Advanced Composite Materials & Technologies for DefenceDigitech Rathod
This document discusses advanced composite materials and technologies for defense applications. It covers composites for armor applications, including novel ceramic materials and modeling of material response to high-rate loading. It discusses fibers and resins used in ballistic armor composites. Different threats are outlined and the technical requirements for armor are discussed. Body armor design considerations around weight, flexibility and cost are presented.
AEROGEL MATERIAL (Aerogel is a material of future. )SONAM PALJOR
An aerogel is solid with air pockets dispersed throughout. Aerogels are essentially the solid framework of a gel.A class of porous, solid materials that exhibit extreme material properties.
Here, include contents are introduction, what is an aerogel?, types, synthesis, properties, advantages , disadvantage and application etc. this presentation paper is very simple and easy to understand about the aerogel material.
This document provides information on composite materials and their components. It discusses the different types of matrix materials - ceramic, metal, and polymer - that are used in composites. It also describes the reinforcement materials used, including fibers, particles, and inorganic fibers. Finally, it provides details on ceramic matrix composites, which consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix.
This document discusses structural ceramics, including their mechanical properties, classifications, general properties, processing techniques, and areas of application. It describes how structural ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like strength, hardness, heat resistance, and chemical inertness. Examples given include wear parts, cutting tools, engine components, armor, semiconductor production equipment, steel making, and catalytic converters. The document provides details on the materials used and processing methods for different applications of structural ceramics.
Advanced Composite Materials & Technologies for DefenceDigitech Rathod
This document discusses advanced composite materials and technologies for defense applications. It covers composites for armor applications, including novel ceramic materials and modeling of material response to high-rate loading. It discusses fibers and resins used in ballistic armor composites. Different threats are outlined and the technical requirements for armor are discussed. Body armor design considerations around weight, flexibility and cost are presented.
AEROGEL MATERIAL (Aerogel is a material of future. )SONAM PALJOR
An aerogel is solid with air pockets dispersed throughout. Aerogels are essentially the solid framework of a gel.A class of porous, solid materials that exhibit extreme material properties.
Here, include contents are introduction, what is an aerogel?, types, synthesis, properties, advantages , disadvantage and application etc. this presentation paper is very simple and easy to understand about the aerogel material.
This document provides information on composite materials and their components. It discusses the different types of matrix materials - ceramic, metal, and polymer - that are used in composites. It also describes the reinforcement materials used, including fibers, particles, and inorganic fibers. Finally, it provides details on ceramic matrix composites, which consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix.
This document discusses structural ceramics, including their mechanical properties, classifications, general properties, processing techniques, and areas of application. It describes how structural ceramics are used in applications requiring properties like strength, hardness, heat resistance, and chemical inertness. Examples given include wear parts, cutting tools, engine components, armor, semiconductor production equipment, steel making, and catalytic converters. The document provides details on the materials used and processing methods for different applications of structural ceramics.
Ceramics are inorganic materials known for their strength and heat resistance. They are formed through processes involving heating such as firing or sintering. Common ceramics include alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. Alumina is produced from bauxite and used in armor and abrasives. Silicon carbide is very hard and thermally conductive, making it useful for brakes, electronics, and furnace parts. Zirconia is used to make cubic zirconia gems and oxygen sensors. Ceramic composites like carbon-carbon are also used where high heat resistance is required. However, ceramic engines have not been commercially produced due to the difficulty of preventing cracks from forming.
Advanced & future applications of composite fibres in the automotive industryRatna Chatterjee
This document discusses the increasing use of composite fibers, especially carbon fibers, in automotive applications due to their ability to significantly reduce vehicle weight. Carbon fiber composites allow for weight savings of 50-60% compared to steel, aluminum, and cast iron, helping automakers meet rising fuel economy standards. Challenges remain around reducing the cost of carbon fiber production. Several concept cars demonstrate innovative uses of carbon fiber and natural fiber composites in body panels, wheels, and other vehicle components. Advancements in composite manufacturing technologies are helping expand their use in mass production vehicles.
