LAND SLIDINDING TYPE,CAUSE,FAILURE,DAMAGE,PREVENTIVE MEASURES

2. Khubaib Akhtar
CIVIL ENGINEER

3. Landslide
• A landslide, also known as a landslip or mudslide,[citation needed]
is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground
movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow
debris flows.

4. Cause
• The Mameyes Landslide, in the Mameyes neighborhood of barrio Portugués
Urbano in Ponce, Puerto Rico, which buried more than 100 homes, was caused
by extensive accumulation of rains and, according to some sources, lightning.
• Landslides occur when the slope changes from a stable to an unstable condition.
A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting
together or alone. Natural causes of landslides include:
• groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the slope
• loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structure
(e.g. after a wildfire – a fire in forests lasting for 3–4 days)
• erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves

5. Cause
• weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melting, glaciers
melting, or heavy rain
• earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope
• earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes
• volcanic eruptions.

6. Cause
• Landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as
• deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the
already fragile slopes.
• vibrations from machinery or traffic
• blasting

7. Cause
• earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes
new loads on an existing slope
• in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds
colluvium to bedrock
• construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging) which
change the amount of water infiltrating the soil.

15. Debris flow
• Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop
into a debris flow or mud flow. The resulting slurry of rock and
mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus blocking bridges and
tributaries causing flooding along its path.
• Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely
different processes.

16. Earthflows
• A rock slide in Guerrero, Mexico
• Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained
materials, which move at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they
can move at speeds from 0.17 to 20 km/h (0.1 to 12.4 mph). Though
these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are more slow moving and are
covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. They are
different from fluid flows which are more rapid. Clay, fine sand and silt,
and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows.
The velocity of the earthflow is all dependent on how much water
content is in the flow itself: the higher the water content in the flow,
the higher the velocity will be.

17. Debris landslide
• Goodell Creek Debris Avalanche, Washington, USA
• A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement
of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water and/or ice. They are usually
triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in
an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other
debris.[4] Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because their
movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion
or higher water content and commonly steeper slopes.

18. Sturzstrom
• A sturzstrom is a rare, poorly understood type of landslide,
typically with a long run-out. Often very large, these slides are
unusually mobile, flowing very far over a low angle, flat, or even
slightly uphill terrain.

19. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Kedarnath is a town in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and has
gained importance because of Kedarnath Temple.
• Kedarnath is located in the Himalayas, about 3,583 m (11,755 ft)
above sea level.
• The town suffered extensive destruction during June 2013 from
flash floods caused by torrential rains in Uttarakhand state.

20. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Kedarnath is located at a distance of 223 km from Rishikesh in
Uttarakhand
• In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian
state Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides becoming
the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.
• The reason the floods occurred was that the rainfall received was on a
larger scale than the regular rainfall the state usually received

21. Kedarnath Landsliding
• The debris blocked up the rivers, causing major overflow.
• The main day of the flood is said to be on 16 June 2013.
• Though some parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar
Pradesh in India experienced the heavy rainfall, some regions of
Western Nepal, and some parts of Western Tibet also experienced
heavy rainfall, over 89% of the casualties occurred in Uttarakhand

22. Kedarnath Landsliding
• As of 16 July 2013, according to figures provided by the
Uttarakhand government, more than 5,700 people were "presumed
dead."[2] This total included 934 local residents.
• From 14 to 17 June 2013, the Indian state of Uttarakhand and
adjoining areas received heavy rainfall, which was about 375%
more than the benchmark rainfall during a normal monsoon
• This caused the melting of Chorabari Glacier at the height of 3800
metres, and eruption of the Mandakini Rive

23. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Which led to heavy floods near Gobindghat, Kedar Dome,
Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Western
Nepal, and acute rainfall in other nearby regions of Delhi,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Tibet.

24. Kedarnath Landsliding
• The upper Himalayan territories of Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand are full of forests and snow-covered mountains and
thus remain relatively inaccessible.
• They are home to several major and historic Hindu and Sikh
pilgrimage sites besides several tourist spots and trekking trails.
Heavy rainfall for four consecutive days as well as melting snow
aggravated the floods.
• Warnings by the India Meteorological Department predicting heavy
rains were not given wide publicity beforehand, causing thousands
of people to be caught unaware, resulting in huge loss of life and
property.

