Kraft pulping
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Kraft pulping is a chemical pulping process that uses sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. There are two main types of reactions during kraft pulping - degradation reactions that break down lignin into smaller fragments that dissolve, and condensation reactions that join lignin fragments together and can cause precipitation. Degradation predominates early in kraft pulping while condensation reactions increase later. Carbohydrates like hemicellulose are also broken down during kraft pulping through reactions that change their structure.
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Kraft process
The kraft process, also known as the sulfate process, is an industrial process that converts wood into pulp consisting mainly of pure cellulose fibers. It involves treating wood chips with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide known as liquor. This breaks the bonds linking lignin to the cellulose. The process includes impregnating chips with white liquor, cooking them to remove lignin, recovering chemicals from the spent liquor, screening and washing the pulp, and sometimes bleaching it to produce high brightness pulp. The kraft process was invented in the 1870s and is now the dominant pulping process worldwide.
Recovery of pulping liquors
The document discusses the recovery of pulping liquors in the kraft pulping process. There are three main liquors: white liquor, which is used in pulping; black liquor, which is the waste liquid from pulping containing dissolved organics and chemicals; and green liquor, which is formed from smelting black liquor and used to regenerate white liquor. The recovery process involves evaporating black liquor, burning it to produce smelt, and causticizing the smelt to regenerate white liquor using lime. This allows recycling of chemicals, generates energy, and reduces environmental impact and costs.
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The document provides information about the pulp industry. It discusses the history and development of pulping processes like the kraft process. It details the current production of pulp globally and in countries like China, US, Japan, Canada, etc. It describes the key pulping processes of kraft, sulfite, and mechanical pulping. It also discusses utilities, engineering problems, use of different raw materials, energy usage, and recent advances as well as environmental issues in the pulp industry.
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The document provides information about the pulp and paper industry, including its history and the processes involved in pulp production. It discusses the key components of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and describes different pulping processes - mechanical (stone groundwood, refiner mechanical, thermomechanical, chemithermomechanical), semichemical, and chemical (kraft and sulfite). The kraft process is highlighted as the most commonly used chemical pulping method today due to its ability to pulp a variety of wood types and recover chemicals for reuse.
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Crstallization
Crystallization is a process where a solid forms from a liquid solution as atoms or molecules organize into a crystal structure. Crystals can form through precipitation, freezing, or deposition from a gas. The attributes of the resulting crystal depend on factors like temperature, pressure, and fluid evaporation time. Crystallization separates solutes from a solution by forming solid particles. It involves mass transfer from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. Continuous crystallizers like the Swenson-Walker crystallizer operate on a cooling and super saturation principle to continuously form crystals of uniform size and free of inclusions from the liquid feed.
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The document discusses the recovery of pulping liquors in the kraft pulping process. There are three main liquors: white liquor, which is used in pulping; black liquor, which is the waste liquid from pulping containing dissolved organics and chemicals; and green liquor, which is formed from smelting black liquor and used to regenerate white liquor. The recovery process involves evaporating black liquor, burning it to produce smelt, and causticizing the smelt to regenerate white liquor using lime. This allows recycling of chemicals, generates energy, and reduces environmental impact and costs.
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The document provides an overview of the pulp and paper industry, including its history, production process, properties and uses of products, environmental impacts, and steps being taken to address sustainability. It details the various stages of processing wood or recycled fibers into pulp and paper, from raw material handling through pulping, bleaching, papermaking, and potential recycling. Safety, health, and environmental issues are discussed along with efforts to reduce pollution through improved recycling and use of genetically modified trees with modified lignin content.
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The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to changes in industry and behavior at both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper has become a cheap commodity. This has led to a high level of consumption and waste. With the rise in environmental awareness due to the lobbying by environmental organizations and with increased government regulation there is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry.