The document discusses engineering materials and their properties. It begins by defining engineering materials as the selection of appropriate materials for engineered parts based on their required properties. It then classifies engineering materials into metals and alloys, non-metals, ceramics, glasses, composites. Key mechanical and physical properties of materials are outlined including hardness, toughness, thermal and electrical conductivity. Common material testing methods like tensile tests are described which measure properties such as yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility. Different material grades are discussed along with advantages of metallic materials.
Chemical Engineering Materials - Degradation of polymers. Composite materials...Ajinkya Khandizod
Polymer degradation can occur through various environmental factors like heat, light, chemicals. It involves undesirable changes in properties like strength and shape. There are different types of degradation including photodegradation from light, thermolysis from heat, and solvolysis from chemicals like acids or bases. Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create new materials with enhanced characteristics compared to the individual components. Common composite materials include concrete, fiber-reinforced plastics, and ceramic-metal composites. They are widely used in construction, vehicles, and advanced applications.
The document discusses the classification of composite materials based on the geometry of reinforcement. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce different properties than the individual components. Composites are classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or carbon/carbon, and also based on the geometry of reinforcement, including particulate, whisker/flake, or fiber reinforcement. Fiber reinforced composites use fibers as the reinforcement to enhance the strength and properties of the matrix material. Different types of reinforced composites are then discussed, such as filled, whiskers, flakes, and particulate reinforced composites.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircrafts.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs consist of a ceramic matrix with reinforcements. They offer advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher toughness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Some key applications of CMCs mentioned are in cutting tools, aerospace components, jet engines, burners, and turbine blades, as they can withstand high temperatures and offer corrosion resistance. The document discusses properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications of CMCs.
This document provides an overview of carbon fibre reinforced composites. It begins with introducing composites and their properties such as weight savings and directionality. It then discusses carbon fibres specifically, how they are manufactured from various precursors like pitch and PAN, and their high strength and stiffness properties. The document outlines various manufacturing methods for carbon composites and their applications in aerospace, sports, industrial and other sectors. It concludes by discussing the advantages of carbon fibres, the global carbon fibre market, and references for further information.
This document discusses natural fiber composites made from hemp. It notes that Henry Ford developed a plant-based car made from hemp in 1940. Today, companies like Ford are using hemp composites for parts like door trim panels and under-the-hood sound dampeners. Hemp fibers are cleaned, heated, and glued together with natural or synthetic resins to form composites. Composites made from hemp are lighter, more energy efficient to produce, and can replace plastics and some metals in vehicles and other applications. By 2010, it was anticipated that natural fibers would replace 20% of the fiberglass used in US cars.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, including common fiber and resin types, manufacturing processes, applications, and FDOT specifications and initiatives. It describes pultrusion and vacuum infusion as the predominant manufacturing processes, lists national design specifications, and outlines accepted FDOT applications such as structural shapes, reinforcing bars, prestressing strands, and bridge projects using FRP composites.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better tolerance to heat, corrosion and fatigue compared to traditional materials. Composites are classified based on the matrix and dispersed phases, and can be particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced or structural. Fiber-reinforced composites find applications in automobiles, ships, aircrafts, electronics and more due to their tunable properties and lightweight.
This document discusses aerogels, which are highly porous solid materials composed of up to 99.98% air. Aerogels can be made from substances like silica, alumina, polymers, and metals. They are produced through the sol-gel process and then dried using supercritical extraction to maintain their porous structure. Aerogels have properties like very low density and thermal conductivity that make them useful for insulation. Recent research has investigated using aerogels for applications like capturing space dust, drug delivery using functionalized aerogel particles, absorbing oil spills, and protective clothing composites.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
This document provides an overview of a lecture on composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituents and discusses the various types of composite materials in terms of their matrices (such as polymer, metal, ceramic) and reinforcements (such as fibers, particles, flakes). The document also explains that composites are used because they offer advantages like lower density, higher strength, and versatility through tailored design. Finally, it states that composites are designed by comparing matrix and reinforcement properties to meet the specifications for a material's intended usage.
NONOTECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.ppt(SHYAM SHUBHAM)Chandrapal Singh
Nanotechnology can be used to improve concrete and steel materials for civil engineering projects. [1] Nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, nano-silica, and TiO2 can modify the molecular structure of concrete to enhance its properties when added in small quantities. [2] TiO2 provides self-cleaning properties when added to concrete. [3] Nanotechnology also allows for developing high-strength steel cables and bolts that can withstand higher temperatures than conventional materials.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then outlines several applications of nanotechnology including in electronics like transistors and solar cells, energy like batteries and fuel cells, and materials like carbon nanotubes. The document also discusses advantages such as stronger and lighter materials, faster computers, and medical applications like universal immunity. However, it notes some disadvantages like potential job loss and health risks from carbon nanotubes. Finally, it discusses the future of nanotechnology in areas like electronic paper and contact lenses.
Ceramics are inorganic materials known for their strength and heat resistance. They are formed through processes involving heating such as firing or sintering. Common ceramics include alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia. Alumina is produced from bauxite and used in armor and abrasives. Silicon carbide is very hard and thermally conductive, making it useful for brakes, electronics, and furnace parts. Zirconia is used to make cubic zirconia gems and oxygen sensors. Ceramic composites like carbon-carbon are also used where high heat resistance is required. However, ceramic engines have not been commercially produced due to the difficulty of preventing cracks from forming.
Advanced & future applications of composite fibres in the automotive industryRatna Chatterjee
This document discusses the increasing use of composite fibers, especially carbon fibers, in automotive applications due to their ability to significantly reduce vehicle weight. Carbon fiber composites allow for weight savings of 50-60% compared to steel, aluminum, and cast iron, helping automakers meet rising fuel economy standards. Challenges remain around reducing the cost of carbon fiber production. Several concept cars demonstrate innovative uses of carbon fiber and natural fiber composites in body panels, wheels, and other vehicle components. Advancements in composite manufacturing technologies are helping expand their use in mass production vehicles.
The document discusses engineering materials and their properties. It begins by defining engineering materials as the selection of appropriate materials for engineered parts based on their required properties. It then classifies engineering materials into metals and alloys, non-metals, ceramics, glasses, composites. Key mechanical and physical properties of materials are outlined including hardness, toughness, thermal and electrical conductivity. Common material testing methods like tensile tests are described which measure properties such as yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility. Different material grades are discussed along with advantages of metallic materials.
Chemical Engineering Materials - Degradation of polymers. Composite materials...Ajinkya Khandizod
Polymer degradation can occur through various environmental factors like heat, light, chemicals. It involves undesirable changes in properties like strength and shape. There are different types of degradation including photodegradation from light, thermolysis from heat, and solvolysis from chemicals like acids or bases. Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create new materials with enhanced characteristics compared to the individual components. Common composite materials include concrete, fiber-reinforced plastics, and ceramic-metal composites. They are widely used in construction, vehicles, and advanced applications.
The document discusses the classification of composite materials based on the geometry of reinforcement. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce different properties than the individual components. Composites are classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or carbon/carbon, and also based on the geometry of reinforcement, including particulate, whisker/flake, or fiber reinforcement. Fiber reinforced composites use fibers as the reinforcement to enhance the strength and properties of the matrix material. Different types of reinforced composites are then discussed, such as filled, whiskers, flakes, and particulate reinforced composites.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
High temperature materials & super alloys pptSREE KRISHNA
This document discusses superalloys, which are metallic alloys that exhibit excellent strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. It describes how superalloys develop strength through solid solution strengthening and alloying techniques. The document also classifies superalloys into generations based on their composition, and lists some of their key properties and applications in gas turbines, jet engines, steam turbines, and other high-temperature industrial systems.
We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircrafts.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs consist of a ceramic matrix with reinforcements. They offer advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher toughness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Some key applications of CMCs mentioned are in cutting tools, aerospace components, jet engines, burners, and turbine blades, as they can withstand high temperatures and offer corrosion resistance. The document discusses properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications of CMCs.
