org). Crowd funding will be sought to complete the editorial and publishing work. The argument of that book is structured as a fugue, crossing many disciplinary paradigms.
The document discusses evidence that supports evolution being real, including fossil records, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and direct observation. Fossil records show remains of ancestral species and how creatures have changed over time. Embryology and comparative anatomy demonstrate homologous and analogous structures between species. Molecular biology reveals DNA comparisons between past and present species. Direct observation allows seeing how species adapt in their environments. Taken together, this evidence substantiates evolution as occurring through genetic changes in populations over generations in response to their environments.
The document discusses DNA and its role in storing genetic information. It begins by noting that DNA contains an immense amount of information, equivalent to 1 million encyclopedia pages, that is used to control all functions of the human body. It describes DNA as a "data bank of life" and the "secret world" that contains all the instructions needed to construct the human body. The document argues that the complex information storage capabilities of DNA provide clear evidence of intelligent design by an all-powerful Creator, as the idea that such a system could arise by chance through evolutionary processes is unreasonable.
Essay on Evolution
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High-Throughput Sequencing of the Human Microbiome, Rob Knight Research Group...Copenhagenomics
The document discusses high-throughput sequencing techniques for analyzing human microbiome samples. It provides examples of studies that used these techniques to analyze microbiome samples from various body sites and populations. These studies characterized differences in microbial communities between body sites, tracked changes over time, identified correlations with disease markers, and compared communities across geographic locations and diets. Advanced analysis tools like QIIME and UniFrac were highlighted for interpreting vast amounts of sequencing data from hundreds of microbiome samples.
The document summarizes 10 common myths about evolution and provides responses to each one.
1) Humans did not evolve from apes but rather share a common ancestor. Many transitional fossils have been found.
2) The fossil record does contain many intermediate fossils showing gradual change, such as Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds.
3) Gradual change is seen in the fossil record through periods of stasis interrupted by occasional rapid speciation events, known as punctuated equilibrium.
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
The document discusses the Mitochondrial Eve Theory, which proposes that all living humans can trace their mitochondrial DNA back to a single female individual, known as Mitochondrial Eve. She is believed to have lived around 100,000-200,000 years ago in Africa. Researchers used mitochondrial DNA comparisons to construct family trees linking all modern humans to ancestral lines originating in Africa. The theory helps explain human evolution and migration patterns out of Africa by proposing a genetic "bottleneck" that reduced early human populations.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
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1. Boedi Oetomo didirikan pada tahun 1908 sebagai reaksi terhadap eksploitasi tenaga kerja bumiputera oleh sistem liberal yang memberi upah rendah.
2. Tujuan Boedi Oetomo adalah mencapai persatuan rakyat Jawa dan membantu pendidikan rakyat bumiputera.
3. Organisasi ini didukung oleh siswa sekolah kedokteran, pertanian, dan sekolah-sekolah lainnya.
Dokumen tersebut berisi soal-soal untuk menguji kemampuan siswa dalam menentukan ingkaran atau kesetaraan dari pernyataan majemuk atau pernyataan berkuantor. Terdapat 23 soal yang mencakup berbagai contoh pernyataan dan meminta siswa untuk menentukan negasinya.
Masalah pokok ekonomi menurut para ahli ekonomi modern adalah bagaimana mengalokasikan sumber daya yang terbatas untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia yang tak terbatas. Ada tiga masalah pokok yang harus dipecahkan yaitu apa yang akan diproduksi, bagaimana cara memproduksinya, dan untuk siapa hasil produksi tersebut. Setiap keputusan memiliki biaya berupa peluang yang diabaikan untuk memilih alternatif lain.
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Simulasi Soal Snmptn 2011
Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kode Soal : 336
Gunakan PETUNJUK A untuk menjawab soal nomor 31 sampai dengan nomor 45!
Text 1
The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered ‐ 3400 base pairs from a 2400‐year‐old Egyptian mummy −
were a proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be far more informative − perhaps explaining what
killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk's is the only published ancient human genome. However,
a team led by Svante Paabo and Ed Green at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in
5 Leipzig, Germany, will soon publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several
Neanderthals, from between 38,000 and 70,000 years ago.
Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says Willerslev. Homo
erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago, survived in east Asia until less than
100,000 years ago. If well‐preserved bones can be found, a genome might be possible, Willerslev says.
10 Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, the
predecessor to Neanderthals. "We are basically starting on it right now," he says. If these genomes ever
materialize ‐ and that's a big if ‐ they could lead to a better understanding of how different hominid species
are related, and when and where they branched off. If the genetic information is good enough, it may tell us
something about the nature of past peoples − possibly even what they looked like. Ancient human genomes
15 could give us insights into the evolution of our own species, explaining when genes involved in disease and
higher cognitive skills emerged.
But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces. Eventually they
become too small to reassemble, and all information is lost. "There seems to be a time horizon of 100,000
years or so under most preservation conditions during which intact DNA survives," Green says. Stephan
20 Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who led the woolly mammoth genome project, thinks ancient
genomics is already plateauing. Large chunks of Inuk's genome couldn't be filled in because his DNA had
crumbled into small pieces. "We will face an uphill battle in trying to apply this to a large number of human
remains," he says.
31. With reference to the whole text, the writer (E) requiring a longer chain of complete
mainly deals with the topic on … DNA sequences.
(A) DNA research on the Neanderthals.
(B) the past life of the Neanderthals. 33. The physical look of hominid species can even
(C) the use of ancient DNA in anthropology. be reconstructed using the DNA technology
(D) the role of DNA in fossil studies. under the condition that …
(E) DNA engineering in the Max Planck (A) the DNA forms a solid fossil in a good
Institute. shape.
(B) the genetic information in the DNA is
32. The writer is mainly of the opinion that high‐quality.
tracing ancient humans’ life using their DNA … (C) the DNA had not been smaller in chunks.
(A) is technologically possible through it has (D) the sequence of the DNA pieces is
natural challenges. systematic.
(B) promises a new horizon of (E) the DNA sequences can be easily
understanding past illnesses. reassembled.
(C) is a new breakthrough in modern
anthropological studies. 34. Based on the text, the following would be the
(D) provides a better picture of old peoples’ kind of information that could be revealed
DNA structures.
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about ancient people through modern empirically validated, if contemporary DNA
genome analyses, EXCEPT … analyses are supported by the following
(A) typical illnesses. factors, EXCEPT …
(B) thinking potentials. (A) more discovery of early human remains.
(C) evolutionary phases. (B) modern genomic laboratories.
(D) migratory directions. (C) expertise associated with ancient DNA.
(E) nutritional patterns. (D) better management in fossil
excavation.
(E) availability of complete ancient human
genomes.
35. Based on the text, soon Darwin’s human
evolution theory will be most likely
Text 2
John Apollos is losing weight the old‐fashioned way − by eating less. A whole lot less. As a volunteer in the two‐
year Comprehensive Assessment of Long‐Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) study at Tufts
University in Boston, Apollos has lowered his daily calorie intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not
surprisingly, has melted away; the 52‐year‐old physical trainer has lost more than 11 kg since the study began
5 and is down to his high school weight.
Yet, that's not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three‐
quarters of what they used to. The researchers running the multicenter CALERIE study are trying to determine
whether restricting food intake can slow the aging process and extend our life span. "I feel better and lighter and
healthier," says Apollos. "But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing." The idea is
10 counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet. decades of calorie‐
restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that, extending
the life spans of the semi starved as much as 50%. Last July a long‐term study led by researchers at the
University of Wisconsin nudged the implications of this a bit closer to our species, finding that calorie restriction
seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys as well. The hungry primates fell victim to diabetes,
15 heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well‐fed counterparts did.
However, there may be more than just the absence of disease operating here. Anytime you go on a diet,
after all, you stand a good chance of lowering your blood pressure, cholesterol level and risk of diabetes and
other health woes. All that can translate into extra years. With calorie restriction, usually defined as a diet with
25% to 30% fewer calories than normal but still containing essential nutrients, something else appears to be at
20 work to extend longevity.
