Lasers produce a coherent beam of light through stimulated emission of radiation. They have three key properties - monochromaticity, coherence, and directionality. A laser has three main components - a pump source that provides energy, a gain medium that amplifies light, and an optical resonator with mirrors. Lasers can be classified by their gain medium as solid-state, liquid, gas, excimer or semiconductor lasers. Common military applications include laser range finders, target designators, and laser-guided weapons. High energy laser weapons are also being developed for missile defense and other potential uses.
What is laser; Its uses in dermatology; Types of lasers; Treatment options for acne scars, melasma; hyper pigmentation; wrinkles; warts; Dark skin, facial rejuvenation; stains; rosacea; hair removal options;
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
What is laser; Its uses in dermatology; Types of lasers; Treatment options for acne scars, melasma; hyper pigmentation; wrinkles; warts; Dark skin, facial rejuvenation; stains; rosacea; hair removal options;
PRESENTATION 4- Basics of Laser in Dermatolgy
It includes -
Laser spectrum
Definition Laser
Classification of Lasers
Laser Theories
Laser terminology
Laser Hazards
Presentación sobre el láser médico de diodo para depilación "Vectus", a cargo de la Dra. Josefina Royo de la Torre, subdirectora de Instituto Médico Láser, en el VI Simposio de Palomar Medical Inc.-
Presentation "Vectus Diode Laser": details of the new system for permanent hair removal.
Lasers in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
A full presentation of one hour of all types of lasers in ophthalmology for under graduates and post graduates after going through all the uploaded slides till today. This includes laser photocoagulation, laser iridotomy, and laser capsulotomy in detail
Presentación sobre el láser médico de diodo para depilación "Vectus", a cargo de la Dra. Josefina Royo de la Torre, subdirectora de Instituto Médico Láser, en el VI Simposio de Palomar Medical Inc.-
Presentation "Vectus Diode Laser": details of the new system for permanent hair removal.
Lasers in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
A full presentation of one hour of all types of lasers in ophthalmology for under graduates and post graduates after going through all the uploaded slides till today. This includes laser photocoagulation, laser iridotomy, and laser capsulotomy in detail
A laser is a device that generates light by a process called STIMULATED EMISSION.
The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Semiconducting lasers are multilayer semiconductor devices that generates a coherent beam of monochromatic light by laser action. A coherent beam resulted which all of the photons are in phase.
Contents
Definition of a laser
Emission and absorption of radiation
Population Inversion
Optical Feedback
Fundamentals of laser operation
Laser Hazards
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. What is Laser?
Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
• A device produces a coherent beam of optical
radiation by stimulating electronic, ionic, or
molecular transitions to higher energy levels
• When they return to lower energy levels by
stimulated emission, they emit energy.
4. The light emitted from a laser is monochromatic, that is, it is of one
color/wavelength. In contrast, ordinary white light is a combination of
many colors (or wavelengths) of light.
Lasers emit light that is highly directional, that is, laser light is emitted as
a relatively narrow beam in a specific direction. Ordinary light, such as
from a light bulb, is emitted in many directions away from the source.
The light from a laser is said to be coherent, which means that the
wavelengths of the laser light are in phase in space and time. Ordinary
light can be a mixture of many wavelengths.
These three properties of laser light are what can make it more
hazardous than ordinary light. Laser light can deposit a lot of energy
within a small area.
5. Basic concepts for a laser
• Absorption
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• Population inversion
6. Absorption
• Energy is absorbed by an atom, the electrons are
excited into vacant energy shells.
7. Spontaneous Emission
• The atom decays from level 2 to level 1 through the
emission of a photon with the energy hv. It is a
completely random process.
8. Stimulated Emission
atoms in an upper energy level can be triggered or
stimulated in phase by an incoming photon of a specific
energy.
9. Stimulated Emission
The stimulated photons have unique properties:
– In phase with the incident photon
– Same wavelength as the incident photon
– Travel in same direction as incident photon
10. Population Inversion
• A state in which a substance has been energized, or
excited to specific energy levels.
• More atoms or molecules are in a higher excited
state.
• The process of producing a population inversion is
called pumping.
• Examples:
→by lamps of appropriate intensity
→by electrical discharge
11. Lasing Action
1. Energy is applied to a medium raising electrons to an unstable energy
level.
2. These atoms spontaneously decay to a relatively long-lived, lower
energy, metastable state.