This document provides an overview of carbon fibre reinforced composites. It begins with introducing composites and their properties such as weight savings and directionality. It then discusses carbon fibres specifically, how they are manufactured from various precursors like pitch and PAN, and their high strength and stiffness properties. The document outlines various manufacturing methods for carbon composites and their applications in aerospace, sports, industrial and other sectors. It concludes by discussing the advantages of carbon fibres, the global carbon fibre market, and references for further information.
This document discusses natural fiber composites made from hemp. It notes that Henry Ford developed a plant-based car made from hemp in 1940. Today, companies like Ford are using hemp composites for parts like door trim panels and under-the-hood sound dampeners. Hemp fibers are cleaned, heated, and glued together with natural or synthetic resins to form composites. Composites made from hemp are lighter, more energy efficient to produce, and can replace plastics and some metals in vehicles and other applications. By 2010, it was anticipated that natural fibers would replace 20% of the fiberglass used in US cars.
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, including common fiber and resin types, manufacturing processes, applications, and FDOT specifications and initiatives. It describes pultrusion and vacuum infusion as the predominant manufacturing processes, lists national design specifications, and outlines accepted FDOT applications such as structural shapes, reinforcing bars, prestressing strands, and bridge projects using FRP composites.
A composite material is made by combining two or more materials with different properties. The materials do not dissolve into each other but work together to give the composite unique properties. Composites have advantages like higher strength, lower weight, improved stiffness, and better tolerance to heat, corrosion and fatigue compared to traditional materials. Composites are classified based on the matrix and dispersed phases, and can be particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced or structural. Fiber-reinforced composites find applications in automobiles, ships, aircrafts, electronics and more due to their tunable properties and lightweight.
This document discusses aerogels, which are highly porous solid materials composed of up to 99.98% air. Aerogels can be made from substances like silica, alumina, polymers, and metals. They are produced through the sol-gel process and then dried using supercritical extraction to maintain their porous structure. Aerogels have properties like very low density and thermal conductivity that make them useful for insulation. Recent research has investigated using aerogels for applications like capturing space dust, drug delivery using functionalized aerogel particles, absorbing oil spills, and protective clothing composites.
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline.
The word ceramic comes from the Greek word keramiko of pottery" or for pottery from keramos.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
This document provides an overview of a lecture on composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituents and discusses the various types of composite materials in terms of their matrices (such as polymer, metal, ceramic) and reinforcements (such as fibers, particles, flakes). The document also explains that composites are used because they offer advantages like lower density, higher strength, and versatility through tailored design. Finally, it states that composites are designed by comparing matrix and reinforcement properties to meet the specifications for a material's intended usage.
NONOTECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.ppt(SHYAM SHUBHAM)Chandrapal Singh
Nanotechnology can be used to improve concrete and steel materials for civil engineering projects. [1] Nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, nano-silica, and TiO2 can modify the molecular structure of concrete to enhance its properties when added in small quantities. [2] TiO2 provides self-cleaning properties when added to concrete. [3] Nanotechnology also allows for developing high-strength steel cables and bolts that can withstand higher temperatures than conventional materials.
This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale, which is one billionth of a meter. It then outlines several applications of nanotechnology including in electronics like transistors and solar cells, energy like batteries and fuel cells, and materials like carbon nanotubes. The document also discusses advantages such as stronger and lighter materials, faster computers, and medical applications like universal immunity. However, it notes some disadvantages like potential job loss and health risks from carbon nanotubes. Finally, it discusses the future of nanotechnology in areas like electronic paper and contact lenses.
