The paper aims to look at the interactions between colonial geography, developmental geography and ecological geography in Kuttanad region, in the south Indian state of Kerala. It mainly looks at the two phases of ‘capitalistic’ accumulation; the early period of kayal (backwater) reclamation and the present period of re-reclamation. Development through primitive accumulation (DPA), actively supported, promoted and managed by the State, is seen to be the common thread in both the periods. One can easily discern that commoning is integral to this continuing process of DPA, which involves appropriation, distribution and production of commons. The extended argument of the paper is that enclosure of land and entanglement of labour- the twin constitutive features of DPA is actualised through what we term as accumulation by urbanisation (AbU) and dispossession by displacement (DbD). The study attempts to explore the consolidation of state, in the form of superimposition of bourgeois forms of property and social relations, through the creation of developmental zones as New Spatialities of Exception (NSEs) in Kuttanad; and the appropriation, distribution and production of various types of commons in the developmental zones of Kuttanad.
Cours Public 3: LA QUATRIÈME VOIE : LES POLITIQUES DE LA TERRE FACE À L'ANTHR...EcoleUrbaineLyon
Nous prenons conscience de l’avènement d’un nouvel âge de la Terre. La croissance continue dont dépend la pérennité politique du système socio-économique mondial bouleverse, par un jeu complexe et non linéaire de rétroactions, les conditions physiques, chimiques et biologiques des écosystèmes qui régulent la biosphère depuis des millénaires, au point de compromettre son habitabilité pour les générations futures, en affectant irréversiblement l’évolution des espèces et la dynamique géologique de la planète.
Ce vertigineux changement d’échelle, qui explicite les liens de co-viabilité entre les organisations sociales et leurs contextes écologiques, produit des effets de convergence inouïs qui effacent la séparation établie par la modernité entre l’histoire humaine et l’ordre de la nature. Malgré le péril existentiel sans précédent auquel nous expose la poursuite du modèle de développement dominant, l’examen critique du paradigme sécuritaire inhérent aux scénarios dits "globaux" (Global Scenario Group, SRES, MEA…) montre pourtant une incapacité structurelle à imaginer une recomposition symbiotique des interactions entre les humains et les autres vivants. Or nous savons désormais que la biosphère est à la fois la condition et le produit de toutes les formes de vie qui la constituent. C’est pourquoi ni l’appropriation ordolibérale du globe, ni le gouvernement technoscientifique de la planète, ni le projet cosmopolitique d’édification du monde ne suffiront pour répondre aux défis de l’Anthropocène. Nous proposons, dans ce cours, d’explorer concrètement la possibilité d’une « quatrième voie », celle des politiques de la Terre.
Cours Public 1: La quatrième voie : les politiques de la terre face à l’Anthr...EcoleUrbaineLyon
Malgré le péril existentiel sans précédent auquel nous expose la poursuite du modèle de développement dominant, l’examen critique du paradigme sécuritaire inhérent aux scénarios dits « globaux » montre pourtant une incapacité structurelle à imaginer une recomposition symbiotique des interactions entre les humains et les autres vivants. Ni l’appropriation ordolibérale du globe, ni le gouvernement technoscientifique de la planète, ni le projet cosmopolitique d’édification du monde ne suffiront pour répondre aux défis de l’Anthropocène. Nous proposons d’explorer concrètement la possibilité d’une « quatrième voie », celle des politiques de la Terre.
Abstract— Land subsidence caused by groundwater overdraft has been a severe problem in most developing economies, such as Taiwan. Groundwater is a renewable resource that can be depleted by overdraft, and it is also a common resource which incites overdraft. To alleviate the overdraft problem, we set up a decentralized game-theoretical common resource utilization model. In this model, we examine the self-enforcing factors and the condition of getting a cooperative outcome hence we might be able to alleviate the overdraft problem.
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Around the mid-nineteenth century Marx said that philosophers had hitherto endeavoured to understand the world; and that it was time to transform it. Seventeen decades later, this idea screams in our ears.
