at CARME 2019 CapeTown Three months after CARME2015, I published the Japanese translation of Clausen’s “Applied Correspondence Analysis”, published by SAGE Ohom-sha, which is the famous scientific publisher in Japan. Fortunately, I received a lot of positive feedback to the translation. I have recently undertaken exchanges with advanced researchers of CA, including those concerned with Hayashi's quantification theory. In my talk I will report on the process of these exchanges and what I observed from their feedback. The use of correspondence analysis in sociology is commonly viewed alongside Bourdieu’s “la distinction". However, there are problems in understanding such a view for translators of MCA and so Bourdieu perspective of the method, including statistical methods, was not fully understood except for a small number of researchers in Japan. Despite this, we can recognise the new developments around MCA that have been made in recent years. In 2016, questions raised by Bourdieu’s use of MCA by Prof Kitada in "What is a Hobby for Society: Method Criteria of Cultural Sociology" , and in 2017 a Japanese translation of Tony Bennet‘s “Culture, Class, Distinction” in which Bourdieu’s method was critically inherited and applied to British society was published. On the other hand, improvements in the performance of personal computers, the widespread availability and expansion of the statistical language R, the utility of MCA has greatly improved. In my presentation, along seeing these change of environments, I describe the current landscape of CA/MCA in Japan, and I will propose the educational program for undergraduate students to learn CA/MCA. CA, MCA, Bourdieu, Japan, education, R

1. Landscape of CA in Japan
and Educational
Perspective
Kazuo Fujimoto
Sakushin Gakuin University, Japan
kazuo.fujimoto2007@gmail.com
CARME2019 - 4 - 6 February 2019,
Stellenbosch, South Africa.

2. Outline
• After CARME2015@Napoli
• CA and CA related Articles hits in Japan
• Why Bourdieu with CA hits are only 3!!
• The limitation of acceptance of Bourdieu theory in
Japan
• But situation is changing now.

3. abstract
I have recently undertaken exchanges with advanced researchers of
correspondence analysis (CA), including those concerned with Hayashi’s
quantification theory. In my talk I will report on the process of these
exchanges and what I observed from their feedback.
The use of correspondence analysis in sociology is commonly viewed
alongside Bourdieu’s “la distinction”. However, there are problems in
understanding such a view for translators of MCA and so the Bourdieu
perspective of the method, including statistical methods, was not fully
understood except for a small number of researchers in Japan. Despite this,
we can recognise the new developments around MCA that have been
made in recent years.
In 2016, questions raised by Bourdieu’s use of MCA by Prof Kitada in
“What is a Hobby for Society: Method Criteria of Cultural Sociology” , and
in 2017 a Japanese translation of Tony Bennet‘s “Culture, Class,
Distinction” in which Bourdieu’s method was critically inherited and
applied to British society was published.
On the other hand, improvements in the performance of personal
computers, the widespread availability and expansion of the statistical
language R, the utility of MCA has greatly improved.
In my presentation, along seeing these change of environments, I describe
the current landscape of CA/MCA in Japan, and I will propose the
educational program for undergraduate students to learn CA/MCA.

4. After CARME 2015 ,Napoli
• In that conference, My presentation Title was:
• On publishing the Japanese translation of
“Applied correspondence analysis” and its comment part
• In my presentation I explained why I translate this
book and during this translation, what I could
recognize.

5. Translation into Japanese
Now
printing!
Published in coming
November.
Publisher: Ohmsha
URL: http://www.ohmsha.co.jp/index_e.htm
2015/9/22 carme-n 2015 kazuo fujimoto 5

6. Cute Design !
Axis:
CA!
Many Colorful
Circles:
Chaotic data
Tick mark

7. Summary of my CARME2015
• CA User are expanding by R
• Japan has long history on CA
• we can see new development using CA: for example:
KH-coder.
• But there is a serious gap among “Mathematical
theory” and “command how-to”.
• I am expecting My translation of prof. Clausen’s small
nice book, with explanation using R, to be a bridge on
the above gap.
2015/9/22 carme-n 2015 kazuo fujimoto 7

8. After publishing this book
• Next plan!
• Coming soon. 2019 April (may be….)
• Translation of
• Correspondence Analysis in practice 3rd Edition.
• 340 pages
• Very hard, but interesting work !

