The document discusses the fundamentals of landscape planning and design. It covers various landscape elements including landforms, soil types, drainage, terracing, grading, and the use of water features. It also describes different types of vegetation found in Indian landscapes, categorizing trees and shrubs according to their physical characteristics, origins, growth habits, and uses in design. The key considerations for landscape planning include understanding the existing site conditions, selecting appropriate plant materials, and shaping the land to address drainage and usability issues.

1. LANDSCAPE
INTRO…..
Fundamentals… (site planning process…)
LECTURE
–
2
,
05/09/2022
Presented by: Ar. Kiran Patel
Institute Of Architecture
H.N.G.U. PATAN GUJARAT

2. Fundamentals of Landscape
1. Land and Water –
• Nature of Landscape - The landscape consists of such familiar
elements as ground, water, sky, and structures. The landscape
architect deals with humanized landscapes, such as private
gardens, the public grounds adjoining buildings, and parks and
such areas,
which have been planned for use by people.
2. Problems of the Ground
• All landscapes are subject to natural or human modification.
• Consideration must be given to the soil, to drainage, grading of
terraces, banks, and slopes, balancing and measuring, excavation
and filling operations.
• Actual examination is facilitated by use of a topographic, or
contour, map.
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3. Topography
A Topographic Map
• A contour map, or topographic map, is
shown in Fig.
• All the points on each contour line are
at the same level, since they are a fixed
distance above a definite point, or
datum.
The usual datum is sea level. When the
slope is gentle, the contour lines are
far apart; when the slope is steep, they
are close together.
• When the slope is uniform, the
contour lines are equidistant from
each other.
• The grading of land may involve
leveling, building up, cutting away, or
a gradual passing from one plane of
earth to another.
• The object of grading is to beautify
and at the same time to achieve a
better use of the land.

4. 4. Kinds of Soil - In planning a landscape, you must take nature into
account. how vegetation is related to certain soils and how it appears
as particular families of plants.
• There are many types of soil, which may be narrowed down roughly to
clay, sand, and loam types.
• Clay soils have a greater capacity for holding water than other types,
but are rather difficult to handle. Sandy soils are easy to work, but they
leach easily.
5. Drainage of the Land
• The drainage of surface water from land often presents a problem.
• Good drainage is needed for the protection of the given site
• Any water that falls upon the area must be kept moving, though at not
too fast a pace.
• The land needs to be shaped so as to carry surface water away, and to
prevent its collecting or standing in pockets.
• The water must be spread out or else controlled mechanically or
structurally. Some soils, however, are so open and dry as to pose no
drainage problem.
• In general, the land near a house should slope away from
the house at a rate of approximately one inch per foot. As
far as possible, the existing drainage relations of an area, such
as the points of inflow and outflow, should be preserved.
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6. Terraces and Banks - Terraces and banks may serve a variety of
purposes,
and may assume a variety of shapes and sizes.
• Terraces should be almost level, with a pitch of not less than 1" (inch) to each
10'.
• Grass banks should pitch not more than 1' vertically for every 4' horizontally.
• The contours of the slopes should have a smooth-curving flow.
7. Levels and Slopes -
• The level, or nearly level, plane is most suitable for areas where people
gather together, such as a terrace, or for areas and courts where physical
exercise and games are pursued.
• Any grade below 3 or 4 per cent approaches a level plane. This implies less
than 3' or 4' in a vertical plane for every 100‘ of horizontal distance.
• Slopes of 4 to 10 per cent make walking and running difficult. Slopes that
are above 10 per cent are steep and usually require steps for their utilization
and treat-ment.
8. Use of Water - Water is one of the most satisfying elements of design
the landscape architect has to work with.
• It can be used to provide ever-changing vistas; it contrasts against and
reflects foliage and sky. It offers opportunities for the preservation or
creation of streams, lakes, ponds, fountains, small dams, and pools.
• It offers a medium for growing plants

6. 9. Lakes - Either natural or man-made lakes can serve as landscape features.
• Man made lakes depend upon the available water, the adaptability of the
terrain, the possible holding qualities of the lake bed, the depths sufficient
to restrain objectionable vegetative growth in the water, and the
construction of a water-holding dam.
10. Dams - A dam constructed of earth is sensitive to the erosive action of
water and is subject to speedy deterioration.
11. Shore Lines and Islands –
12. Pools - Garden pools should be located and shaped to suit the style,
size, and shape of the garden. They may be geometric or natural in shape.
13. Fountains – Fountains may be free standing and central ornaments
in themselves, or they may be part of a terminal vista, say at a wall or on
a terrace.
14. Swimming Pools - Swimming specifications ordinarily call for
rectangular proportions and for specific relations of deep to shallow
portions, private pools need not adhere too closely to these
requirements.
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13. LANDSCAPE
INTRO…..
Plants , Trees, Shrubs. . . .
Plants,
Trees
,
Shrubs.
.
.

