Landscape Architecture Greening the areas with respect to neighbourhood planning

Title-Sustainable Architecture: Greening the Areas
with Respect to Neighborhood Planning .
Ar.Suvarna Deshpande/Lele
17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANE HABITAT
RIZVI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Suvarna Deshpande/Lele
Professor,
Thakur School Of Architecture andICHH 2015

Professor,
Thakur School Of Architecture and
Title-Sustainable Architecture: Greening the Areas with Respect to
Neighborhood Planning
ICHH 2013
Urban sprawls and Green spaces:
1.Vigorous suburban
development has led, ironically,
to the disappearance of the
green spaces.
2.An existing sprawl can be
made more sustainable by
converting it to higher density,
more appropriately planned
spaces with good transit
systems and green areas.
3.Adequate Green areas need
to be introduced at the stage of
drafting of Development plan.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Alleged problems and issues that are caused by, or at least
associated with urban sprawl include the following:
1.Irreversible losses of forests, green space, wetlands, wildlife habitat, natural
environments, open space and scenery.
2.loss of agricultural lands and their production.
3.Increased traffic congestion and political pressures to build more roads.
4.Increases in air pollution (mainly due to automobile emissions) and water pollution
(mainly due to increases in sewage generation).
5.Inefficiencies due to high costs of providing utilities, roads, highways and infrastructure
to scattered, low density subdivisions and bedroom communities.
6.Generation of "fiscal deficits" and rapidly increasing taxes for jurisdictions where
infrastructure capital and Servicing operating costs exceed the development charges paid by
developers and additional tax revenues paid by property owners.
8.Increased conflicts with rural businesses and land uses that are incompatible with
residential areas, eg. rendering plants, livestock farming operations, abattoirs, stone and
gravel quarries.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
There is that stupendous whole of a
constructed environment, which, like fate,
envelops civilized life. It must not be allowed
to conflict seriously with . . . natural laws.
The ancient idea of a world wisely ordered
to function affords an emotional gratification
that has shown eminent and long tested
survival value. It is the inspiration for all
planning and designing.
Richard J. Neutra
ICHH 2015

Professor,
And Greening
them
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Goals:
1.Mass replicable.
2.Economically viable.
3.Resource self- sufficient (water,
waste, energy).
4.100% wastewater recycled on site.
5.85% reduced potable water demand.
6.100% on site renewable energy
generation.
7.Encourage journeys by foot, bicycle
and transit.
8.40-60% site area to be green space
Sustainable Neighborhood
ICHH 2015

Professor,
ICHH 2015
Urban Outdoor Components
Visible
1.Urban fabric-Vegetations, Buildings’ Surfaces-Green wall/roof
2.Large transformed surfaces-Parking lot, Road, Pavements etc
3.Streetscape, Landscaping-swales, park with native plants.
4.Outdoor Lighting
Perceptible Policies on resource Management –Water(Fresh, Waste); Solid Waste etc.
Strategies for implementation-incentives, regulations etc.

Title-Sustainable Architecture: Greening the Areas with Respect to Neighborhood Planning
Professor,
Thakur School Of Architecture andICHH 2015
To deal the challenge to maintain human wellbeing by provision for
clean air and healthy living is through conservation and restoration
of urban outdoor green spaces
Building or Surrounding Open Area

Professor,
Sustainable Standards
International minimum standard suggested by World Health Organization (WHO)
and adopted by the publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m2 green open space per city
dweller(Kuchelmeister1998)
There is yet another yardstick, which refers to London but has relevance to any
city. Abercrombie (1943) prepared a plan in 1943-1944 suggesting that 1.62 ha
(four acres) open space per 1000 populationwas a reasonable figure to adopt for
London.21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific
region, Kuchelmeister
21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No:
APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Urban Green spaces are:
1.Invaluable assets in maintaining ecological health in a highly
developed urban matrix.
2.Habitat values and ecological quality of these areas are often
challenged by consecutive urbanization.
3.Urban open spaces are vital part of urban landscape with its own
specific set of function.
4.Open spaces (natural or man made) contribute to the quality of
life in many ways (Burke and Ewan, 1999).
5.Besides important environmental benefits, these areas provide
social psychological services, which are critical for the livability of
the city and well being of urbanites (Chiesura, 2004).
6.(Thompson 2002) sees open spaces in cities as places to
celebrate cultural diversity, to engage with natural processes and
to conserve memories.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Thakur School Of Architecture and Planning
ICHH 2015