3. A population inversion is achieved when the majority of atoms have
reached this metastable state.
4. Lasing action occurs when an electron spontaneously returns to its
ground state and produces a photon.
5. If the energy from this photon is of the precise wavelength, it will
stimulate the production of another photon of the same wavelength
and resulting in a cascading effect.
6. The highly reflective mirror and partially reflective mirror continue the
reaction by directing photons back through the medium along the long
axis of the laser.
7. The partially reflective mirror allows the transmission of a small amount
of coherent radiation that we observe as the “beam”.
8. Laser radiation will continue as long as energy is applied to the lasing
medium.
12. Two-level Laser System
• Unimaginable
as absorption and stimulated processes
neutralize one another.
15. 1. High-voltage electricity causes the
quartz flash tube to emit an intense
burst of light, exciting some of Cr3+
in the ruby crystal to higher energy
levels.
2. At a specific energy level, some
Cr3+
emit photons. At first the photons
are emitted in all directions. Photons
from one Cr3+
stimulate emission
of photons from other Cr3+
and the
light intensity is rapidly amplified.
16. 3. Mirrors at each end reflect the
photons back and forth, continuing
this process of stimulated emission
and amplification.
4. The photons leave through the
partially silvered mirror at one
end. This is laser light.
17. Three-level Laser System
• Initially excited to a
short-lived high-
energy state .
• Then quickly decay to
the intermediate
metastable level.
• Population inversion is
created between
lower ground state
and a higher-energy
metastable state.
23. Pump Source
• Provides energy to the laser system
• Examples: electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc
lamps and chemical reactions.
• The type of pump source used depends on the
gain medium.
→A helium-neon (HeNe) laser uses an
electrical discharge in the helium-neon gas
mixture.
→Excimer lasers use a chemical reaction.
24. Gain Medium
• Major determining factor of the wavelength of
operation of the laser.
• Excited by the pump source to produce a
population inversion.
• Where spontaneous and stimulated emission of
photons takes place.
• Example:
solid, liquid, gas and semiconductor.
25. Optical Resonator
• Two parallel mirrors placed around the gain
medium.
• Light is reflected by the mirrors back into the
medium and is amplified .
• The design and alignment of the mirrors with
respect to the medium is crucial.
• Spinning mirrors, modulators, filters and
absorbers may be added to produce a variety
of effects on the laser output.
26. Laser Types
• According to the active material:
solid-state, liquid, gas, excimer or
semiconductor lasers.
• According to the wavelength:
infra-red, visible, ultra-violet (UV) or x-ray
lasers.
28. Solid-state Laser
• Example: Ruby Laser
• Operation wavelength: 694.3 nm (IR)
• 3 level system: absorbs green/blue
•Gain Medium: crystal of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
with small part of atoms of aluminum is replaced
with Cr3+
ions.
•Pump source: flash lamp
•The ends of ruby rod serve as laser mirrors.
29. Liquid Laser
• Example: dye laser
• Gain medium: complex organic dyes, such as
rhodamine 6G, in liquid solution or
suspension.
• Pump source: other lasers or flashlamp.
• Can be used for a wide range of wavelengths
as the tuning range of the laser depends on
the exact dye used.
• Suitable for tunable lasers.
30. Schematic diagram of a dye laser
dye laser
A dye laser can be considered to be basically a four-level system.
The energy absorbed by the dye creates a population inversion, moving the
electrons into an excited state.
31. Gas Laser
• Example: Helium-neon laser (He-Ne laser)
• Operation wavelength: 632.8 nm
• Pump source: electrical discharge
• Gain medium : ratio 5:1 mixture of helium and
neon gases
32. Excimer Laser
• cool laser.
• Incredibly precise.
• laser eye surgery.
Excimer laser used for eye surgery.
34. Applications of laser
• Industry & Commercial
a. cutting, welding, marking
b. CD player, DVD player
c. Laser printers, laser pointers
d. Photolithography
e. Laser light display
38. Applications
Non-Weapon Compact systems
EOCM Lasers HPL-DEW
Directed Energy Systems
Battlefield Lasers
Compact, low
power Lasers.
- LRF / Target
Designator
- Underwater
Ranging
- Laser Bathymetry
- Laser Trackers
- Ring Laser Gyro
- Laser Proximity
fuse
- Submarine Laser
Communication
Moderate Power Laser for
Anti sensor /Anti-Personnel
use.
