An analysis of what the idea of the 'Anthropocene' -- our latest Geological epoch marked by the human shaping of the Earth -- means for how we think about cities

1. Nature, Cities and the ‘Anthropocene’Implications for the Climate Change Debate Stephen Graham Professor of Cities and Society Global Research Unit School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Newcastle University Steve.graham@ncl.ac.uk

2. “Agriculture, for eight thousand years the primary locus of human and animal labor, is now secondary to the immense, literally geological drama of urbanization” Mike Davis Dead Cities (emphasis added) “There is nothing unnatural about New York City” David Harvey

3. Cities: Pivotal to Climate Change Over half of the entire population of humanity of 6.5 billion is now squeezed into cities which take up just 2.8% of the world’s land surface By 2025 there are likely to be 5 billion urban dwellers on Earth 75% (of around 9.2 billion) are likely to live in cities by 2050 Within just over four decades (by 2050) there are likely to be 7 billionurbanites, over 4 billion more than in 2007

5. Already, cities consume 75% of world energy and produce 80% greenhouse gas emissions Use huge, geographically-stretched systems of infrastructure to metabolise enormous flows of food, water, energy & resources from distant sites through the city – and, indeed, its bodies -- within globalised and increasingly ‘neoliberal’ worlds of trade and exchange ‘Linear metabolism’ Cities are also key sites of extreme vulnerability and mobilising responses

7. Climate change raises huge challenges for how we think about the links betweens cities, technology and nature. In such a context I want to: (1) Argue that traditional concepts of nature, technology and the city are often unhelpful in understanding, and tackling, these crucial emerging realities; (2) Explore some of the latest concepts emerging, from geology to social and political theory; and (3) Tease out some of the implications of these for the debates about cities and climate change

8. 1. Cities, Nature, Technology: Traditional Concepts Post-Enlightenment ideas based on imagining city as being separate, and opposed to, an externalised Nature Nature seen to be separated from the social, urban, human world Technological ‘progress’ a means to heroically master nature, geography and time: e.g. US “Manifest Destiny” ‘Built’ environments threaten to overcome and pollute ‘natural’ ones Deny social production of nature and total reliance of urbanisation on ecological transformations Humans and cities are not external to ecosystems (Harvey quote…)

9. 2. New Concepts (i) Cyborg Urbanization‘Cyborg’ = =Cybernetic Organism Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory and control systems. Feedback loops, systems thinking ‘Cyborg’ term coined by NASA in 1960s Donna Haraway (1991)(top right) "a cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality" Cyborgs are "creatures simultaneously animal and machine, who populate worlds ambiguously natural and crafted” Reaction to failure to deal with technical agency in the social sciences: “Our machines are disturbingly lively, and we ourselves frighteningly inert" (Haraway, 1991: 152), Breaches the borders dividing humans and animals, organisms and machines, and physical and non-physical (e.g. online) worlds

10. (ii) ‘Actor-Networks’ and ‘Assemblages’ Bruno Latour’s work rejects heroic modernist tale of the shaping of technology to triumph over Geography, Time and Nature Instead, a subjectification of objects, and the objectification of subjects Humans and Non-Humans linked together into heterogeneous and distanciated actor-networks (or Deleuzian assemblages) such as electricity, energy, water, or food production systems Again, the human/machine, human/animal, physical/non-physical, social/technological, social/natural binaries blur away

11. “Cyborgs are not creatures of pristine Nature; they are the planned and unplanned offspring of manufactured environments, fusing into new organic compounds of naturalized matter and artificialized anti-matter” Tim Luke (Luke T W, 1997, "At the end of Nature: cyborgs, 'humachines', and environments in postmodernity" Environment and Planning A 29(8) 1367 – 1380 )

12. (iii) Tim Luke: ‘Denature’ “After two centuries of industrial revolution and three decades of informational revolution, Nature no longer can be assumed to be God-created (theogenic) or self-creating (autogenic). What is taken to be "nature" now is largely human-created (anthropogenic), not only in theory but also in practice. One need not wait for the science fiction of advanced space travel technologies to contact other "extra-terrestrial life forms," the science facts of altered atmospheric chemistry, rampant genetic engineering, and unchecked species extinctions suggest that urban industrial humanity is a race extra-terrestrial intelligent beings already intent upon imperializing the Earth in cyborg colonies with humachinic technologies. ” (Luke T W, 1997, "At the end of Nature: cyborgs, 'humachines', and environments in postmodernity" Environment and Planning A 29(8) 1367 – 1380 )

13. “The entire planet now is increasingly a "built environment" or "planned habitat" as pollution modifies atmospheric chemistry, urbanization restructures weather events, biochemistry redesigns the genetics of existing biomass, and architecture accretes new biotic habitats inside of sprawling megacities.” (Luke T W, 1997, "At the end of Nature: cyborgs, 'humachines', and environments in postmodernity" Environment and Planning A 29(8) 1367 – 1380 )

14. (iv) Matthew Gandy: Cyborg Urbanisation Cyborgian thinking suggests an important new way of thinking about cities as a whole The ‘social’, ‘technical’ and ‘organic’ and ‘natural’ aspects of cities blur and fuse together Helps create a new vocabulary for understanding what we mean by the ‘public realm’ against the vulnerability and inter-dependency of urban societies and the complex technological networks and organic and biospehric metabolisms, stretched across different geographical scales, that make them possible.