Put in another way: there is no solution to environmental problems within the capitalist model
1 – Introduction
2 – Environmental management by capitalists and their employees
3 – Climate change - causes and effects
a) Ineluctable absence of human interference cases
b) Historical and current impacts of capitalist development
c) Environmental management as done by multinationals and their employees
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
Cours Public 3: LA QUATRIÈME VOIE : LES POLITIQUES DE LA TERRE FACE À L'ANTHR...EcoleUrbaineLyon
Nous prenons conscience de l’avènement d’un nouvel âge de la Terre. La croissance continue dont dépend la pérennité politique du système socio-économique mondial bouleverse, par un jeu complexe et non linéaire de rétroactions, les conditions physiques, chimiques et biologiques des écosystèmes qui régulent la biosphère depuis des millénaires, au point de compromettre son habitabilité pour les générations futures, en affectant irréversiblement l’évolution des espèces et la dynamique géologique de la planète.
Ce vertigineux changement d’échelle, qui explicite les liens de co-viabilité entre les organisations sociales et leurs contextes écologiques, produit des effets de convergence inouïs qui effacent la séparation établie par la modernité entre l’histoire humaine et l’ordre de la nature. Malgré le péril existentiel sans précédent auquel nous expose la poursuite du modèle de développement dominant, l’examen critique du paradigme sécuritaire inhérent aux scénarios dits "globaux" (Global Scenario Group, SRES, MEA…) montre pourtant une incapacité structurelle à imaginer une recomposition symbiotique des interactions entre les humains et les autres vivants. Or nous savons désormais que la biosphère est à la fois la condition et le produit de toutes les formes de vie qui la constituent. C’est pourquoi ni l’appropriation ordolibérale du globe, ni le gouvernement technoscientifique de la planète, ni le projet cosmopolitique d’édification du monde ne suffiront pour répondre aux défis de l’Anthropocène. Nous proposons, dans ce cours, d’explorer concrètement la possibilité d’une « quatrième voie », celle des politiques de la Terre.
Cours Public 1: La quatrième voie : les politiques de la terre face à l’Anthr...EcoleUrbaineLyon
Malgré le péril existentiel sans précédent auquel nous expose la poursuite du modèle de développement dominant, l’examen critique du paradigme sécuritaire inhérent aux scénarios dits « globaux » montre pourtant une incapacité structurelle à imaginer une recomposition symbiotique des interactions entre les humains et les autres vivants. Ni l’appropriation ordolibérale du globe, ni le gouvernement technoscientifique de la planète, ni le projet cosmopolitique d’édification du monde ne suffiront pour répondre aux défis de l’Anthropocène. Nous proposons d’explorer concrètement la possibilité d’une « quatrième voie », celle des politiques de la Terre.
Abstract— Land subsidence caused by groundwater overdraft has been a severe problem in most developing economies, such as Taiwan. Groundwater is a renewable resource that can be depleted by overdraft, and it is also a common resource which incites overdraft. To alleviate the overdraft problem, we set up a decentralized game-theoretical common resource utilization model. In this model, we examine the self-enforcing factors and the condition of getting a cooperative outcome hence we might be able to alleviate the overdraft problem.
Capitalist delusion and climate drift 1GRAZIA TANTA
Around the mid-nineteenth century Marx said that philosophers had hitherto endeavoured to understand the world; and that it was time to transform it. Seventeen decades later, this idea screams in our ears.
Put in another way: there is no solution to environmental problems within the capitalist model
1 – Introduction
2 – Environmental management by capitalists and their employees
3 – Climate change - causes and effects
a) Ineluctable absence of human interference cases
b) Historical and current impacts of capitalist development
c) Environmental management as done by multinationals and their employees
Development, Environment and Sustainabilty–the triumvirate on Geographical FrameProf Ashis Sarkar
Development, Environment and Sustainability form the triumvirate of present day World. If human is to survive and development is to remain sustainable, the geographical issues and concerns should be the thrust of analysis.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT – ENVIRONMENT INTERRELATION’Prof Ashis Sarkar
The debate of 'environment vs. development' is seriously global and contemporary. It has its own geographical dimension as development is region-specific and time-specific.
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
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June 06, 2017
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The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Presentation by Aura Reggiani, University of Bologna, Italy
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’
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There's a crisis impending. We are burying ourselves in waste. The waste we produce cannot be managed within the current paradigms. But there's hope. 20 million people worldwide make their living collecting, sorting, transporting, recycling and recovering resources that other people have thrown out.
Technology and infrastructure are expensive, and not necessarily the most effective, or flexible solution. With multi-million dollar investments in infrastructure and equipment, the US diverts only 34% of its waste from landfills. In other parts of the world, the informal sector, collectors, waste pickers, junk shops, scavengers, have been known to divert as much as 80% of the waste from landfill.