25. Kedarnath Landsliding
• The heavy rains resulted in large flashfloods and massive landslides.
• Entire villages and settlements such as Gaurikund and the market town
of Ram Bada, a transition point to Kedarnath, had been obliterated
• while the market town of Sonprayag suffered heavy damage and loss of
lives.
• Pilgrimage centres in the region, including Gangotri, Yamunotri,
Kedarnath and Badrinath, the hallowed Hindu Chardham (four sites)
pilgrimage centers, are usually visited by thousands of devotees,
especially after the month of July on wards.

26. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Over 70,000 people were stuck in various regions because of
damaged or blocked roads.
• People in other important locations like the Valley of flowers,
Roopkund and the Sikh pilgrimage centre Hemkund were stranded
for more than three days
• National Highway 58, an important artery connecting the region
was also washed away near Jyotirmath and in many other places.

27. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Because summers have more number of tourists, the number of
people impacted is substantial.
• For more than three days, stranded pilgrims and tourists were
without rations or survived on little food.
• On 18 June, more than 12,000 pilgrims were stranded
at Badrinath, the popular pilgrimage center located on the banks
of the Alaknanda River.

28. Other regions Affected by the disaster
• National capital region
• Uttar pardesh
• Himachal pardesh
• Nepal

29. National Capital Region
New Delhi, Gurgaon and surrounding areas received a high
amount of rainfall on 16 June 2013, leading to flooding of the
low-lying areas of the cities. The Yamuna river swelled to a
new height of 207.75 meters submerging the low lying flood
plains along the banks.
• Uttar Pradesh
Six-hundred and eight villages, covering a population of
700,000, in 23 districts of Uttar Pradesh were affected by the
flood and drought. As of 11 July 2013 more than 120 deaths
were reported from the state.The number of people who went
to Uttarakhand were maximum from Uttar Pradesh

30. Himachal Pradesh
In Himachal Pradesh, floods caused loss of life and property
and death toll in the state was 20.
Nepal
About 6000 citizens of Nepal were visiting the Indian region, of
which 1,000 were rescued as of 22 June 2013.Flooding of
the Dhauliganga and the Mahakali rivers had caused extensive
damage, with reports of 128 houses and 13 government offices
swept away and over 1000 people homeless.A bridge that joins
the India-Nepal border is highly damaged or destroyed.

31. Uttarakhand: Landslide near Vishnuprayag on Badrinath route, almost 15,000
tourists stranded

32. RESCUE OPERATION
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION
• Army, Air Force ,Navy
• Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
• Border Security Force
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
• Public Works Department and local administrations

33. Operation Surya Hope:
• Operation Surya Hope is the name that Indian Army’s Central
Command gave to its response in Uttarakhand
• Operation Surya Hope was conducted by Indian Army’s Lucknow
based Central Command
• Indian Army's largest humanitarian mission as Operation Surya Hope.
• Over 10,000 troops participated in Operation Surya Hope. It was
conducted in tandem with the response by Indian Air Force (IAF)
the Border Road Organization National Disaster Response
Force (NDRF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and other para military
forces under the Ministry of Home

34. OPERATION RAHAT:
• Operation Rahat "Relief" was the name given to the Indian Air
Force's rescue operations to evacuate civilians affected by
the 2013 North India floods. Thousands of pilgrims in transit in the
hill states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh were stranded in
various valleys. It was one of the largest operations of the Indian
Armed Forces in several decades. and IAF claims it to be the
biggest civilian rescue operation in the world carried out by any
air force using helicopters. During the first phase of the operation
From 17 June 2013, the IAF airlifted a total of 19,600 people -
flying a total of 2,140 sorties and dropping/landing a total of
3,82,400 kg of relief material and equipment.