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The document discusses filler properties and their effects on paper properties. It describes how fillers such as calcium carbonate and clay are used to improve optical properties, smoothness, formation, printability and dimensional stability of paper. Fillers can reduce paper strength by up to 25% depending on the filler properties and loading level. Particle size and distribution affect how fillers interact with fibers. The document also examines coating pigments and their role in improving gloss, opacity, brightness, porosity and coverage of coated paper.
biomolecules carbohydrates
This chapter discusses carbohydrates, which are distributed widely in nature and serve important structural and metabolic functions. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar monomers present. Monosaccharides like glucose are the basic building blocks and exist in both open-chain and cyclic forms. Disaccharides join two monosaccharides, while polysaccharides contain long chains of monosaccharides like cellulose and starch. Carbohydrates play key roles in energy storage, structure of plants and organisms, and cell recognition through glycoproteins on cell surfaces.
stereochemistry at tetrahedral centres
This document discusses stereochemistry at tetrahedral carbons. It introduces the concepts of enantiomers, which are nonsuperimposable mirror images of molecules. Enantiomers are important in organic and biochemistry because molecular handedness allows for specific interactions between enzymes and substrates. The document also covers how to determine the R and S configuration at chiral centers using Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules.
Cellulose
This document discusses cellulose. It provides three key points about cellulose:
1) Cellulose is a homopolysaccharide composed of β-D glucopyranose units linked together by (1–>4)-glycosidic bonds.
2) Cellulose molecules are linear and form intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
3) Cellulose consists of thousands of D-glucopyranosyl 1,4'-β-glucopyranosides as in cellobiose and forms large aggregate structures held together by hydrogen bonds. Cellulose is the main component of wood and plant fiber.
Fibers in paper
This document discusses fibers that are used in papermaking. It begins by explaining that the properties of paper are largely determined by the base paper fibers. It then discusses different types of fibers like wood, herbaceous plants, and seed hair fibers. The document focuses on wood fibers and the pulp making process. It describes softwood and hardwood fibers and pulping processes like mechanical, semi-chemical, and chemical pulping. Refining and its effects on fiber properties are also explained. The importance of fiber length, fines, and vessel elements are covered. Finally, priority properties for different paper types are listed.
Coating paper and board
This document discusses coating paper and board from a chemical perspective. It begins by describing different types of coated papers and the coating process. It then discusses coating ingredients like pigments, which make up the majority of the coating and improve properties like brightness, smoothness, and printability. Different pigments are characterized in terms of their composition, particle size and morphology. The main purpose of coating is to improve surface quality and optimize properties for printing like brightness, gloss, opacity, and ink receptivity. Coating enhances these properties and produces a smooth, uniform surface for clear printed images.
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Kraft pulping
- 2. pulping Chemical Soda Sulfite Sulfate Hybrid Chemi thermal mechanical pulp Neutral sulfite semi chemical Mechanical Groundwood Stone groundwood Thermal ground wood Pressurised ground wood Refiner Refiner mechanical pulp Thermal mechanical pulp Introduction
- 4. Disc Refiner
- 5. Sulfite Proses • Very aggressive • Removes more lignin sulfite + lignin -> lignosulfonate lignosulfonate is a high MW and soluble in water • Dissolve primary wall acidic condition • Dissolve hemicellulose change xylan -> xylose + fructose change glucomannan -> glucose + mannose • Acidic extractives remain in the fiber
- 6. Sulfate Process • Less aggressive • Removes less lignin hydroluzed lignin, break down and cut to small piece (low MW) • Does NOT destroys primary wall • Does NOT destroy hemicellulose glucomannan -> glucoisosaccharinic acid + mannoisosccahrinic acid • Acidic extractives removed from the fiber
- 12. Reactions of lignins during kraft pulping can be divided into two categories: 1) degradation reactions which lead to the liberation of lignin fragments and ultimately to their dissolution, and 2) condensation reactions which increase the molecular size of lignin fragments and may result in their precipitation.
- 25. Attempted Correlation Between the Main Degradation Reactions and Particular Phases of Kraft Pulping
- 28. Tentative Description of the Course of Delignification During Kraft Pulping
- 32. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Big grindstone revolving around a big log presed against it as the grindstone turns around generates friction against the log the