The resistivity of a host metal, such as Cu with trace amounts of magnetic impurities, typically Fe, reaches a minimum and then increases as -ln T as the temperature subsequently decreases. A resistivity minimum and subsequent logarithmic-temperature dependence are in stark contrast to the resistivity of the pure metal that tends to zero monotonically as the temperature decreases. An additional surprise is that the -ln T dependence of the resistivity does not continue indefinitely to low temperature, but rather, below a characteristic temperature, the Kondo temperature, it phases out. At this temperature the impurity and conduction electron spins begin to condense into singlet states and this condensation is complete at T=0 K. Perturbation theory breaks down at this temperature and then the magnetic properties of the system change. Here we have explained how resistivity minimum and logarithmic-temperature dependence arises if we take the interaction between the spin of conduction electrons of host metal and the spin of impurity as a perturbation.
In Spintronics, information is stored and transmitted using another property of electrons called spin.
This technology could create new devices and circuits which would be more beneficial in future.
The resistivity of a host metal, such as Cu with trace amounts of magnetic impurities, typically Fe, reaches a minimum and then increases as -ln T as the temperature subsequently decreases. A resistivity minimum and subsequent logarithmic-temperature dependence are in stark contrast to the resistivity of the pure metal that tends to zero monotonically as the temperature decreases. An additional surprise is that the -ln T dependence of the resistivity does not continue indefinitely to low temperature, but rather, below a characteristic temperature, the Kondo temperature, it phases out. At this temperature the impurity and conduction electron spins begin to condense into singlet states and this condensation is complete at T=0 K. Perturbation theory breaks down at this temperature and then the magnetic properties of the system change. Here we have explained how resistivity minimum and logarithmic-temperature dependence arises if we take the interaction between the spin of conduction electrons of host metal and the spin of impurity as a perturbation.
In Spintronics, information is stored and transmitted using another property of electrons called spin.
This technology could create new devices and circuits which would be more beneficial in future.
Vibration attenuation control of ocean marine risers with axial-transverse co...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The target of this paper is designing a boundary controller for vibration suppression of marine risers with coupling mechanisms under environmental loads. Based on energy approach and the equations of axial and transverse motions of the risers are derived. The Lyapunov direct method is employed to formulated the control placed at the riser top-end. Proof of existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the closed-loop system is provided. Stability analysis of the closed-loop system is also included.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
CBSE Physics/ Lakshmikanta Satapathy/ Wave theory/ path difference and Phase difference/ Speed of sound in a gas/ Intensity of wave/ Superposition of waves/ Interference of waves
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
L17,18_Lorentz transformation,Length contraction & Time dilation.pdf
1. Content to be covered
Constancy of the Speed of Light
Lorentz Transformation
Consequence of Relativity
Length Contraction
Time Dilation
Muon decay problem
Twin Paradox
Lecture #17,18
Resources to be consulted
Concepts of Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser
15B11PH111 ODD2021 1
Physics-1
2. • Consider the fixed system S and the moving system S’.
• At t = 0, the origins and axes of both systems are coincident with system
S’ moving to the right along the x axis.
• A flashbulb goes off at both origins when t = 0.
• According to postulate 2, the speed of light will be c in both systems and
the wave fronts observed in both systems must be spherical.
S
The Constancy of the Speed of Light
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 2
3. Spherical wavefronts in S:
Spherical wavefronts in S’:
S S’
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( 2 v v )
x y z x x t t y z c t
There are a couple of extra terms
(-2xvt +v2t2) in the primed frame.
Note that this cannot occur in Galilean transformations.
x’ = x – vt
y‘ = y
z‘ = z
t’ = t
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 3
4. The special set of linear transformations that:
preserve the constancy of the speed of light (c)
between inertial observers; with the assumption
that the time is not an absolute quantity.
Therefore t t
known as the Lorentz transformation equations
The Lorentz Transformation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 4
5. Consider a system of two inertial frames of references S and S .
S: is at rest and S : is a moving frame with constant velocity v relative to S
(x,y,z,t) coordinates of event P for an observer O in
the stationary frame S
(x ,y ,z ,t ) coordinates of event P for an observer O in the moving frame S
Let x = (x-vt) ....(1) γ : proportionality constant.
According to first
postulate of STR
Therefore x= (x +vt ) ....(2) where t t
According to second postulate of STR
The wavefront along x, x axis must satisfy
x=ct and x =ct
Thus
substitute the value of x and x in eq (1)and (2) respectively.
ct = (c-v)t and ct= (c+v)t
Multiply these equations and solve it for
2 2
1
1 v / c
The Lorentz Transformation: Derivation
Here γ is a factor of
proportionality which does not
depend upon either x or t but
may be a function of v. γ must
be same in both the reference
frames as there is no difference
between S and S’ other than
the sign of v.