1.plays an important educational role.
2. is ecologically significant.
3.is important for social interaction.
4.fostering community development .
5. Is supportive of economic objectives and activities.
Professor,
In particular
1.it helps reduce the inherent tension and conflict in deprived
parts of urban areas .
2.It has an important role in providing for the recreational and leisure
needs of a community and
has an economic value in that of environmental enhancement.
Driver and Rosenthal (1978) identified social benefits of green spaces,
including trees and other features, as:
3.Developing, applying and testing skills and abilities for a better sense of worth; Exercising to stay
physically fit.
4.Associating with close friends and other users to develop a sense of social place.
Significance Of Green Spaces In Urban Landscape
ICHH 2015

Professor,
• Gaining social recognition to enhance self-esteem.
• Enhancing a feeling of family kinship or solidarity.
• Teaching and leading others, especially to help direct the growth,
learning and development of community.
• Reflecting on personal and social values.
• Feeling free, independent and more in control than is possible in
a more structured home and work environment.
• Growing spiritually.
• Applying and developing creative abilities.
• Learning more about nature, especially natural processes, man’s
dependence upon them and how to live in greater harmony with
nature.
• Exploring and being stimulated, especially as a means of coping
with boring, undemanding jobs and to satisfy curiosity and the
need for exploration.
• Replenishing adaptive energies and abilities by temporarily
escaping adverse social and physical conditions experienced in
home, neighborhood and work environments.
The benefits and opportunities of Green space
ICHH 2013

Professor,
Measuring the economic benefits of open space-
From an economic perspective, the valuation of urban open space is difficult to calculate because it is a classic public
good, where there is no market price. Its lack of value in monetary terms prevents urban open space from being properly
evaluated in cost-benefit analyses.
Neil Dunse and colleagues reviewed economic condition with reference to four key categories:
1 Proximity to open space-Being in close proximity to open spaces does have positive impact on property values, but
this is largely dependent on the type of open space and distance from the space.
2.Condition- The parks Were grouped into four categories: small and attractive, small and basic, Medium and
attractive, medium and basic. It was found that small, attractive parks have a positive and statistically significant
influence on neighboring property values and medium sized, attractive parks exhibited a positive, but not statistically
significant, effect. Basic parks, on the other hand, were found to have a negative and statistically significant impact on
neighboring property values.
3 Development potential-Neil Dunse suggests that any amenity values associated with an open space are likely to
vary, depending on its development potential - permanently protected open space may be valued more highly than
open space that could be developed in the future. This does seem to be the case.
4 Economic status of the area-
a.Employment opportunities- Green spaces in urban areas can provide opportunities for community involvement that
can in turn help to develop a sense of self-esteem and enable individuals and communities to develop skills new to
themselves.
b.Tourism- Some urban open spaces not only provide opportunities for local people and their daily life but can also be
used as regional or national attractions for tourists .
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Retrofitting Impact on Urban Outdoor Space
1.Ambient temperature & Humidity
2..Cooling load
3..Recovery from Pollution
4..Albedo Control
5.Water (fresh & waste) Resource Management
6.Solid Waste Management
12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007
13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ;American
Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001
14. Afeasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The
seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4). Yokohama, Japan; 2009
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Components Of Urban Outdoor Greens:
Three main components:
1.Patch(urban domestic gardens, public and private parks & gardens, water bodies,
urban forest patches)
2.Corridor(roadside avenues, walkways and urban greenways etc.), and
3.Network structure (linking the patches and the corridors).
22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002
23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Green Open space typologies:
There are various typologies given by researchers, organizations & authorities to
differentiate various types of open spaces .
1.Domestic urban open spaces:
Domestic urban open spaces are those open spaces in the urban context that are physically closest to home. These
include spaces that are integral within a housing area, private gardens, community gardens and allotments. The first two
are those most closely linked with the home because they are the physical setting within which the home is placed.
Community gardens may be associated with a small group of family houses, a small block of flats for professional people
or perhaps a group of bungalows for the elderly. Community gardens are thus shared physically but the use of them may
not be a shared experience—it may be that one might be the only user at a particular time.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
ICHH 2015