15. (v) Political Ecology: ‘Socio-Ecological’ processes Eric Swyngedouw and Maria Kaika Metabolisation of water central to metabolism of cyborg cities ‘Socionatures’ based on distant sourcing, hydro-engineering of whole nations, and the circulation of water through the metabolic spaces of the body and the city

16. Cyborg Urbanisation Revealed During Disruption of Infrastructures “Cyborgs, like us, are endlessly fascinated by machinic breakdowns, which would cause disruptions in, or denials of access to, their megatechnical sources of being.” (above NYC blackout, 2003) (Luke T W, 1997, "At the end of Nature: cyborgs, 'humachines', and environments in postmodernity" Environment and Planning A 29(8) 1367 – 1380 )

17. Infrastructure disruptions reveal often taken for granted and normalised ‘infrastructures’ and cyborg assemblages especially blackoutsIn cyborg cities, they increasingly threaten life, not mere inconvenience

18. But post-mortems for such events inevitably messy! “A distributive notion of agency does interfere with the project of blaming. But it does not thereby abandon the project of identifying [ ] the sources of harmful effects. To the contrary, such a notion broadens the range of places to look for sources. ” Must look at the “selfish intentions and energy policy that provides lucrative opportunities for energy trading while generating a tragedy of the commons”; at “the stubborn directionality of a high-consumption social infrastructure”; and at “the unstable power of electron flows, wildfires, ex-urban housing pressures, and the assemblages they form” Jane Bennett Jane Bennett, (2005) “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout,” Public Culture 17(3): 445–65. Pp. 463.

19. Also unerringly reveal the often concealed politics of cyborganised urban life and nature e.g. Katrina in 2005 not a ‘natural disaster,’ ‘technical failure’ or ‘Act of God.’ Rather, the inevitable result of: Climate change accentuating hurricane Hitting a city denuded of natural protection and Very poorly covered by a levee network that was systematically racially biased over centuries of constructed socio-nature in context of A Neoconservative and racist Federal Government that had systematically skewed Emergency Planning towards terrorism for political ends

20. Human and urban manufacture of ‘Nature’ – climates, biospheres, carbon cycles, hydrological and geomorphological systems, even organisms and ecosystems -- has reached such an extent since the Industrial revolution that we no longer inhabit the post-glacial Holocene Instead we live in the Anthropocene (term coined in 2000 by the Nobel Prize winning geologist, Paul Crutzen) Incredibly rapid growth and extension of cities central to this process Holocene-Anthropocenic boundaries can now be discerned in ocean sediments, ice sheet & pollen cores etc (vi) Geology: The‘Anthropocene’

23. (vii) The ‘Cyborgian’Global City-System and the New Imperialism Neoliberalised global cities often have a parasitic relationship with near and distant hinterlands Global neoliberal urbanisation has led to ‘devastating disparities between the mobility of capital and labour that have produced new forms of economic serfdom in the global South’ Matthew Gandy Resource (food, water, energy) grabs organised and finance through the financial centres and technopoles of the North’s global finance capitals E.g. Daewoo (South Korean corporation) has just leased half of all the arable land in Madagascar to feed South Korean cities in the future

24. Biopiracy and biofuels push (indigenous groups in Indonesia, protesting, above)

25. 3. Implications:Cities and Climate Change Exposes ultimate costs of cyborg cities and natures within the Neoliberalised Anthropocene Rising sea levels, desertification, more extreme events and Arctic melting all symptoms of cyborg natures driven by urbanisation

26. ‘Local’ efforts to address greenhouse gas emissions and build architectures, urban forms and urban lifestyles that are more resilient and ‘autonomous’ in the face of climate change are pivotal

27. PoliticisingUrban Natures But these need to be combined with much bigger and multi-scaled social and political challenges to the social and environmental injustices perpetuated through globalised neoliberal urbanization Transnational social and environmental justice in context of hyper-urbanisation, rising inequalities, food, water and energy crises, desertification, more extreme events and sea-level rises ‘Resilience’ can not be allowed to be a camouflage for ‘more of the same’ Dangers of ‘bourgeois environmentalism’ and ‘greenwash’ here e.g. some ‘eco towns’ Real, retrofitted ‘transitions’ politically extremely intractable

28. Also need to address the New Military Urbanism

29. Politics of ‘security’ pivotal here Planetary urban security rather than a hypermilitarised ‘lock-down’ societybased on military ideas of ‘national security’ Already many borders – e.g. India-Bangladesh – are being militarised to prevent movement of climate refugees

30. Finally, we must be wary of ‘quick technical fix’ ideas of ‘Terraforming’, ‘Geoengineering’ and ‘Earth Systems Engineering’ in the Anthropocene. These depoliticisethe nature of climate change and deny the need to drastically cut emissions & and the risks of massive unintended side-effects