Four seeds per phenotype (round or wrinkled) were planted from eight families of Mimulus guttatus, totaling 40 seeds. The objective was to determine the effects of seed shape (round vs. wrinkled) on germination rate, flowering time, and pistil length. Wrinkled seeds were found to have lower germination rates and longer times to germination and flowering than round seeds. Round seeds also tended to have longer pistils than wrinkled seeds.
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Unit 1 [AC450 Advanced Accounting] Page 1 of 2 .docxwillcoxjanay
Unit 1 [AC450 Advanced Accounting]
Page 1 of 2
Research Assignment:
As we explore the role of the Security and Exchange commission on the business environment
(Chapter 12 Reading), we see that there are many rules and regulations that must be followed in
order for a publically traded business to operate in the United States:
Choose two laws and/or regulations that apply to United States public companies. Then
prepare a 2–3 page research paper in APA format and citation style addressing the following:
Checklist:
1. Describe each of the two laws and/or regulations.
2. Discuss the implications these laws and/or regulations have on the business environment.
3. Evaluate whether these laws and/or regulations are effective in achieving their intended
purpose.
4. Assess whether there are any changes or modifications necessary. If not, justify your reasons.
If so, briefly propose a solution to address the limitations.
Critical Elements:
● Write your original analytical essay in Standard American English. Please be sure to
include an Introduction, Body (addressing all the checklist items), and Conclusion.
● Pay special attention to correct grammar, style, and mechanics.
● Respond to the checklist items in a complete manner.
● Ensure that your viewpoint and purpose are clearly stated.
● Demonstrate logical and appropriate transitions from one idea to another.
● Your paper should be highly organized, logical, and focused.
Respond in a minimum of a 2–3 page APA formatted and citation styled paper and submit your
Assignment to the Unit 1 Assignment 2 Dropbox.
Unit 1 [AC450 Advanced Accounting]
Page 2 of 2
CHAPTER 1. COYOTE ENDOZOOCHORY OF PROSOPIS: CONSEQUENCES OF GUT PASSAGE, GERMINATION SUBSTRATE, AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DISPERSAL
ABSTRACT
Effective endozoochory requires that seeds maintain germinability after gut passage, that there is a suitable substrate for germination, and that animal dispersers deposit seeds in environments suitable for establishment. We sought to determine if coyotes (Canis latrans) are effective dispersers of western honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana) and screwbean mesquite (P. pubescens). Mesquites have increased their ranges over the past two centuries in southwestern North America and are among the dominant tree species at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Amargosa Valley, NV, USA. We performed a laboratory experiment examining the effects of gut passage on seed germinability, conducted a field experiment comparing emergence from feces and soil, and developed spatial models of the distribution of coyote feces. Gut passage positively affected screwbean mesquite seeds through high rates of removal of seeds from their legumes and of germination, but had limited effect on honey mesquite seeds. However, only two screwbean mesquite seedlings and no honey mesquite seedlings emerged from 81 feces, while many seedlin ...
Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
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Saving Seed for Next Year ~ South Dakota State University
KU Research
1. Four seeds per phenotype (4R,
4r) totaling eight seeds of each
family were planted
individually in 3 ½ inch square
plastic garden pots totaling 40
seeds.
Causes and consequences of variation in seed morphology in Mimulus guttatus
Kaytlynn Marceaux
University of Kansas, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Lawrence KS 66045
Seed quality can play an important role in the germination, development, and eventual
reproduction of plants. The simple indication of differences in quality among seeds may
be provided by seed shape. If seed shape is heritable, it could have important
consequences for the evolution of species. In the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus
guttatus), there is striking variation in seed shape, primarily in the degree to which they
appear wrinkled. However, the relationship between seed shape and seed quality has not
previously been explored. To examine this relationship, I compare the germination and
subsequent developmental rate of different seed shapes, finding that wrinkled seeds are
less likely to germinate and take longer to reach reproductive maturity. Furthermore, the
seed shape effects certain floral characteristics, specifically the length of the pistil. I also
performed controlled crosses between plants derived from wrinkled or non-wrinkled
seeds to determine if there is a genetic basis for variation in seed shape. I find evidence
that seed shape is at least partially heritable and is particularly affected by inbreeding,
regardless of the parental seed shape. These findings may prove to be important for
natural evolution and how we characterize fitness in M. guttatus.
Modern genetics is founded on Mendel’s classic study of Round (R) vs. Wrinkled (r)
peas, in which he laid the groundwork for how genetic differences determine phenotypic
differences[3]. In addition to Mendel’s work there have been several genes found that
control seed phenotype as well as seed composition and development [1,3]. Seed
composition consists of lipids, saccharides (sugars), and protein storage and any reduction
or elevation of these components can lead to poor nutrition of seedlings which can further
lead to other detrimental effects on plant characteristics [3].
Phenotypic effects of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) have been shown to
influence progeny characteristics [2]. Though M. guttatus is not a pea, nor related to the
pea species, there are visible differences in their seed shape that may affect future floral
characteristic such as germination time, flower time, pistil length, and breeding. Here I
describe the various differences I observed between the two distinguished seed
phenotypes, Round vs. Wrinkled, in three different experiments.
Experiment 3
Abstract
Introduction
Acknowledgments:
I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. John Kelly, and my mentor, Patrick Monnahan for advancing my
understanding in EEB and statistical analysis.