14. Flowering trees & shrubs in India
• EVERY year, from March to May, when the air is at its hottest, the ground is
parched and cracked and a film of dust covers every leaf and branch, one
watches in awe that miracle of nature which brings forth from the branches
of so many trees such an extravagant abundance of colourful blossoms and
clean, polished foliage.
• Some knowledge of the origin of Indian flora is desirable for a gieater
appreciation of its teeming growths. Reference to the Encyclopaedia
Brittanica tells us that the flora of India, Pakistan, Burma and Sri Lanka has no
peculiar botanical features, being compounded of those of adjoining
countries.
• Dividing the region roughly into six parts, we have, firstly,
1. the Western Himalayas- consisting of parallel snow-clad mountains which
show European and Siberian influence, especially at the higher levels.
2. Secondly, the Eastern Himalayas, where tropical forms are more
numerous and Chinese plants are in evidence.
3. The Indus plain which is arid over the greater part and has a very low
rainfall. Here there is only scanty vegetation — mainly herbaceous and drying
up in-the hot season: low, thorny species are predominant.
4. Fourthly, The Ganges plain which is much more humid and therefore has a
greater variety of plants.
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5. The Malabar area — from Gujarat to Travancore — where the greatest
profusion of tropical plants is found — luxuriant and evergreen as in Malaysia. Cane
and bamboo are widespread; Teak, Queen’s flower and Fig trees grow in number
and to fine proportions.
6. Lastly the Eastern area-the belt of dry-evergreen, between jungle along the coast,
where Ixoras are common — and the inland region of the Deccan where plants are
deciduous and frequently thorny.
• There, Convolvulus, Bamboo, varieties of Sterculia, the Indian Laburnum,
Palmyra and Date palms are common.
• List of Illustration (Plates) List of Illustrations (Sketches in Black-and-White)
1. GUL MOHR
2. FLAME OF THE FOREST
3. ASOKA
4. RED SILK COTTON
5. WILDALMOND
6. JACARANDA
7. JAVAPLUM
8. NIM
9. TEAK TREE
10. TEMPLE TREE
11. BAOBAB
12. MOUNTAIN EBONY
13. CORAL TREE
14. QUEEN’S FLOWER
15. PINK CASSIAS
16. BELLERIC MYRABOLAN
17. MANGO
18. RAIN TREE
19. JACK FRUIT
20. TULIP TREE
21. RIO GRANDE TRUMPET FLOWER
22. TAMARIND
23 CORK TREE
24. PONGAM

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25. INDIAN LABURNUM
26. RUSTY SHIELD BEARFR
27. CASUARINA
28. LIGNUM VITAE
29. BABUL
30. BANYAN TREE
31. PEEPUL
32. MADRE
33. DRUMSTICK TREE...
34. BEAD TREE
35. GOLDEN CHAMPA
36. UMBRELLA TREE
37. CANNON-BALL TREE
38. KARNIKAR
39. ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL
40. MOHWA
41. EASTER TREE
42. SCARLET CORDIA
43. INDIAN JUJUBE
44. MAST TREE
45. PAPAYA
46. BANANA TREE
47. COCONUT PALM
48. PALMYRAPALM
49. FISH-TAILPALM
50. ROYAL PALM
51. WILD DATE PALM
52. ARECA
SHRUBS AND CREEPER
1. GOLDEN DEWDROP
2. OLEANDER
3. PEACOCK FLOWER
4. PAPER-CHASE TREE
5. BOUGAINVILLEA
6. LANTANA
7. CAMPHIRE
8. IXORA
9. HIBISCUS
10. GARDENIA
11. BRILLIANT GARDENIA
12. GOLDEN CHAMPAK
13. YELLOW OLEANDER
14. RANGOON CREEPER
15. POINSETTIA
16. CORAL CREEPER.
17. MOONBEAM
18. PURPLEWREATH
19. GOLDEN SHOWER
20. REDBELL BUSH
21. TREE OF SORROW
22. YELLOW ELDER
23. RAILWAYCREEPER
24. GLORYLILY
25. HEAVENLYBLUE
26. ALLAMANDA

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• As explained in Previous slide , the plants classification should be described as
per following criteria's:
• Physical and Botanical Characteristics of Plant Material
(a) Nomenclature (botanical and trade-name);
(b) Origin, family and natural habitat;
(c) Growth characteristic and form as a function of habitat;
(d) Physical characteristics, for example bark, texture, foliage, etc.
(e) Propagation and maintenance; and
(f) Use in landscape design.
– Vegetation Types (Evergreen and deciduous) :
(a) Evergreen trees for : (i) Places requiring shade throughout the year, (ii) Strong
visual screening (iii) Part of windbreak or shelter planting, and (iv) Areas where
leaf lifter is to be discouraged.
(b) Deciduous trees for : (i) Greater visual variety, (ii) Partial visual barrier, (iii)
Areas where under-planting is to be encouraged (for example grass), (iv)
Emphasis on branching and flowering pattern, and (v) Areas where shade is not
required throughout the year.
- Growth Rate and Age of Vegetation : Growth rate is directly related to the life
span of tree and slower growing trees have a life span extending to hundreds of
years.
- Growth Habits of Various Kinds of Vegetation and Their Form : The overall
physical form of a plant is usually the result of the foliage density and branching
pattern

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