While I envision a future without so much packaging, we do need to recycling in the mean time. We need to increase diversion rates and it is smart to invest in light infrastructure, flexible solutions and people along the way.
Presented at Ignite! Minneapolis, May 2013
Representing the Local: The Locus of the Indigenous in Globalizationinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Towards a global debate on extractivism: beyond the south / north divide. Eco...Amélie Dumarcher
Globalization opens a new phase, a « new expansion of the geography of the extraction », with a stronger role of natural resources, both in Global South and in Global North (extractivist rush, unconventional oil and gaz…), sometimes led by countries from the South (eg: China). This leads to a reorganization of both the global configurations (North-South) and the internal configurations of extractivism (cf. popular resistance and environmental conflicts around extractivism) (Svampa, 2016). Theses recompositions suggest that some notions and concepts may cross the North / South « great divide » : here, we explore the notion of extractivism.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT – ENVIRONMENT INTERRELATION’Prof Ashis Sarkar
The debate of 'environment vs. development' is seriously global and contemporary. It has its own geographical dimension as development is region-specific and time-specific.
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Presentation by Aura Reggiani, University of Bologna, Italy
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’
Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
There's a crisis impending. We are burying ourselves in waste. The waste we produce cannot be managed within the current paradigms. But there's hope. 20 million people worldwide make their living collecting, sorting, transporting, recycling and recovering resources that other people have thrown out.
Technology and infrastructure are expensive, and not necessarily the most effective, or flexible solution. With multi-million dollar investments in infrastructure and equipment, the US diverts only 34% of its waste from landfills. In other parts of the world, the informal sector, collectors, waste pickers, junk shops, scavengers, have been known to divert as much as 80% of the waste from landfill.
While I envision a future without so much packaging, we do need to recycling in the mean time. We need to increase diversion rates and it is smart to invest in light infrastructure, flexible solutions and people along the way.
Presented at Ignite! Minneapolis, May 2013
Representing the Local: The Locus of the Indigenous in Globalizationinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Towards a global debate on extractivism: beyond the south / north divide. Eco...Amélie Dumarcher
Globalization opens a new phase, a « new expansion of the geography of the extraction », with a stronger role of natural resources, both in Global South and in Global North (extractivist rush, unconventional oil and gaz…), sometimes led by countries from the South (eg: China). This leads to a reorganization of both the global configurations (North-South) and the internal configurations of extractivism (cf. popular resistance and environmental conflicts around extractivism) (Svampa, 2016). Theses recompositions suggest that some notions and concepts may cross the North / South « great divide » : here, we explore the notion of extractivism.
Stephen graham anthropocenic city: nature, security and cyborg urbanisationStephen Graham
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Stephen graham Nature, Cities and the ‘Anthropocene’Stephen Graham
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Cours Public 5: L’ANTHROPOCÈNE SERAIT-IL UN URBANOCÈNE? OU COMMENT L’URBANISA...EcoleUrbaineLyon
L’entrée dans l’anthropocène est directement liée à la phase intense d’urbanisation de la planète qui a débuté après la seconde guerre mondiale.
Cette hypothèse reprend celle dite de la « grande accélération » (Steffen), mais en se focalisant sur une part explicative souvent minorée par les études anthropocènes : le rôle effectif de l’urbanisation généralisée et des bouleversements géographiques, économiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques qui l’accompagnent. Il s’agira donc de cerner ce rôle et de l’examiner à toutes les échelles de temps et d’espace.
Looks at the INTERCONNECTIONS of Geographical Phenomenon as per Australian Curriculum.
"The concept of INTERCONNECTION emphasises that no object of geographical study can be viewed in “I S O L A T I O N”.
It is about the ways that GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENA are connected to each other through:
environmental processes,
the movement of people,
flows of trade and investment,
the purchase of goods and services,
cultural influences,
the exchange of ideas and information,
political power and international agreements.
Interconnections can be:
complex,
reciprocal or (reciprocal: bearing on or binding each of two parties equally)
interdependent, and (interdependent: dependent on each other)
have a strong influence on the characteristics of places.
An understanding of the significance of INTERCONNECTION leads to holistic thinking and helps students to see the various aspects of Geography as connected rather than separate bodies of knowledge."