Nanotechnology offers possibilities to improve materials used in civil engineering. At the nanoscale, materials demonstrate new properties. Concrete can be made stronger and more durable using nano-silica and carbon nanotubes. Steel can incorporate nanoparticles to increase strength and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. Titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes make glass self-cleaning. Nanoparticles in coatings provide insulation and hydrophobicity. While costs are currently high, nanotechnology research aims to advance sustainability in the construction industry by developing higher performance, longer lasting materials.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, which is approximately 100 nanometers or smaller than the width of a human hair. It has applications in electronics, automotive, engineering, medicine, cosmetics, textiles, sports, and chemicals. Some examples include nano transistors in electronics, fuel cells, OLED displays, batteries, and solar cells. Nanotechnology promises advantages like increased strength, lighter weight, lower cost, and more precision and durability. However, there are also disadvantages like potential job losses, health risks from carbon nanotubes, high initial costs, and concerns about enabling more destructive weapons. Researchers are optimistic about the future products enabled by this new technology and nanotechnology is poised to usher in a
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in many areas such as medicine, energy, and computing. Some advantages of nanotechnology include materials that are stronger, lighter, cheaper, and more precise. However, there are also concerns about potential negative health effects and how nanotechnology could enable new types of weapons.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It defines nanotechnology as the study and engineering of matter at the nanoscale, or atomic level. The document outlines the history of nanotechnology from its conception in 1959 to modern applications. Key tools used in nanotechnology like atomic force microscopes and carbon nanotubes are described. The document also discusses different approaches (top-down vs bottom-up), materials used, and applications of nanotechnology in areas like drugs, fabrics, electronics, and computers. It provides examples of how nanotechnology is enhancing performance in these domains.
The document is a series of pages that are blank except for the text "Produced with a Trial Version of PDF Annotator - www.PDFAnnotator.com" appearing repeatedly throughout, with no other substantive content.
This document provides information about ASIMO, a humanoid robot created by Honda in 2007. It discusses the history of robots beginning with automatic machines designed in the 1200s. ASIMO can walk, run, dance, sing, recognize faces and voices, carry objects, climb stairs, and potentially assist elderly people and in the medical field in the future. Each ASIMO robot costs over $1 million to produce. The document outlines ASIMO's specifications and capabilities in over 30 sections and concludes with references for further information.
2. Birbirine karışmayan iki veya daha
fazla katının bileşimiyle oluşan katı malzemelere
"kompozit malzeme" denir.
KOMPOZİT MALZEME NEDİR ?
Bu karışımın özelliği, kendini oluşturan maddelerin
özelliklerinden çok daha üstündür. Buradaki amaç
birleşimi oluşturan maddelerin üstün özelliklerinin bir
araya getirilmesini sağlamaktır.
2
3. Kompozit malzemede genelde dört koşul aranmaktadır
İnsan yapısı olmaması, dolayısıyla doğal bir malzeme
olmalı,
Kimyasal bileşimleri birbirinden farklı belirli ara
yüzeylerle ayrılmış en az iki malzemenin bir araya
getirilmiş olmalı,
Farklı malzemenin üç boyutlu olarak bir araya getirilmiş
olmalı,
Bileşenlerin hiç birinin tek başına sahip olmadığı
özellikleri taşımalı.
KOMPOZİT MALZEME HANGİ ÖZELLİKLERE
SAHİP OLMALI ?
3
7. KOMPOZİT MALZEMELERİN
ÖZELLİKLERİ
• Şok dirençleri yüksektir
7
Örneğin kompozit gövdeden yapılan uçağın düşmesi esnasında
ortaya çıkan enerji gövde tarafından emilmektedir.
8. KOMPOZİT MALZEMELERİN
ÖZELLİKLERİ
• Yüksek sıcaklığa ve aşınmaya dayanıklıdırlar
8
Yüksek sıcaklık korozyon ve aşınmaya maruz kalan ürünler kompozit
teknolojisi ile üretilebilir.
9. KOMPOZİT MALZEMELERİN
KULLANIM ALANLARI
En tipik örnek, artık günümüzde gelenekselleşmeye
başlayan ve "fiberglas" olarak bilinen polyester esaslı
reçinelerin cam elyaf ile takviyesiyle üretilen
malzemelerdir.