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 5
6. 2
x
x [ (x - vt) vt ] (x - vt) vt
x x x 1
t t (1 )
v v v
x = (x-vt) ....(1) x= (x +vt ) ....(2)
From eq(1) and eq(2)
or
t = or t =
similarly t
2
x 1
t (1 )
v
=
2
2 2
2
xv
t
vx c
t t
c v
1
c
2
2 2
2
x v
t
x v c
t t
c v
1
c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y z c t x y z c t
Imp:Prove that
x
under Lorentz Transformation
The Lorentz Transformation: Derivation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 6
7. Lorentz Transformation
•Measurements of time and position depend upon the frame of reference of observer so
that two events which occur simultaneously in one frame at different places need not be
simultaneous in another.
•Lorentz transformation reduces to ordinary Galilean transformation when v<<c.
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 7
8. 2 2
v
1 v /
x t
x
c
2
2 2
v /
1 v /
t x c
t
c
y y
z z
If v << c, i.e. ≈ 1, yielding the familiar Galilean transformation.
Space and time are now linked, and the frame velocity cannot exceed c.
2 2
v
1 v /
x t
x
c
2
2 2
v /
1 v /
t x c
t
c
y y
z z
The complete Lorentz Transformation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 8
9. The Major Consequences To This Theory
are:-
Length Contraction
Time Dilation
Mass Expansion
Consequence of Relativity
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 9
11. A rod is lying along the x’ axis of the moving
frame S’. If an observer determines the
coordinates of its ends to be x’1 and x’2, then
the length of the rod w .r . t. O’ is: L0 = x2’ – x1’
Therefore, L0 is the actual length of the rod
(w.r.t .to O’) in a frame in which the rod is at
rest. According to Lorentz transformation,
length measured in S w.r.t. O will be the
apparent length (L = x2– x1).
)
( 1
1
'
vt
x
x
)
( 2
2
'
vt
x
x
2
2
1
)
(
)
(
)
( 1
2
1
2
0
c
v
L
x
x
vt
x
vt
x
L
Length Contraction
As ends of the rod is
measured at the same
time, so; t1 = t2 in S.
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 11
12. 2 2 o
o 1 v / c
L
Therefore L=L
The length (L0) of an object in motion with respect to an
observer (in S Frame) appears to be shorter, this phenomenon is
known as Lorentz FitzGerald contraction or Length Contraction.
Length Contraction
o
Case I : if v=0, L= ?
Case II: if v=c, L=?
Exercise : Find L when L =1m and v=0.9c.
Faster means shorter
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 12
13. distance traveled 2
speed
p
d
t
c
2
2 2
2 p
p
2
t
t t
1
c t v t
2
c
2
v
d
p
γ >1,thu Δt Δt
s
Time Dilation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 13
14. Time Dilation
Assume a clock is placed at x’ in the moving frame S’. When an observer in S’
measures a time interval
The observer in S, will measure this interval as
2 1
2 2
2 1 2 2
2 2
0
2 1
2 2
2 2
vx vx
t t
c c
t t t
v v
1 1
c c
t
t t
v v
1 1
c c
Thus improper time will be longer
than proper time; called Time dilation.
o 2 1
t t t
Two measurements
of time t2’ & t1’ were
taken at same position.
proper time
apparent time
or improper time
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 14
15. 0
t
t
Thus a stationary clock measures a longer time interval between events occurring in
a moving frame of reference – time dilation.
Since γ ≥ 1, t will be larger than t0.
Thus if the time interval between two beats (tick) of the clock in
the proper frame S’ is 1 second, then this time interval will be
observed more than 1 second in the frame S i.e a moving clock
appears to go slow.
Time Dilation
A moving clock ticks more
slowly than a clock at rest.
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 15
16. 6.6102 m
Muon is created
Muon
decays
The life time of μ mesons is 2.2 μs and their
speed 0.998c, so that they can cover only a
distance of 0.998c x 2.2 μs or 0.66km in their
life time, and yet they are found in abundance
at sea level, i.e., at a depth of 10 km from the
upper atmosphere where they are produced.
How may this be explained on the basis of (i)
length contraction (ii) time dilation?
Example of Time Dilation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 16
17. Muon is created
Muon decays
2 2
(i) Length contraction:
t 2.2 , L =2.2 0.998 0.66
Distance on the earth,
L L 1 / L 10.42 10
p
o o
s s c km
v c km km
2 2
(ii) Time Dilation
t
t= 34.8
1 /
distance travelled on the earth
34.8 0.998 10.42 10
p
t s
v c
s c km km
Example of Time Dilation
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 17
18. 1. An observer in the laboratory sees two particles colliding at
x = 20.5 m, y=0, z=0 and t= 7.2 s. What are the co ordinates
of this event in a frame moving at 30.5 m/s with respect to
the laboratory frame?
2. A particle with a proper life time of 1 µs moves through the
laboratory at 0.9c. What is its lifetime as measured by
observers in the laboratory? Ans.: 2.294 μs.
Problem-2
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 18
19. Twin Paradox
A longer life but it will not seem longer!
15B11PH111 ODD2021 Physics-1 19