To determine the causes of seed
morphology and the
consequences it may have on
the following
Effect of seed shape and
breeding on progeny seed
shape
Seed shape effects on certain
floral characteristics
M. guttatus seeds pictured under a dissecting microscope
Methods
Experiment 1 (Cohort
A)
Two seeds per phenotype (2R, 2r)
totaling four seeds of each family were
planted in a non-random order within
one 98 compartmental flat totaling 96
seeds. Data collected on germination
time, pistil length, and day to flower.
Collected seeds from 24
different families of an F1
generation, grown in nature
from a cross between two
genetic lines
Experiment 2 (Cohort B)
Collected seeds from 6 families
of previous 24 families. Used
four seed packets per family of
an F1 generation, grown in
nature from a cross between two
genetic lines
Each seed was identified under a dissecting
microscope based on physical
characteristics of round (R) or wrinkled (r)
Four seeds per phenotype (4R, 4r) totaling
eight seeds of each family were planted in
a random order within two 98
compartmental flats totaling 192 seeds.
Data collected on germination time, pistil
length, and day to flower.
Results cont’d
○ Round seeds are more likely to germinate (p= 0.09;
logistic regression)
○ Round seeds germinate more quickly that Wrinkled
seeds (p= 0.035; Fig. 1a; factorial ANOVA)
○ After germination, Wrinkled seeds take longer to flower
(p= 0.025; Fig. 1b; factorial ANOVA)
○ Round seeds tend to have a longer pistil length than the
Wrinkled seed (p= 0.0001; Fig. 1c; factorial ANOVA)
Each plant that successfully reached
reproductive maturity was randomly
paired, crossed, and selfed. Progeny
seeds were collected and 5 seeds
measured per plant with a
micrometer.
Fig.1: Data from Experiment 1 and 2, defined as Cohort A and B, were analyzed against each other, (a) Germination time (days) vs Cohort,
Seed Type (b) Day of Flower (days) vs Cohort, Seed Type, (c) Pistil length (mm) vs Cohort, Seed Type interval plot of the difference between
experiment 1 and 2 defined cohorts.
(a)
(b)
Results
Objective:
Germination and subsequent
developmental rate of
different seed shapes
(b)
Fig. 2: Data from experiment 3 was analyzed independently from previous experiments and is strictly based on progeny
seed morphology. (a) Interval plot of seed area (mm2
) (p = 0.0001; ANOVA), (b) Effect of Inbreeding on seed shape (p =
0.01; logistic regression), (c) Effect of parental phenotype on progeny seed shape (p = 0.0009; logistic regression)
(a)
70% of progeny were Round when
crossed between Maternal Round seeds
and Paternal Wrinkled seeds
90% of progeny were Round when
crossed between Maternal Round seeds
and Paternal Round seeds
♀ ♂
♀
50% of progeny were Round when
crossed between Maternal Wrinkled
and Paternal Round seeds
♂
♀ ♂
Discussion / Conclusions
Fig. 3: Clear growth rate differences observed between
Wrinkled (a) and Round (b) seeds in Experiment 3 of parent
population before performing crosses. Note the poor
germination and reproductive maturity in Wrinkled seeds (a).
(a) (b)
The objective of this study was to determine if there is a genetic basis for
variation in seed shape and if this variation has consequences for subsequent
germination, development, and morphology of individuals. This research
determined three consequences on the cause of seed morphology within M. guttatus.
1. Wrinkled seeds were less likely to germinate, take longer to germinate, and take
longer to flower after germination (Fig. 1a and 1b)
● The implications of slower germination and flowering rates could reduce the
probability of being cross-fertilized or simply surviving to reproduce in nature
● Since M. guttatus is an annual plant the major selective event that determines
fitness is the ability to flower before water is no longer available.
2. The pistil length of Round seeds is found to be longer than Wrinkled seeds (Fig. 1c)
● Longer pistil length may be important because M. guttatus practices cross-
fertilization as well as self-fertilization (outcrossing/inbreeding).
● A longer pistil may be easier for pollinators to access increasing the probability
of cross-fertilization.
3. Genetic basis and mating system (selfed vs crossed) found that some families
produce significantly more grapes Selfed progeny are more likely to be raisins,
which is in line with effects of deleterious recessive alleles. Maternal effects
suggested by effect of Cross Type on Seed Shape (Fig. 2).
● Maternal characteristics could be the leading cause of seed morphology which, as
we have seen, have consequences for subsequent developmental characteristics
Future research could probe the genetic basis of this trait (identify specific genes and
how they affect seed shape) to compare/contrast with peas to observe parallel or
independent evolution of seed shape.References:
1. Bhattacharyya, M.K., Smith, A.M., Ellis, T.H.N., Hedely, C., & Martin, C. 1990. “The Wrinkled-seed Character of Pea Described by Mendel is Caused by a Transposon-like
Insertion in a Gene Encoding Starch-Branching Enzyme.” Trends in Genetics 6:73. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.
2. Platenkamp, G.A.J. & Shaw, R.G. 1993. “Environmental and Genetic Maternal Effects on Seed Characters in Nemophila menziesii.” Evolution 47:540-55. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.
3. Reid, J.B. & Ross, J.J. 2011. “Mendel’s Genes: Toward a Full Molecular Characterization.” Genetics Society of America 189:2-10. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.
(c)
(c)
Collected seeds from 5 families
of previous 24 families. Each
family contributed 8 seeds of an
F1 generation, grown in nature
from a cross between two genetic
lines