35. • Activists of political and social organisations were also involved in the rescue
and management of relief centres.The national highway and other important
roads were closed to regular traffic. Helicopters were used to rescue people,
but due to the rough terrain, heavy fog and rainfall, manoeuvring them was a
challenge.By 21 June 2013, the Army had deployed 10,000 soldiers and 11
helicopters, the Navy had sent 45 naval divers, and the Air force had deployed
43 aircraft including 36 helicopters

36. Indo Tibetan border Police (ITBP):
• Indo Tibetan border Police (ITBP) a Force which guards the Indo China borders
on the high himalayas with its 3 Regional Response Centres (RRCs) started
rescue and relief operation. 2000 strong ITBP force with its mountaineering
skills and improvisation methods started rescue of stranded pilgrims. It was a
simultaneous effort by ITBP at Kedar ghati, Gangotri valley and Govind ghat
areas. According to official figures by ITBP, they were able to rescue 33,009
pilgrims in 15 days on their own from extreme remote and inaccessible
areas.Before Army or Air Force called in, being deployed in the nearby areas,
ITBP took the first call and saved many lives. They also distributed food packets
to stranded pilgrims who were in a pathetic condition being not having any food
for more than 72 hours at many places.

37. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
• NDRF is the only dedicated disaster response force of the India.
This is the only agency with comprehensive response capabilities
having multi-disciplinary and multi-skilled, and high-tech trained
personnel. Union Ministry of Home Affairs instructed NDRF to move
to Uttarakhand on June 16-17, 2013. NDRF deployed 14 Battalions
to affected sites. They carried out search and rescue operations in
Kedarnath-Jungle Chatti, Gaurikund-Rambada-Bhairav Chatti,
Guptkashi-Phata-Sonprayag-Gaurikund and Badrinath Harshil/Sukhi
top. NDRF made a quick assessment of the situation in
coordination with disaster management officials of Uttarakhand.

38. • They deployed and airlifted their equipments for rescue
operations in Kedarnath area, moved to Rudraprayag and
established a base camp for rescue and relief operations for the
pilgrims/tourists. During its 15 days operation from June 18 to
July 19, NDRF personnel successfully rescued 9,044 people from
different affected areas of Kedarnath (1053), Jungle Chatti (907),
Gaurikund (756), Guptkashi (1281), Sonprayag (2000), Sukhi top
(120), and Badrinath (2927). In addition to this, NDRF also rescued
14 foreigners from Singapore. The team provided medical aid to
881 pilgrims/tourists. NDRF helped in setting up helipad and
dropping of stranded people in the Jungle Chatti area.

39. After Disaster
Kedarnath Landsliding

40. Kedarnath Landsliding
• Chief minister Vijay Bahuguna
has described the floods as a
“Himalayan tsunami.”
Bahuguna told the BBC the
death and destruction in the
floods was “unprecedented”,
and that causalities could run
into the thousands. Flood-
related deaths have also been
reported in Himachal Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh states and
neighbouring Nepal.

41. Restoration Work Strategy
• The government has devised a two-pronged strategy to restore the
Kedarnath temple area.
• In the first phase, the government would construct protection walls
behind the 800 year old Lord Shiva temple, re-channelizing Mandakini
and Saraswati rivers and taking flood control measures at Kedarnath
area.
• In the second phase, the government would develop a new township at
Lyncholi near Kedarnath and also a ropeway from Lyncholi to Kedarnath.

42. Restoration Work Strategy
• The projects include widening of approach road to Kedarnath,
construction of ghat and a retaining wall on rivers Mandakini and
Saraswati, construction of houses for purohit (priest) community,
and construction of a museum and grand ‘samadhi sthal’ of Adi
Sankara.
• A new township is being built at Lyncholi area near Kedarnath for
the rehabilitation of priests, shopkeepers and businessmen who
were affected by the floods.

43. Kedarnath Landsliding
• The roads were seriously damaged at more than 450 places,
resulting in huge traffic jams, and the floods caused many cars
and other vehicles to be washed away.
• The Uttarakhand Government announced that due to the
extensive damage to the infrastructure, the temple will be
temporarily closed to regular pilgrims and tourists for a year or
two, but the temple rituals will still be maintained by priests.

