This document discusses different approaches and beliefs about language teaching pedagogy. It describes pedagogy as the theory and practice of teaching. Various perspectives on learning and theories of language acquisition are presented, ranging from implicit to explicit input, and nativist to interactionist processing. The document also discusses methods like grammar translation, direct method, audiolingualism, communicative language teaching, and task-based instruction. It notes that teaching is complex and influenced by student and contextual factors. Finally, it briefly introduces some modern approaches like connectivism and heutagogy.
This slideshare is about the historical methods of learning English (ESL) using different methods such as the traditional method, the physical response theory, the audio-lingual method, the Berlitz method by many di
For those ELT teachers who are carrying out reading classes at the level of primary school or teaching ELLs, I highly recommend you to peruse and take a look at this approach because it focuses on the teaching of language arts, which is the teaching reading and writing.
This slideshare is about the historical methods of learning English (ESL) using different methods such as the traditional method, the physical response theory, the audio-lingual method, the Berlitz method by many di
For those ELT teachers who are carrying out reading classes at the level of primary school or teaching ELLs, I highly recommend you to peruse and take a look at this approach because it focuses on the teaching of language arts, which is the teaching reading and writing.
1 An Overview of Language Teaching Methods and Approaches .docxhoney725342
1 An Overview of Language Teaching
Methods and Approaches
MARIANNE CELCE-MURCIA
KEY QUESTIONS
» What are the methods and approaches that language teachers have used over the years to teach
foreign or second languages?
» What are the current methodological trends and challenges?
» Where does language teaching methodology appear to be heading?
EXPERIENCE
A committee of professors reviewing applications
for their graduate program in TESOL come upon
the statement of another applicant who declares
in his statement of purpose that he wishes to be
admitted to discover or (more ambitiously) to
develop the one best method for teaching English
as a second or foreign language. Several com-
mittee members utter words of impatience and
disappointment:
"Oh, no! Not another one!"
"Here we go again!"
The reasons for the committee's reactions to this
statement of purpose will become clear in the
course of this chapter.
WHAT IS A METHOD OR AN
APPROACH TO LANGUAGE
TEACHING?
A.nthony ( 1963) was one of the first applied lin-
guists to distinguish the terms approach, method,
and technique as they apply to language teach-
ing.1 For Anthony, an approach reflects a theo-
retical model or research pa1·adigm. It provides
a broad philosophical perspective on language
teaching, such as found in the justifications for
the direct method, the reading approach, or
the communicative approach (all are discussed
2
in this chapter). A method, on the other hand,
is a set of procedures for Anthony. It spells out
rather precisely in a step-by-step manner how to
teach a second or foreign language. Examples of
methods are the Silent ''Vay, Community Language
Learning, and Suggestopedia (all ofwhich are also
described here). A method is more specific than
an approach but less specific than a technique.
Anthony's methods are typically compatible with
one (or sometimes two) approaches. A technique
in Anthony's system is a specific classroom activity;
it thus represents the most specific and concrete
of the three concepts that he discusses. Some tech-
niques are widely used and found in many methods
(e.g., dictation, listen and repeat drills, and read
the passage and fill in the blanks); other tech-
niques, however, are specific to or characteristic of
a given method (e.g., using cuisenaire rods in the
Silent Way) (Gattegno, 1976).
A more recent framework for discussing lan-
guage teaching methodology has been proposed
by Richards and Rodgers (2001); it is presented
in Figure l. Richards and Rodgers use method as
the most general and overarching term. Under
method, they have the terms aptJroach, design, and
procedure. Their use of the term approach is similar
to Anthony's use, but their concept is more com-
prehensive and explicit. It includes theories of the
nature of language (including units of language
analysis) and the natlll·e of language learning
with reference to psychological and pedagogical
principles. The d ...
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2. Definitions of pedagogy.
“Method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical
concept” (Oxford dictionary)
“Art, science or profession of teaching” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)
“the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of teaching” (Wikipedia)
3. What is teaching?
How do theories of learning connect with teaching practices?