Professor,
2.Neighborhood urban open spaces:
Neighborhood urban open spaces are those that are part of the neighborhood in two ways-First of all they are physically
further from home, except on rare occasions. than domestic urban open spaces. This means that to use neighborhood
urban open spaces one has to make a very specific decision to do so. This may be different from some domestic urban
open spaces which one can almost treat as an extension of the home. E.g. Parks, Playgrounds, Playing fields and sports
grounds, School playgrounds, Streets, City farms, Incidental spaces and natural green space.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Civic urban open spaces:
The largest number of urban open spaces discussed fall into the category of civic urban open spaces.
1.Commercial urban open spaces include squares & plazas.
2.Ports & docks.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Sub categories of urban Green spaces:
A neighborhood Park: can range in size from 1 to 15 acres.
Include spaces for passive and active uses.
Picnic areas, playgrounds, areas for games such as basketball , football, baseball.
Community Parks:
A Community Park can range in size from 16 to 99 acres typically will serve several neighborhoods. It includes
parking facilities
Passive and active facilities.
Include biking and walking trails, picnic areas, playgrounds, athletic fields, and court areas.
Special Use Parks:
Special Use Parks are parks which have been designed for a single special purpose.
Variable in size.
Examples: zoos, arboretums, plazas, or memorials.
Linear Parks:
These are developed to accommodate walking or bicycle trails. Usually, these parks are developed along a
natural or utility corridor; often serve the secondary purpose of linking two or more parks together.
Common Open Space:
It is a territory that is jointly used by a group of people. It is not a public because those who not hold it common
can be excluded. It is not a private either because it has to be shared with others.
Plaza Bonuses:
It is generally intended to improve the quality of contiguous streets and sidewalks and to give space
between the buildings and crowded sites.
Natural Parks:
Locations that are virtually free of man-made structures. Used for passive, low impact activities such
as trail walking, wildlife watching, and controlled primitive camping.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
ICHH 2015
Subtypes Of Green Space

The Green Dunes Urban Park Girimun Architects

Laikacota Metropolitan Park Design Concept 01 by mauOne

Professor,
Revitalizing Cities:
Urban parks, gardens, and recreational open space stimulate commercial growth and promote inner-city
revitalization.
Boosting Tourism:
Open space boosts local economies by attracting tourists and supporting outdoor recreation.
Protecting Farms and Ranches:
Protecting agricultural lands safeguards the future of farming economies and communities.
Safeguarding the Environment:
Open space conservation is often the cheapest way to safeguard drinking water, clean the air, and achieve
other environmental goals.
Low-income neighborhoods populated by minorities and recent immigrants are especially short of park
space. From an equity standpoint, there is a strong need to redress this imbalance.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Green Parks and Community building:
1.Help build and strengthen ties among community residents by bringing people together, including those who are
otherwise divided by race or class, and by helping them work together on common projects .
2. They provide avenues through which information, values, and social expectations flow, and they empower
people to tackle communitywide problems, embark on collective actions, and advocate effectively for their
community
3.Older adults who have more exposure to green common space feel a stronger sense of community with their
neighbors . Results are independent of how they feel about their personal health or their fear of crime. Effect is
increased when older adults are involved in care of the parks.
4.Act as a safe, common meeting ground to connect homes and businesses Become psychological extensions of
our backyards and front porches.
5. Integrated into the economic life of the neighborhood . They are designed and sited to attract diverse visitors
throughout the day.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
ICHH 2015
Green Space In Indian Context-

Professor,
Green Spaces In Indian Context-
1.Most of the Indian cities are far behind in quality as well as quantity of urban forests than their counterpart in Europe
and America .
2.High population density is one of the reasons for underdevelopment of urban greenery sector. India can learn a lot
from Chinese model of urban forestry development as both of them are the topmost populated countries of the world.
3.Plantations and green areas in Indian cities are not sufficiently provided. Extensive plantation is required to be carried
out covering the entire cities for fulfilling the functions of aesthetic landscaping, microclimate control and control of
pollution.
4. Green areas should also provide buffer to sensitive areas such as monuments and sources of pollution including
industrial areas, transportation zones and offer recreation
Gandhi Nagar
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Some Important Indian Cities with Per Capita Green Space
City Area (Sq Km) Population tree cover in Million Per Capita
( Census, 2001) (Sq Km) Green space(m/inhabitant)
Gandhinagar 2163.48 0.20 32.56 162.80
Chandigarh 114 0.90 49.00 54.45
Delhi 148 13.80 297.00 21.52
Bangalore 741 5.60 97.00 17.32
Jaipur 200.4 2.32 5.43 2.30
(Source: Census of India, 2001)
ICHH 2015

Lodhi Gardens Bangalore-Garden City.

