"Rabies Unmasked: A Call to Action" Introduction: Welcome, esteemed learner, to a presentation that unravels the mysteries surrounding one of the most dreaded viruses in existence - Rabies. As we delve into the intricate world of this deadly pathogen, we embark on a journey of understanding, awareness, and ultimately, a call to action. Join me in exploring the profound impact of Rabies and the urgent need for collective efforts to combat its menace. Opening: Imagine a world where a tiny virus could transform the calmest creatures into ferocious beasts, where a single bite could be the gateway to a gruesome and painful demise. This is the world of Rabies, a virus that has haunted humanity for centuries. However, it's not just a historical threat – Rabies remains a contemporary danger that demands our attention and concerted efforts. Body: The Silent Threat: Rabies is stealthy, often lurking in the shadows until it's too late. The virus primarily targets the nervous system, leading to a cascade of symptoms that progress rapidly, leaving little time for intervention. Understanding the intricacies of its transmission, symptoms, and progression is crucial for effective prevention and control. Global Impact: While Rabies is often associated with animals, it transcends species barriers and poses a significant threat to humans globally. Developing nations, in particular, bear a disproportionate burden. By examining the global impact, we can uncover the interconnected nature of the virus and its far-reaching consequences on both human and animal populations. The Cost of Ignorance: Ignorance about Rabies can have devastating consequences. This presentation will shed light on the economic and social toll of Rabies outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of education and awareness as essential tools for prevention. We will explore case studies that showcase the tangible benefits of proactive measures in reducing the incidence of Rabies. Breakthroughs in Research and Prevention: The battle against Rabies is ongoing, with researchers and scientists at the forefront of innovative solutions. From advancements in vaccination strategies to novel treatments, we will explore the cutting-edge developments that offer hope in our quest to eradicate this ancient adversary. Conclusion: In concluding our exploration of the Rabies virus, I implore each one of you to recognize the urgency of our collective responsibility. Whether you are a healthcare professional, policymaker, educator, or simply a concerned citizen, there is a role for everyone in the fight against Rabies. Let this presentation serve as a rallying cry, inspiring action, awareness, and collaboration to unmask the threat of Rabies and pave the way towards a safer, healthier future for all. Thank you for your attention, and together, let us rise to the challenge of eliminating Rabies from our world.

1. PRESENTED BY: HADIA RASHID
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
B22F0148BMS033
RABIES VIRUS

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
EPIDEMIOLOGY
SPECIFICATIONS
TAXONOMY
RABIES VIRION
ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION
REPLICATION STRATEGY
PATHOGENESIS
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
VISUAL DEMONSTRATION

3. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUNG
 Rabies virus was first isolated by scientists
Paul Remlinger and Adelchi Negri. Negri
bodies, characteristic intracellular inclusions,
were identified as indicators of rabies
infection.
 Louis Pasteur successfully developed the first
rabies vaccine in 1885.
 The first recorded outbreaks of rabies
occurred in Europe.

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
 It causes tens of thousands of deaths every
year, mainly in Asia and Africa.
 Victims are mostly children under 15 years
of age.
 In Pakistan, 97,000 dog-bites cases were
reported(2016) causing rabies, especially in
rural areas of Sindh, with three cities
accounting for 85% of the total reported
cases: Karachi, Peshawar, and Hyderabad.

5. SPECIFICATIONS
NEUROTROPIC
VIRUS
BULLET SHAPED
75 nm Diameter
BALTIMORE GROUP
V
12 kbp GENOME
SIZE
ENVELOPED VIRUS
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2

6. TAXONOMY
FAMILY: RHABDOVIRIDAE
SPECIE: RABIES VIRUS
GENUS: LYSSAVIRUS

7. RABIES VIRION
Envelope: Present. Virus envelope contains glycosylated G-protein
spikes embedded in a lipid membrane derived from the host cell.
Matrix (M) protein: The membrane or matrix (M) protein layer lies
beneath the envelope. Virus nucleoprotein (N) which tightly binds the
viral RNA to form the nucleocapsid core lies inside to matrix protein.
Viral genome: The core of the virion consists of helical unsegmented,
ss (-) sense RNA and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
 It is a simple virus with genome encoding for only 5 proteins.

8. RABIES VIRION
GENOME
PROTEINS

9. Route of transmission
Bites of rabid
animal most
common
Usually lab workers
and researchers
Non bite exposureof
saliva with mucous
surfaces such as eyes
,nose and open
wounds
In very cases during
diagnosis and research
coming in contact with
infected aerosols
Rabies transmission
through corneal and solid
organ transplants have
been recorded,very rare.

10. PATHOGENESIS

11. PATHOGENESIS
Zoonotic disease: Rabies
INCUBATION
PRODROME
ACUTE NEUROLOGIC PERIOD
COMA
DEATH
Few days to several years
2 to 4 days
2 to 10 days

12.  Muscles become paralyzed
 Respiratoryfailure
 Weakness
 Paralysis
 Loss of coordination
 Coma
SYMPTOMS
 Fever
 Headache
 Malaise
 Fatigue
 Pain, itching, or tingling at
the site of the original
wound (where the virus
entered the body)
 Restlessness
 Agitation
 Aggression
 Hallucinations
 Hydrophobia
 Hypersalivation
(excessive salivation)
PRODROMALPHASE FURIOUS PHASE PARALYTIC PHASE

13. DIAGNOSIS
SPECIMENS
 Saliva
 Blood samples
 Spinal fluid
 Nervous tissue biopsy
 Skin samples
TECHNIQUES
 Clinical observations
 PCR
 FAT(fluorescence antibody test)
 Virus isolationby culturing it in mice

14. PREVENTION
Pre-exposure prophylaxis with rabies
vaccine is recommended.
 Minimize contact with potentially rabid animals.
 Do not approach or handle wild or stray animals.
 Vaccinate pets and livestock againstrabies.

15. TREATMENT
 Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency
response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from
entering the central nervous system, which would
invariablyresult in death.
PEP consists of:
 extensive washing of wound with water and soap for at least
15 minutes
 a course of potent and effective rabies vaccine that meets
WHO standards (Active immunity)
 the administrationof rabies immunoglobulin(RIG) or
monoclonal antibodies into the wound (Passiveimmunity)
 Supportive care is provided to manage symptoms,
especially during the later stages of the disease

16. SUMMARY

17. QUOTE OF THE DAY