9. Articles related to CA in Japan
• Article Data base by Nii (National institute of
Informatics 国⽴情報学研究所)
• https://www.nii.ac.jp/
• They provide Data base of Articles , Books of which are
published in Japan.
• CiNii Article
• https://ci.nii.ac.jp/
• CiNii Books
• https://ci.nii.ac.jp/books/
• English Page also https://www.nii.ac.jp/en/
• https://ci.nii.ac.jp/en https://ci.nii.ac.jp/books/en
• You can search by English search words and will get English
tiltles. But mostly contents are only in Japanese.

10. Synonym for CA (search keywords)
• Correspondence Analysis: 対応分析
• Hayashi’s Quantification method/theory III
• Method III is MCA , but
• Method III
• Method 3
• In Japanese “数量化理論3類”/”数量化3類”
• Dual Scaling (by Shizuhiko Nishisato)
• “コレスポンデンス分析”
• Koresupondensu Analysis (SPSS)
• In more short “Ko-re-po-n”
• (4 syllable. Like Pa-so-ko-n for «Personal Computer»)

11. Hayashi’s Quantification Methods
• In 1956, Japanese statistician, Chikio Hayashi, developed a
multidimensional method for analysing questionnaire data, which
is now known as Hayashi's quantification method III. Hayashi
developed a series of multidimensional methods, which are now
designated as method I-IV.
• These methods (I-VI) are equivalent with
• Regression Analysis (I),
• Discriminant Analysis (II),
• Correspondence Analysis (III), and
• Multidimensional Scaling (IV) of categorical data.
• https://sites.google.com/site/masahironohome/resource/resourc
e/exemplary-analysis-by-hayashi-s-quantification-method-iii
• Basic idea: put a Optimal Scaled number to categorical data.

12. It is very difficult to pick up
keyword and discriminate them
• So please understand following graphs indicate only
the trends of each key word.
• Search keywords
• 対応分析：CA
• 数量化理論3類 or 数量化3類：
• Quantification theory/method 3/III
• 双対尺度法：Dual Scaling
• テキストマインング:Text Mining
• As the referenece:
• 回帰分析/重回帰分析：regression/ multiple regression

13. Hits count of statistical methods
• Regression: 12,657
• Factor Analysis: 7,564
• PCA : 5,450
• Text Mining: 2,926 (with CA are only 65)
• Quantification Theory/Method III (QM3): 643
• MDS: 475
• CA: 374 (incl MCA:52)
• Ko-re-su-po-n-densu (SPSS:CA): 214 (incl CA:5)
• Dual Scaling : 69
• CA family (CA, QM3,Korepon, Dual Scaling): 1,300
• 10% of Regresson

14. Trends of CA family
CA
Quantification
Method 3
Dual Scaling
CA on SPSS

15. 0
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QM3
CP
DS
CA
CA family CiNii hits

16. Simply search by CA:対応分析

17. Text mining

18. Regression
Factor Analysis
Principal Components Analysis
Text Mining
Quantification Method/Theory 3 *
Multidimentional Scaling
Correspondence Analysis *
Ko-re-pon CA(SPSS) *
Dual Scaling *
CA family (adding *)

19. Related methods
• “Mixed methods research”
• Several approches ?
• Using Text Mining : Analyse Text by quantity method ?
• CiNii Article : 1
• Different from GDA’s approach
•“Between quanity and quality there
is geometry”
• (Le Roux et Rouanet, Multiple Correspondence Analysis, SAGE,
2010, page 1)

20. Bourdieu and CA
• Bourdieu : 410 peak at 2002
• Bourdieu with CA: 3 3/410 = 0.7% !
• 2 of 3 are by Hiroyuki Kondo, 2011,2012
• sociolgy of education
• 1 of 3 is by Takashi Hiraishi (Doctoral candidate)
• Sociology of Popular music

21. Why only three ?

22. The limitation of acceptance of
Bourdieu theory in Japan
• Language problem: French
• Translator: famous French literary researcher
• No understanding for correspondence analysis
• Even a Strange note by translator on CA terms (inerita).
• Concepts such as social space, the champ , Habitas, etc
have been accepted without considering the
methodology of quantitative analysis of Bourdieu.
• The mainstream of Japanese sociometry is a multiple
regression analysis.
• understanding regression analysis is a prerequisite to evaluate
their articles.
• But undestanding CA were ignored.

23. The situation is changing
• 2017 Akihiro Kitada etal. Comment on Bourdieu‘s
method in the chapter 2 of “What is the Culture for
Society” (『社会にとって趣味とはなにか』)
• 2017 Naoki Iso,et al, Japanese Translation published.
Tony Bennet‘s “Culture, Class, Distinction”（『⽂化・
階級・卓越化』）
• For CA / MCA support in this book, Professor Brigitte Le Roux.
Key Tool is MCA as GDA
• 2019〜 Group organized by Naoki Iso, they have a plan
of large-scale social survey in Japan based on the
methods of Bourdieu, Tony Bennett, MCA, and GDA
• I will be join them.