• Hafif ve sağlam
gövdenin gerekli olduğu
sürat teknelerinde
9
13. 13
Asıl konumuz olan kompozit malzemelerin zırh
teknolojisinde kullanımına gelelim. Dünyada kompozit
teknolojisi geliştikçe bu teknolojinin savunma sanayisinde ki
kullanımı da artış gösterdi.
Kompozit malzemeler çeşitli kombinasyonlarla kendini
oluşturan bileşenlerden daha dayanıklı ve hafif hale
getirilebilirler. Bu durumdan faydalanılarak savunma
sanayinin olmazsa olmazı zırhlara uygulanıp kompozit zırhlar
geliştirilmeye başlandı.
Zırh malzemelerini daha iyi anlamak için geçmişten
günümüze kullanılmış zırhları kısaca inceleyelim.
14. ZIRH MALZEMELERİN KISACA TARİHÇESİ
Zırh malzemeleri ilk olarak Roma
döneminde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır
(M.Ö 750).
Avrupa'da geç dönem ortaçağ
zamanı, özellikle 13. yüzyıldan
beri zincir zırh üzerine giyilen plakalarla
kişisel zırhlar oluşturulmuştur.
14
15. ZIRH MALZEMELERİN KISACA TARİHÇESİ
RÖNESANS DÖNEMİ ZIRHLAR
Tavlanmış çelikten yapılan bütün
bir plaka zırh takımının, 20 kg
civarında bir ağırlığı vardır.
15
17. ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
Zırh çeşitlerini altı başlık altında toplayabiliriz.
1-Homojen zırh:
En eski zırh teknolojisi. Genelde en kalın yeri 35 cm
yi geçmezken günümüz tanksavar silahları bu zırhı
130 cm ye kadar delebiliyor. Ülkemizde kullanılan m-
48, m-60 tankları bu tür zırha sahiptir.
2-Reaktif zırh:
Bu aslında bir zırh çeşidi değil de, kaplama
olarakta sayılabilir. Diğer zırhlar içinde patlayıcı
barındıran plakalarla bezemektedir. Tanksavar
mermisi bu plakaya çarpınca plakanın içindeki
patlayıcı patlayıp mermiyi saptırıyor. Diğer tüm
zırhların üstüne uygulanabiliyor ve araca 2 tonluk
ekstra yük kazandırıyor. ilk olarak Arap İsrail
savaşlarında İsrail Merkava tanklarına uygulamış.
Sovyetler birliği de yaygın olarak kullanmış. t-72, t-
80, t-84 gibi tank modellerinde.
17
18. ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
3-Boşluklu (sandviç)zırh:
Zırh ana zırh (daha kalın) ve iç zırh (ince) olmak
üzere iki parçadır. Aralarında hava boşluğu, su ya da
yanıcı olmayan başka bir sıvı bulunur .İnce zırha
çarpan mermi ana zırha gelene kadar iyice etkisini
yitirir, ana zırhı delemez. m-1, t-80, . Leopard 1 a 1
tanklarında bu zırh modeli tercih edilmiştir.
4-Aktif zırh:
Aktif tedbirli zırhlı araçlar ise tehdidi algılayarak
tanka isabetinden önce karşı
ateşle tahrip prensibine dayanmaktadır. Tehdidin
algılanması ve tahribi 12 mili/saniyede
gerçekleşmektedir ve füze bu süre içinde ancak cm
ile ifade edilecek kadar yer
değiştirebilmektedir. T80 , T84 gibi tank
modellerinde kullanılmıştır.
18
19. ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
5-Modüler zırh :
Halen araştırma ve geliştirme
aşamasında. Çelik zırhın fakirleştirilmiş
veya seyreltilmiş uranyumla
güçlendirilmesi sonucunda elde edilen
zırh çeşididir. Bu yöntemle elde edilen
güçlendirilmiş zırh, tanklarda
kullanılmaktadır. Ancak radyoaktif
özelliğinden dolayı kullanıcı personel
mutantlaşmasa da ciddi rahatsızlıklar
(kanser vb.) geçiriyor, ölüyor.