44. After disaster
• The Temple opened for pilgrims on Sunday, 4 May 2014.

45. Financial Aid
• The Prime Minister of India undertook an aerial survey of the
affected areas and announced₹10 billion (US$150 million) aid
package for disaster relief efforts in the state.
• Several state governments announced financial assistance, with
Uttar Pradesh pledging ₹250 million (US$3.8 million).
• The governments of Haryana, Maharashtra and Delhi ₹100
million (US$1.5 million) each

46. Financial Aid
• The governments of Tamil Nadu,[51] Odisha,Gujarat,Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh ₹50 million (US$770,000) each.
• The US Ambassador to India extended a financial help of USD
$150,000 through the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID) to the NGOs working in the area.
• announced that the US will provide further financial aid of USD
$75,000.

47. Financial Aid
• Rescuers also retrieved approximately ₹10 million (US$150,000)
and other jewellery from local persons, including some people
dressed like sadhu babas, who reportedly collected it from a
destroyed building of a Bank and damaged shops.
• International Development Association (Ida) gave
250,000,000.00US Millions.
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB gave Rs 3000 crore.

48. Financial Aid
• Government of India and World Bank Sign $250 Million Agreement
for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project.

49. Financial Aid
• The governments of Tamil Nadu, Odisha,, Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh 5 crore each.
• The US Ambassador to India extended a financial help of USD
$150,000 through the United States Agency
• Also US announced that the US will provide further financial aid
of USD$75,000.

50. Financial Aid
• The All India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI) has made cash
transfers to disaster victims.
• The international NGOs such as Save the Children, Plan, CARE and
others have used cash transfer in Odisha after the 2011 floods with
ECHO (European Union) funds.
• The restoration work of the Kedarnath shrine alsodone by the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

51. After disaster
• The Government of India also cancelled 9 batches, or half the annual
batches of the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra, a Hindu pilgrimage.
• The Chardham Yatra pilgrimage, covering Gangotri, Yamunotri,
Kedarnath and Badrinath was cancelled for 2 years to repair damaged
roads and infrastructure, according to the Uttarakhand Government.
• Government agencies and priests of Kedarnath temple were planning
mass cremation of the hundreds of victims, after one week of tragedy

52. After disaster
• Local youths from several affected villages near Gangotri helped
stranded tourists and pilgrims, by sending messages to their places
and by providing food.

53. Reconstruction Companies:
• JSW Group
• Nehru Institute Of Mountaineering
• Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

54. Construction Companies:
• JSW Group signs MoU with Govt of Uttarakhand for reconstruction
& restoration of Kedarnath.

55. Construction Companies:
Nehru Institute Of Mountaineering:In such a scenario an agency
was required which can work at a height above 18000 ft. Nehru
Institute of Mountaineering came forward and took the almost
impossible task to rebuilding and restore the fully destructed valley.

56. Construction Companies:
• The restoration work of the Kedarnath shrine alsodone by the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

57. After disaster
• A day after Prime Minister Narendra Modi suggested he would
personally monitor the reconstruction works at Kedarnath to
ensure its early completion, experts cautioned the Centre against
implementing all its three mega infrastructural projects in
Uttarakhand without employing latest technologies.
• Modi had visited the shrine on October 20 and had laid the
foundation stone of five infrastructure projects worth Rs 250
crore.

58. After disaster
• The projects include widening of approach road to Kedarnath,
construction of ghat and a retaining wall on rivers Mandakini and
Saraswati, construction of houses for purohit (priest) community,
and construction of a museum and grand ‘samadhi sthal’ of Adi
Sankara.
• In such a scenario an agency was required which can work at a
height above 18000 ft. Nehru Institute of Mountaineering came
forward and took the almost impossible task to rebuilding and
restore the fully destructed valley.

59. Statics
• 822 were Deaths occurred in flood (official estimates)
• 1800 were Missing persons
• 2232 has Fully damaged houses
• 154 bridges get Damaged
• 1520 roads get Damaged
• Government as also announced 2 lakhs for total damaged
houses in flood.

60. Thank
You