3. Adaptation or mitigation for India
1.Addressing multiple risks due to climate change is a serious public policy and
adaptation management challenge for India.
2.On the face of climate change, adaptation and mitigation actions for cities in
India are critically required where the urban population is likely to grow by around
500 million over the next 50 years.
3.The developed countries can afford to go for expensive adaptive programmes as
they continue with their resource intensive industrialized economic activities.
4.India would preferably opt for a mix of two strategies which the local economy
and people can sustainably afford.
5.Integrated policies like Coastal Zonal Management and mangrove forest.
regeneration, sustainable livelihoods through revival of marine ecosystems ,
construction of dykes and dams, solid waste and water resource management,
disaster mitigation and management planning and implementation etc. are well-
established mitigation strategies.
6.Urban planning for changed scenario, green technology, sustainable brackets,
renewable solar energy generation to satisfy increasing demand, etc. are few
potential adaptation strategies.
Professor,
ICHH 2015

Professor,
ICHH 2013
Initiatives in India
Government Organisations:
1.Building byelaws with development .
2.controls over open spaces.
3.Investing in experimental studies to mitigate Urban Heat Island Effects &
other environmental impact.
4.Developing knowledge-base on appropriate construction Materials.
Center For Environmental
Science and Engineering
IIT Kanpur,India.

Professor,
ICHH 2015

Energy-Conserving Landscapes
1.Selecting Plants
2.Adaptability and Hardiness
3.Wind Control
4.Using Plants to Conserve Energy
5.Windbreaks
6.Wind Channels
Landscaping Guidelines
Professor,
Thakur School Of Architecture and Planning
Title-Sustainable Architecture: Greening the Areas with
Respect to Neighborhood Planning
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Plantation and Landscaping:
1.Use of native, drought-tolerant plantings will create habitat for birds and insects, reduce
water use, and aid adaptation to changing climate conditions.
2.Planting of shady trees will reduce the urban heat island effect, creating more livable
outdoor spaces. Edible landscaping is a responsible and worthwhile use of landscape space,
even in the front yard.
3.Water retention and filtering will help protect water quality.
4.The soft landscaping in forms of trees, lawns, hedges, flower gardens can be around
public areas such as monuments, industrial areas, commercial areas, along the drains and
roads.
ICHH 2015

Professor,
Preserving the existing vegetative cover ameliorates
climatic problems in many ways:
1.It shades the ground surface.
2.It retains the cooling moisture of precipitation.
3.It protects the soils and environs from the freezing winds.
4.It cools and refreshes heated air by evapotranspiration.
5.Topographical forms, tall buildings, trees, or other objects may reduce the
total hours of daylight. The sun’s orbit and angle of incidence vary with the
seasons.
6.By orientation, screening, and overhang the amount of sunlight admitted to
the interior can be precisely controlled. It provides sunscreen, shade, and
shadow.
7.It helps to prevent rapid runoff and recharges the water-bearing soil strata.
It checks the wind.
8.Install new plantings where needed. They may be utilized for various
types of climate control. Windscreens, shade trees, and heat absorptive
ground covers are examples.
ICHH 2015

NAME OF THE TREE HEIGHT
(in m)
SPREAD
(in m)
TYPE AND USE
Bottle brush 5-8 4-5 Ever green.Used in parks and landscapes.
Indian laburnum 10-14 9-14 Deciduous.Ornamental.
Javanese cassia 9-12 7.5 -9 Deciduous.Roadside planting,parks and gardens.
Casurina 15-22 9-13 Evergreen,ornamental,thin,light shade
Gul mohor 10-16 15-20 Decidious.Roads,lawns,gardens
Nilgiri 25-45 9-12 Evergreen.Gardens,highways
Silver oak 15-22 6-9 Evergreen.Windbreak and shading tree
Hibiscus 9-16 9-12 Evergreen.Wind breaks and soil erosions.
Jacaranda 9-15 9-14 Deciduous.Decorative.Gardens,roadsides
Arjuna 6-11 7-10 Deciduous.Ornamental.
Champa 9-15 7-11 Evergreen.Ornamental.Residences
Bakul 12-15 12-19 Evergreen.Shading roads,gardens,parks.
Chameli 4-6 6-8 Deciduous.Fragrent flowers
Palas 7-13 6-9 Deciduous.ornamental and shading.
Neem 12-20 15-22 Deciduous.Shading tree.
Ashok 15-22 7-11 Evergreen.Ornamental.deep shade
Mango 15-22 12-19 Evergreen.Shading,fruit tree
Mulberry 12-15 9-14 Decidious.shading during summers