36. Which of the following ideas from the text (C) reducing the amount of extreme fat
above contains an opinion? accumulation.
(A) Restricting calorie consumption for (D) controlling blood pressure and
longevity. cholesterol levels.
(B) Absence of disease due to controlling (E) aging‐process slowing and life span
calorie intake. extension.
(C) Apollo’s feeling better and lighter and
healthier. 38. If the information in the text is true, the risks
(D) The melting of body fat by having less that someone whose calorie consumption is
foods. controlled up to the portion suggested in the
(E) Apollos’ restricting his daily calorie study suffers from bone cancer are …
consumption. (A) substantial.
(B) negligible.
37. The study aims at evaluating the impact of (C) unpredictable.
calorie restriction on … (D) serious.
(A) minimizing the risks of getting serious (E) indefinite.
illnesses.
(B) enhancing the feeling of happiness and
health.
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39. The following is among other things the 40. As mentioned in the text, the study held at
empirical impacts of the study mentioned in the multicenter CALERIE, Tufts University in
the text, EXCEPT … Boston has employed a research method that
(A) slender body shape. seems to be …
(B) long life expectancy. (A) conventional.
(C) good healthiness. (B) complicated.
(D) emotion stability. (C) temporary.
(E) good feelings. (D) ultramodern.
(E) methodological.
Text 3
Further research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California, uncovered a second
point of activity in the brain's limbic system ‐ associated with dopamine release and reward processing ‐
which may explain the pleasure felt once you "get" the joke. Examining one particular part of the limbic
system‐the ventral striatum‐was especially revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived
funniness of a joke. "It's the same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs, to
sex and our favourite music," says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge,
UK. "Humour thus taps into basic rewards systems that are important to our survival."
Yet humour is a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasures like food. In addition to the two
core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also activate regions of the frontal and
cingulate cortex, which are linked with association formation, learning and decision‐making. The team also
found heightened activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontoinsular cortex ‐ regions that are only
present in humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are involved
suggests that humour is an advanced ability which may have only evolved in early humans, says Watson,
who conducted the research.
No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our sense of humour
is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to process jokes slightly differently.
Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of jokes, women show greater activity in the left
prefrontal cortex than men. "This suggests a greater degree of executive processing and language‐based
decoding," says Mobbs. As a result, women take significantly much longer than men to decide whether they
find something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed, women show
a greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater sense of reward.
41. Which of the following statements in the text 42. The part that comes before the text would
above contains an opinion? most likely describe …
(A) Basic rewards systems associated with (A) Mobbs’ same study conducted on
humor are vital to human continued humans’ brain limbic system
existence. sensitiveness.
(B) The anterior cingulate cortex and the (B) another activity found in the brain’s
frontoinsular cortex regions belong to limbic system of Mobbs’ different study.
humans. (C) a researcher’s study other than Mobbs’
(C) Women’s limbic system reacts more on another activity found in the brain
responsively than men’s does to a limbic system.
humor stimulus. (D) the importance of conducting a study on
(D) Different types of reward like drugs and responses by humans’ brain limbic
our favorite music are linked to the system.
ventral striatum. (E) the timely reaction of humans’ brain
(E) Joke funiness relates with the amount of limbic system to perception on humor.
dopamine release and reward
processing.
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43. The scientists see that the internal (D)
mechanisms in a human’s brain related with
enjoyment in having good meals are …
(A) more explainable than those in
perceiving a joke.
(B) less observable than pleasures in getting
a prize.
(C) as quick as those in seeing funniness of a
joke. (E)
(D) more complex than those in perceiving a
joke.
(E) less clear than those of enjoyment in
winning a prize.
44. Humor is worth in these four facets, EXCEPT …
(A) experiencing the sense of the humor
itself.
(B) having good feelings about the humor.
(C) activating parts of the frontal and
cungulate cortex.
(D) enhancing activities in two humans’
cortex areas.
(E) triggering more dynamic responses in all
cells.
45. Which chart below most likely indicates the
response time needed by women and men to
laugh on a joke?
(A)
(B)
(C)
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