Downloading the PowerPoint will enabled animation and transition embedded.
Sustainability through Informality
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processes. We argue that if we begin by looking at cultural sustainability, people’s sense of belonging becomes a key factor in taking care of the environment. We aim to demonstrate that even if squatter settlements are regarded as areas of conflict in terms of pollution, occupation of the land, and waste disposal, through informal processes people can achieve a degree of awareness that will not only result in sustainable practices, but that can also propose new creative ways to achieve them, with
economical considerations in mind.
Keywords: Cultural sustainability, informality, human development, squatter settlements, identity
Actualizing sustainable mining rev5: Close examination of mining contaminati...IvanWeber1
MMSD (Mining, Metals and Sustainable Development) and its successor, ICMM, set a high bar for mining company behavior. This paper examines the record of Kennecott Utah Copper, a Rio Tinto subsidiary, in light of MMSD's guidelines, ecological principles, and what is possible for the landscape were 'industrial ecology' to be fully mobilized as a methodology for landscape-scale restoration and macro-scale community benefit.
DEVELOPMENT VS ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL FRAMEWORKProf Ashis Sarkar
Development is a big word and is often related to environmental degradation. But how and why? What should be the way out are the issues in which it is based on.
Similar to Enclosing Land, Entangling Labour: Development through Primitive Accumulation in Kuttanad, Kerala (20)
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Enclosing Land, Entangling Labour: Development through Primitive Accumulation in Kuttanad, Kerala
1. enclosing land, entangling labour:
development through primitive accumulation in
kuttanad, kerala
1
conference
‘the return of the land question: dispossession, livelihoods,
and contestation in india's capitalist transition’
on
4-6 march 2014
organised by
faculty of arts and australia india institute, university of melbourne,
institute of development studies kolkata and
indian institute of management calcutta
kuriakose mathew
phd candidate (sociology)
department of humanities and social sciences,
indian institute of technology bombay, mumbai
email: kurimat@iitb.ac.in
3. introduction
3
mapping
the
interactions
between
colonial,
developmental and ecological geographies in Kuttanad.
two phases of capitalist accumulation in kuttanad
early reclamation period (1865 to 1947)
later re-reclamation period (1947 to the present)
understanding and explaining the history of enclosure
of nature and entanglement of labour in the region
4. the theoretical framework
4
distributive state apparatus (DSA)
the making of developmentalist state in third world as a response to
colonisation
the re/distributive functions of the state as a response to multiple
dependencies
DSA as a missing link between Althusser’s ideological state apparatus and
repressive state apparatus
DSA as the totality of distributive and redistributive functions of the state,
which includes differential sets of rewards, punishments, incentives,
dis/investments, non/recognition, and resource shifts, with qualitatively
and quantitatively varying impact on different sections in society
because development is the modus operandi of DSA and it is the enabler of
primitive accumulation in kuttanad, the mode of governance could be
termed as development through primitive accumulation (DPA)
5. the theoretical framework
5
realising the appropriation-distribution-production matrix in which
urbanisation is
phenomenon
simultaneously
a
constitutive
and
resultant
urbanisation is the carrier of capitalist development (development of
bourgeois forms of property and relations) in kuttanad; hence,
accumulation by urbanisation (AbU)
since dispossession is at the heart of appropriation-distribution-
production matrix and displacement of nature and labour is what
defines dispossession kuttanad, we call it dispossession by
displacement (DbD)
6. the theoretical framework
6
five markers of accumulation and dispossession in kuttanad
•
•
•
•
•
land shift
crop shift
labour shift
technology shift
resource shift
the synthesis between internal and external colonialisms in DPA
7. dependency background of the subaltern region
7
a region trapped in dependency and subalternity
fragility of the wetland eco-system and the deltaic formation
below sea level paddy cultivation
five upstream rivers making the region a waterfill or water desert
conflictual co-existence of multiple livelihood options
changing regional vitality in various regimes
•
chera
dynasty-chembakassery
and
kingdom/british empire-kerala/india
kayamkulam
chiefdoms-tiruvitamkoor
development of dependency
•
plantations in uplands-spices export-making of the imperialist market chain-rice importreclamation- salinity and flood management-conflict over commons-mediations by DSAdevelopmental dependency
concentration
dependency
of
oppressed
castes/classes
and
inter-sectional
8. is the ‘free lake’ res nullius or res omnium?