Professor,
The typical residential landscape.
1.What is usually seen on a residential site is a one- or two-story house surrounded by an expanse of lawn and various
plantings.
2. Regardless of the size of the site, the house is usually placed near the middle of the site, thus creating front
yards and backyards of similar sizes and narrow side yards.
3. The front yard is most often thought of as a public setting for the house. A lawn, often manicured to create a lush
green carpet, occupies most of this area with a driveway situated along one side of the site.
4. In arid areas of the country, the lawn area may be replaced with gravel or decomposed granite
5. The front yard is often dotted with trees, shading various parts of the yard. Typically, a row of plants extends along
the entire base of the house. This foundation planting often consists only of coniferous or broad-leaved evergreens that
provide a year-round wall of green color .
3. Finally, a narrow walk extends from the driveway and/or street to the front door of the house .
4. The backyard is the most varied area of the typical residential site. .The backyard is usually enclosed with walls, fences,
or plantings . In these situations, the backyard is apt to be the most private area on the site.
ICHH 2015

Typical residential landscape elements

Professor,
SOME GREENING AND RETROFFITING EXAMPLES IN
UNITED STATES
ICHH 2015
The Landscape Performance Series Case Study Briefs

Professor,
ICHH 2015

Green roofs Cool roof
Green Walls Traditional Greener roof

North Texas Land Water Sustainability Forum Low Impact Design
Professor,
Mikel Wilkins, PE,
ENV SP, from Freese
and Nichols Dallas,
describes how their
design team used
Envision to develop
an award-winning
LID design.
ICHH 2015

Boneyard Creek Restoration: Scott Park and
the Second Street Detention Basin
Prior to the project, the banks of Boneyard
Creek were deteriorating (at right), lowering
water quality.
The restoration re-established the creek’s
natural meander and stabilized the banks
with natural stone and native plantings. The
project also added park amenities like
benches pedestrian paths.

The 209 new trees planted on the site include
gumbo limbos, cabbage palms, silver
buttonwoods, live oaks, and other native
species.
Current site conditions: Phase 1 is completed,
Phase 2 is in progress.
Nova Southeastern University
Oceanographic Center: Phase I Landscape

Renaissance Park
“Before” shot of Renaissance Park. “After” shot of Renaissance Park.

Palmisano Park / Stearns Quarry
Stearns Quarry functioned as a limestone
quarry from the 1830s to 1969, long before
the Palmisano Park redevelopment.
Palmisano Park, an ecological neighborhood
park, was developed on the quarry site, which
had served as a municipal landfill until 1990.

1100 Block of Lincoln Road Mall
Before the redevelopment, the 1100 block of
Lincoln Road contained two driving lanes and
two parking lanes. Distressed Royal Palms and
parked automobiles welcomed visitors to the
westernmost entrance of the historic Lincoln
Road Mall.
The same view of the 1100 block of Lincoln
Road following the redevelopment with a
pedestrian-only promenade, large shade
trees, water gardens, and seating areas

Pompano Beach Boulevard
Streetscape and Dune Restoration
Site conditions before construction A new beach plaza replaced the existing
Parking lot

Buffalo Public School McKinley
High School
“Before” main entrance “After” main entrance.

Landscape edge treatments from Walker Riverside Design Code.
Rear Access

Front Access Level

Western Gateway

Professor,
CHRISTOPHER COUNTS STUDIO | LANDCAPE |
URBAN DESIGN - Moore Square Master Plan /
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
ICHH 2015

Creation of green spaces, conserving them, and
preventing their shrinkage definitely add to
improvement of Urban Quality Of Life in a positive
way. It helps to maintain the ecological balance by
addition of green areas to new ones and creating
many such breathing spaces.
An Architect has a great ecological and social
responsibility regarding all these degrading aspects of
environment and to create an eco friendly design to
improve the quality of urban life

Professor,
THANK YOU
Ar.SUVARNA LELE
ICHH 2015
References-
1. Urban Greenery Status of Some Indian Cities: A short communication-Pradeep Chaudhary,Kenjum Bagra,Bilas Singh
2. China Sustainable Neighborhood Project-Harrison Fraker, FAIA Professor College of Environmental
3. Residential Landscape Architecture-Design Process for private residence, Norman K. Booth, James E. Hiss, FASLA.
4.The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings Policy in India and Beyond”—CIB task group 66 web event
5.Urban Open Spaces- presentation by Saif Hasan.
6.Urban Park and Gardens-presentation by Maria Soares,Deborah Cabral,Joana Freita,Portugal.

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