Some perspectives:
Freire on the banking model of education
The blank slate or tabula rasa (Aristotle)
Filling a pail or lighting a fire?
4. Methods, methodologies and beliefs
Macaro (2003) uses the four way stretch diagram to represent the polarisation of
theories of language acquisition:
The horizontal axis represents the polarisation between theories of language input. Implicit input
arises from natural exposure and sub-conscious processing, explicit from teaching and conscious
processing. The vertical axis represents the concept of how language input is processed. Nativist
implies that language learning is an innate skill, interactionist that language is a specialised form
of knowledge that is acquired through interaction with the environment. He adds this observation:
―Of course polarizations are never absolute and theories as well as individuals place
themselves on various stages along the continuum of these axes.(p22)
5. Where are you?
At the transmission end of this continuum tutors would have positivist views that
learning is achieved through the transmission of objective reality. They would see
mastery and internalisation of language structure and form to be the learner’s goal.
At the interpretation end, the tutor is concerned to train the learner to become
autonomous in language acquisition, more in tune with a constructivist view.
(Wright, 1987)
transmission interpretation
6. Teacher beliefs:
“teachers change in areas they are already primed to change, and
this priming depends on their individual characteristics and prior
experiences, which shape their view of the classroom, their students
and themselves as teachers. […] Accordingly, attempts to influence
teachers’ behaviour will have an impact only in areas where the
input in valued and salient to the individual, and where it is
congruent with, and interpretable within, the teacher’s own world of
thought and action.”
Pennington, M. 1996. In Freeman, D. and Richards,J.C. (eds). Teacher learning in language
teaching. Cambridge:CUP.
7. Teaching is a complex, situated activity
Must take account of:
Distance between L1 and the FL
Students prior learning, experiences and expectations
Constraints imposed by institutional context
Nature of assessments and course requirements
Characteristics of individuals, group dynamics
(adapted from Klapper, 2006. p122. Understanding and developing good practice.
London:CILT. )
8. Language teaching approaches
Grammar translation:
Sees language as a deductive process, conducted largely through writing.
Direct method:
Direct association of objects/concepts with L2, avoids use of L1
Audiolingualism:
Uses audio drills and learning dialogues to train speakers
Communicative Language Teaching: (CLT – strong vs weak)
Chomsky. Emphasis on communication of messages
Form-focused Instruction (FFI; FonF;FonFs)
Draws learner attention to linguistic form/s
Task-based Instruction (TBI)
Meaning based activities closely related to learners’ actual communicative needs
9. Lewis’ Lexical Approach
•Intensive and extensive listening and reading in the target
language.
• First and second language comparisons and translation—
carried out chunk-for-chunk, rather than word-for-word—
aimed at raising language awareness.
• Repetition and recycling of activities, such as summarizing
a text orally one day and again a few days later to keep words
and expressions that have been learned active.
• Guessing the meaning of vocabulary items from context.
• Noticing and recording language patterns and collocations.
•Working with dictionaries and other reference tools.
•Working with language corpuses created by the teacher for use
in the classroom or accessible on the Internet
12. The seven hypotheses for constructivist language learning
(Chapelle, 1998) :
•The linguistic characteristics of target language input need to be made
salient
•Learners should receive help in comprehending semantic and syntactic
aspects of linguistic input
•Learners need to have opportunities to produce target language output
•Learners need to notice errors in their own input
•Learners need to correct their linguistic output
•Learners need to engage in target language interaction whose structure
can be modified for negotiation of meaning
•Learners should engage in L2 tasks designed to maximise opportunities
for good interaction
13. Post modern? Post methods?
Where next?
Autodidacticism: learning in the YouTube age
SOLE: self-organised learning – Sugatra Mitra’s Hole in the Wall project
Old theories, new contexts (See Wheeler, 2015. ch 4. Learning with e’s) Affordances
of technologies giving new contexts and possibilities.
Connectivism: (Siemens, 2002)
Heutagogy: (Hayes,S. and Kenyon,C. 2000) another way to describe learning more
suited to contemporary life?