8
lake vembanad for colonial appropriation
res nullius - things belonging to nobody’ and res omnium -‘things
belonging to everybody (Schmitt, 2006: 175-176)
lake vembanad- res omnium to res nullius mediated by the nomos of
the tributary regime; but leading to colonial conquest and distribution
of land to commodification of commons
slaves castes from res omnium to res nullius with the abolition of
slavery in the kingdom
9. internal and external dependencies
and subalternisation in/of kuttanad region
9
dependency of the region on an imperialist world market
•
near annexation of the kingdom by the british-integration with the
empire and the imperialist world market of monoploies-kuttanad as
a rice bowl-rice centric economy and diet-rice import- search for new
paddy fields with state support
dependency- caste-wise and class-wise
•
•
the making of new professional landlord class
the monetisation of wages, politics of shelter, caste-class power
developmental dependency and subalternisation of nature-labour
dependency-subalternity dialectics
10. development through primitive accumulation
in kuttanad
10
development for re-commodification of nature and labour and freeing of nature and
labour constantly from their previous avatars
“the difference between accumulation and primitive accumulation, not being a
substantive one, is a difference in the conditions and forms in which this separation is
implemented... accumulation proper is nothing else than primitive accumulation” (De
Angelis, 2001: 6).
primitive accumulation as a continuous process ; it must always create an outside, for
reconstituting the appropriation-distribution-production matrix
“[w]hat is distinctive about the first model, which applies generally to Europe as a whole,
is that the new wealth for the primitive accumulation of capital comes from the outside
(from the colonial territories) and the command arises internally (through the evolution
of English and European relations of production). According to the second model, which
characterizes most of the modern processes of primitive accumulation outside Europe,
the terms are reversed, such that the new wealth arises from within and command comes
from the outside (usually European capital). This inversion of wealth/command and
inside/outside in the two models leads to a whole series of differences in the economic,
political, and social formations of capital across the world” (Hardt and Negri, 2000: 257258).
11. development through primitive accumulation
in kuttanad
11
wealth from inside to outside, hence appropriation again. command-
from inside and outside although uneven
for constant subsumption of new territories, territories have to be
reinvented; new spatialities of exception
exceptional labour exploitation for labour subsumption
reclamation to re-reclamation, new modes of enslavement of nature
and estrangement of labour
kuttanad as wasteland of wetland and a human wasteland or land and
labour after a particular moment of DPA
12. the appropriation-distribution-production
matrix in kuttanad
12
Carl Schmitt (2006: 327) “in every stage of social life, in every
economic order, in every period of legal history until now, things have
been appropriated, distributed and produced”
the importance of its sequence
“land-appropriation is always the ultimate legal title for all further
division and distribution, thus for all further production” (Schmitt,
2006: 328)
reclamation- land division among a new landlord class- paddy
production
re-reclamation- and re-division for production in real estate, fishpaddy, tourism, mining, fisheries
13. accumulation by urbanisation (AbU)
and dispossession by displacement (DbD)
13
accumulation embeds to urbanisation (a background process never
became too prominent-semicolonial, semifeudal –semirural,
semiurban link)
AbU is accompanied by DbD, a twin process but the latter is a resultant
condition of the former in the beginning. the sequence is overturned in
the later period because of the disorder in the sequence in the
appropriation-distribution-production matrix
production itself is appropriation and surplus from distribution
splintering urbanism (Graham and Marvin, 2001)
from integrated to disintegrated urbanism
kuttanad package (a Rs. 1840 cr project from 2008) as a sociotechnical
process that constitutes kuttanad as fragmented and spatially
disordered spaces based on spatial and societal privileges.
14. land, crop, labour, technological
and resource shifts in kuttanad
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altering land use land cover
wetlands-paddy fields- one-paddy-one-fish – dry lands- land filling
tourist spaces- mining spaces
lake vembanad as a floating urban space
crops- food crops to cash crops-perennial crops
Save Rice Fields Action
slave-servile-attached-seasonal-subjugated labour
service-hired-contract-gawking labour
water wheels-kerosene pumps-electric pump sets- harvest-threshing
machines, earth movers
development funds diversion, resource diversion, access to commons
15. in conclusion
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special agricultural zone (paddy or other crops?) or fishing zone or
ecologically fragile area or special tourist zone?