24. Hobby, Taste, Everyday Life
サブタイトル：⽂化社会学の⽅法基準
Émile Durkheim
The Rules of Sociological Method
社会学的⽅法の基準
2017/3/25

25. Beyond Bourdieu, toward
ordinary Sociology
What is the Social space generated by Hobby ?

26. Tipping point.
2009/08/17

27. Historical accumulation
• Hayasi’s “Quantification theory”
• One of important person who wored with Hayashi is Noboru
Ohsumi, ISM_Prof.Emeritus:
• The Institute of Statistical Mathematics : Hayashi was initial member.
• https://www.ism.ac.jp/index_e.html
• Translation by Ohsumi and Baba 1994
• 1984 , Lebart, L., Morineau, A. & Warwick, K. (1984)
Multivariate Descriptive Statistical Analysis. Chichester,
UK: Wiley.
• with sample data data of Japan with interpretation and explanation.
• But “How to use supplementary variables” are not mentioned. As a
translation supervisor ,
• Ohsumi is on the way to translate Brigitte Le Roux
and Henry Rouanet ‘s book «Multipul Correspondence
Analysis» 2010, SAGE.

28. New generation appeared
• 1st Generation Chikio Hayashi, and His Quantiication
theory.
• 1.5th Generation (Inheritors of Hayashi and still active)
• Hiroshi Akuto: He put the “Quantification Theory I 〜n”
• Shizuhiko Nishizato: Dual scaling
• Noboru Ohsumi:
• Kazufumi Manabe: 1942, Study under Guttman
• 2nd Generation
• Takashi Murakami:
• Hiroyuki Kondo: Education Sociology, CA and MCA
• 3rd Generation !
• who

29. Sharing Common Data and
interpretations between teachers
Basic theory
Application like
GDA/Text
mining, etc
Data
interpretations

30. Under such a situation, request
for help to you!
• I hope my two translation boos will be basic text book.
• Clausen, Sten Erik,“Applied Correspondence
Analysis”,SGAE(『対応分析⼊⾨』オーム社)
• Greenacre,M.J,”Correspondence Analysis in Practice 3rd
ed.”,CRC (『対応分析の基礎理論と実際』オーム社)
• And translation is on going by the ISM Prof.Emeritus
Noboru Ohsumi as Translators and superintendents
• Brigitte Le Roux and Henry Rouanet,”MULTIPLE
CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS”,SAGE,2010（『多重対応分
析』？オーム社）

31. Data and interpretations to the
result of CA/MCA
• What we need for the training of undergraduate
students are sample data and its interpretation.
• Small size to mudium size
• Large scale data for secondary analysis
• Toy data with extream pattern
• Please inform me your text book and Data set
which are used in the class room of
undergraduate/graduate students.

32. Coming soon!
• Japanese version
CAiP3！
• With “Preface for
Japanese edition” by
Michael Greenacre.
2016/12/7

33. Still this kind of form….. Too heavy
to bring here!

34. summary
• CA and CA related Articles trends in Japan
• The limitation of acceptance of Bourdieu theory in
Japan
• But situation is changing now
• Request for help
• Text book
• Data sets

35. Thank you for your
attention!
I will put this slide file on my web Site. If you are interested in this contents, I
will send you the URL. Please write to me.
kazuo.fujimoto2007@gmail.com
http://419kfj.sakura.ne.jp/db/

36. references
• Le Roux, B. & Rouanet, H. (2004) Geometric Data Analysis: From
Correspondence Analysis to Structured Data. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Le Roux, B. & Rouanet, H. (2010), Multiple Correspondence Analysis,
SAGE publish,
• Lebart, L., Morineau, A. & Warwick, K. (1984) Multivariate Descriptive
Statistical Analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.(⼤隅昇・L.ルバール
他,1994,『記述的多変量解析法』⽇科技連）
• Lebaron, Frederic,2009,How Bourdieu “Quantified” Bourdieu: The
Geometric Modeling of Data, ed: Karen Robson, Chris
Sanders ”Quantifying Theory: Pierre Bourdieu”, Springer
• Rouanet,H. Ackermann W. & Le Roux, B., 2004,THE GEOMETRIC
ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRES: The Lesson of Bourdieu’s La
Distinction, http://www.math-info.univ-
paris5.fr/~lerb/publications/LessonDistinction.html