This document discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems. It provides information on different types of subsurface drainage methods including tile drains, mole drains, drainage wells and deep open drains. It also discusses the key considerations for layout, depth, size and installation of tile drainage systems. Multiple well systems are mentioned as another subsurface drainage method where multiple wells are installed in an area to increase drainage effects through overlapping cones of depression.

1. WELCOME
Camellia Institute of Technology & Management
KRISHNA GOPAL SAMANTA
Roll No. : 25701322035
B.Tech in Civil Engineering
Sem: 5th
Year : 2023

2. DESIGN OF SUBSURFACE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM

3. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
Drains laid deep in the
ground
and covered

4. Fig: Subsurface drainage system-sectional view

5. Placed at suitable depth and grade
below the ground surface
Lowers the capillary surface and
water table
Aerates the root zone

6. 1.Advantages of Subsurface Drains
Provides aeration to root zone
Improves soil structure and
maintains soil temperature
Avails land for early cultivation
Facilitates easy movement of farm
machines

7. Removes undesirable salts from
root zone
Decreases chances of flood hazards
Occupies no surface land
Small capacity drains are required
Less maintenance cost compared to
surface drains

8. 2. Disadvantages of subsurface drains
Require high initial cost
Requires steeper gradient
Repair works are costly and
inconvenient
Only seepage water is removed
Construction is difficult

9. 3. Subsurface drainage methods
Tile drains
Mole drains
Drainage wells
Deep open drains
Combination of tile and
mole drains

10. 4. Investigations for subsurface drainage
Topographic map of the area
Data of soil physiochemical properties
Position of ground water table and its
fluctuation
Quality of groundwater

11. Logs of soil and subsurface material
Crops to be grown and their drainage
requirements
Irrigation practices and their
requirements

12. 5. Groundwater studies for planning
subsurface drainage
3 parameters:
oDepth and fluctuation of groundwater
table
oQuality of groundwater
oHydraulic conductivity of the subsoil
material

13. DESIGN OF TILE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Consists of :
1. Layout of the system
2. Depth and spacing of the drain
3. Size and grade of the tile lines
4. Material of tiles
5. Envelope materials and accessory
structures
6. Installation of tile drains

14. 1. Layout of tile drainage system
Drainage system comprises of laterals,
main drains and an outlet
Laterals
Main drains
Outlet

15. Different layouts of tile drainage
system:
a) Natural system
b) Parallel system
c) Herringbone system
d) Grid iron system
e) Random system

16. f) Intercepting system
g) Double system
h) Grouping system
i) Composite system
j) Zig zag system
k) Sink hole system

17. a) Natural system:

18. b) Parallel system: c) Herringbone system:

19. d) Grid iron system: e) Random system:

20. f) Intercepting system:

21. g) Double system: h) Grouping system:

22. i) Composite system: j) Zigzag system:

23. 2. Depth and spacing of tile drains
 Depth and spacing are closely inter related
 Depends on:
Texture of soil
Hydraulic conductivity
Types of crops grown
Extend of surface drainage

24. Outlet conditions
Topography of land
Salt content of soil
Agronomic practices
 Drain depth: From ground surface to the
bottom of the tile, usually 1-1.5m
 Tiles are placed above impermeable layer,
if any

25.  Deeper the drain, wider the spacing, lesser
the number of drains required
 Drain spacing-
’Hooghouts drain spacing formula’
S2 = 4K/R [H2-2hd+2Hd-h2]
where,
d- Depth to the impermeable layer
from the drain bottom
h- Height of water in the drain

26. H-Height of water in midway between 2
drains
S- Drain spacing
D-Distance from the impermeable layer to the
maximum height of water between the
drains
K- Hydraulic conductivity
R- Replenishment rate

27. 3. Size and grade of the tile drains
 Drains are designed based on
Manning's formula
 Drains are laid on longitudinal slope:
0.05-3%
 Working grade: 0.2%
 Size of tiles pipes: 30-90cm long,
10-15cm diameter

28. Diameter of tile drains,
d = 5.3(Dc)0.375 A0.375 S-0.1875
where,
d- Internal diameter of tile drain, cm
Dc – Drainage coefficient, cm/day
A-Drainage area, ha
S- Hydraulic gradient or tile grade, m/m

29. 4. Material of tiles
 Clay, Concrete, PVC/Plastic pipes, Bituminous fibre or
steel
 Pipe material should be:
Resistant to weathering and freezing
Have high density
Have sufficient strength to withstand static and
dynamic loads
Have uniformity in shape and wall thickness

30. 5. Envelope materials and accessory
structures
a) Envelope materials:
 Materials that cover the drains placed
in less pervious strata
 Gravel, coarse sand etc.
 Prevents inflow of soil into the drains
 Increases effective drain diameter

31. Coarsest material
is placed
immediately
over the tile
Minimum thickness
of envelope: 7.5cm

32. Recommendations for gravel envelope
(USBR):
For uniform soils,
D50 of envelope/D50 of soil = 5 to 10
For graded soils,
D50 of envelope/ D50 of soil = 12 to 58

33. b) Manholes and sedimentation basins:
 Vertical structures
 Installed at regular intervals along the
tile lines
 Constructed by concrete or brick
masonry
 Helps in cleaning and inspection

34. A man can enter and
work within it
Placed about 60 cm
below ground surface
Covered by
concrete block

35. c) Inlet to tile drains:
 Allows water into the drain
 Two types:
 Blind inlet- cheaper but chances of
clogging
 Surface inlet- have provisions to
prevent the trash
entering into the drains but costly

36. Fig: Blind inlet
Fig: Surface inlet

37. d) Outlet for drains:
 Water from tile drains are discharged into
big size surface drains
 Either by gravity or pumping
 Gravity outlet- invert level of tile drain is
higher than fully supply level of surface
drain
 Pump outlet- bed level of the outlet is
higher tan the discharging tile drain

38. e) Installation of tile drains:
 Consists of:
 Excavation of a trench
 Laying the tile at predetermined grade,
depth and spacing
 Putting the envelope material and
backfilling the soil
 Installation of tile should start from out let

40. MULTIPLE WELL SYSTEM

41. MULTIPLE WELL SYSTEM
Multiple wells are installed in a common
area of influence
Cone of depressions overlap each other
Results in increased drawdown in each well
Provides more drainage effect

42. Fig: Multiple well system

43. Wells are arranged in various patterns
Isolated groups or continuous pattern
Suction lines of each well is connected
to a common pump