- Soft kill – Low Intensity
Warfare
- Disabling of EO sensors
IR camera, CCD etc
- Damage to front-end
optics
- Dazzling of Military
Operators
- Range – upto 20 km
- EOCM class Laser types :
Pulsed solid state lasers like
Nd:YAG/Glass, Alexandrite
High power Lasers.
- Burning holes in critical
structure like fuel tank of
aircrafts,H’copters, Missiles
- Damage to vulnerable
points like: Sensors, Optics
of Helicopters, Aircrafts &
Missiles
- Range 5-20 km
- Laser types :
Chemical, Dynamic Gas
lasers -
CO2 , HF/DF, COIL, FEL
39. LASER RANGE FINDER
•Laser range finders (LRFs) are vital components of high
precision targeting engagements.
•The precise and accurate range-to-target information is an
essential variable in the fire control solution of today’s
sophisticated weapons.
•During the Persian Gulf War (Aug 90 to Feb 91), the effective
use of Laser based devices were amply demonstrated.
•LRFs (along with laser target designators and laser-guided
smart bombs) were perhaps the most used and reliable devices
that used Laser technology.
40. LASER RANGE FINDER
Requirement : For Acquiring and Locating a target before any
tactical decision is taken in the battlefield scenario.
Works on the principle of a RADAR. A collimated pulse is
directed towards a target and the reflected light is received and
detected.
Range = C×t/2
where t is the round trip time
41. LASER TARGET ILLUMINATOR
•This is a device which illuminates a target/group of targets or
area with laser radiation.
• The use of laser illuminators are varied, including use as a
non-lethal weapon or as a source of laser energy for laser
guided weapons to home in on.
Suitable Lasers:
1. Nd: YAG laser
2. Diode Pumped Solid State laser
3. Semiconductor laser
42. LASER DAZZLER
• The Laser Illuminator
temporarily impairs an
adversary’s ability to fire a
weapon or to otherwise
threaten friendly forces.
• The laser briefly illuminates
an opponent with harmless,
low-power laser light from a
Semiconductor laser or a
Solid State laser.
43. A weapon which uses a seeker to
detect laser energy reflected from a target
marked by a laser, and through signal
processing provides guidance commands to
a control system which guides the weapon to
the point from which the laser energy is
being reflected
LASER GUIDED WEAPON (LGW)
49. Lethal Laser Weapons
Pump Power
Laser Medium
LASER
LASER
A Directed Energy Lethal Weapon (DEW) exploits the High Power
Laser Radiation for causing the intended Damage to the Target.
Destroys Targets by
Melting & Weakening
the Structures,
Igniting the Explosive
Fillers etc.
Beam Director for
Remote Focusing
Speed of Light Delivery of
Speed of Light Delivery of
Lethal Energy
Lethal Energy
Converts Chemical / Electrical
Energy into Light Energy
50. Capabilities – High Power Laser DEWs
• Engagement at the speed of light
Reduces challenges of late detection and maneuvering threats
• Precision application of energy
Small engagement spot size on threat target lowers risk of collateral damage
• High resolution target imaging and target tracking
High kill probability – beam on target until kill is confirmed
• Low cost per kill
Only fuel is consumed, no hardware is launched
• Stealth - invisible beam
• Deep magazine with rapid recharging
Limitations
• Line-of-Sight Dependence
• Weather conditions
• Minimal Effects on
Hardened Structures and
Armored Vehicles
51. International Status
Avenger Laser System, USA
ZEUS USA
Thor - Israel
Remote Neutralization of
Unexploded Ordnance,
Surface Landmines and
Improvised Explosive
Devices (IED’s)
Effective Standoff Operational
Range – (200-250) meters
53. ABL to Destroy Ballistic Missiles
US defence along with DARPA is developing a 20MW DF laser for destroying the
ICBM
54. Interesting Facts..
•Laser Target Designators were used during the Persian Gulf
War to direct Precision Guided Munitions such as the
GBU – 12 and the Hellfire laser guided bombs.
•Stealth F-117 aircraft was also laser assisted for attacks
against Baghdad.
•Apache helicopters armed with hellfire destroyed 2 radar
sites in Western Iraq.
•Out of the 20,000 PGMs used in the Persian Gulf War, more
than 60% were laser guided.
•Laser Guided bunker buster bombs destroyed the hide-outs
of Osama in Tora Bora in Afghanistan.