19
20. ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
6-Kompozit (bileşik) zırh:
1960 lı yıllarda bir metrelik çeliği parçalayabilecek kadar güçlü tanksavar roketlerinin
geliştirilmesinden sonra, çukur imlalı mermilerin verdiği zayiattı bertaraf etmek için İngiliz
ordusu tarafından tabakalar halinde değişik fiziksel özelliklere sahip materyallerden
oluşan bu zırh çeşidi geliştirildi. Buradaki katmanların bazılarında şok dalgalarını emen
alüminyum, plastik gibi maddeler, diğer bir katmanda ise yüksek ısıya dayanıklı seramik
maddeler, bazı katmanlarda ise yüksek dirençli çelik tabakalar kullanılmakta.
20
21. ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
6-Kompozit (bileşik) zırh(devam)
Halen dünyada (Türkiye de yok) kullanılan en yüksek zırh teknolojisi olarak kabul
edilmekte olup; m 1, m 1 a1, m 1 a2, Challenger, Leopard 2, t 80, t 84ve t 90 tanklarında
kullanılmaktadır
21
22. KOMPOZİT MALZEMELERİN ZIRH
OLARAK KULLANILMASI
Kompozit malzemeler genelde bir veya birkaç
çeşit elyaf, çeşitli rijit parçacıkların reçinelerle
veya metal/seramik matrislerle değişik şekilde
süreçlere sokulması sonucu elde edilirler.
Bu amaçla kullanılan elyaflar ise
cam karbon , seramik, aramid ve karışık elyaf
olabilmektedir.
22
Bazen de elyaf yerine elyaftan üretilmiş keçe veya dokuma
kullanılmaktadır. Böylece dayanım daha fazla artar üretimde de pratiklik
sağlanır.
23. İYİ BİR ZIRH MALZEMESİNİN
ÖZELLİKLERİ
İyi bir zırh malzemesi hem hafif hem de dayanıklı olmalı,
Yüksek akma dayanımına sahip olmalı,
Tokluğu (kırılmaya karşı dayanıklılık) yüksek olmalı,
Yüksek dinamik çekme dayanımına sahip olmalı,
Enerji absorbe edebilmeli (şok direnci),
Düşük yoğunluğa sahip olmalı,
Elastisite ve kayma modülleri yüksek olmalı ,
Çok yüksek ısılara dayanabilmeli,
Tasarlanan zırh kolay üretilebilir ve kolay monte edilebilir yapıda
olmalıdır.
23
24. NEDEN KOMPOZİT ZIRH ?
Klasik mühendislik malzemelerinde bu
bahsedilen özelliklerin birlikte bulunması
oldukça zordur. Yüksek sertlikteki
malzemelerle, yumuşak, sünek
malzemelerin kompozit şeklinde
tasarımları bu tür uygulamalar için de bir
çözüm yolu olabilir. İşte bu yüzden
kompozit zırh malzemelerine gereksinim
duyulmuştur. Yüksek sertlik ve
mukavemetteki çelik saçlarla yumuşak,
sünek özelliğe sahip saçlar kaynakla
birleştirildiğinde, dıştaki sert tabaka zırhın
delinmesini önlerken, içerideki yumuşak
tabaka deforme olarak darbe enerjisini
absorbe eder.
24
25. GELENEKSEL ZIRHLARLA KARŞILAŞTIRMA
25
GELENEKSEL ZIRHLAR(Seramik
zırh,çelik zırh vb.)
Zırhların karşılaştırılmasında genelde üç parametre diğerlerinden daha önemlidir. Bunlar
performans,ağırlık ve maliyettir. Bu kapsamda geleneksel zırhlarla,yeni nesil kompozit
zırhları karşılaştıracak olursak;
Ağırdırlar, zırhlanan araçların
hareket kabiliyetlerini sınırlarlar.
Geliştirilen tanksavar mermileri
karşısında zayıf kalmaktadır.
Yeni nesil zırhlara göre
performansları düşüktür.
Buna karşın üretimleri yeni nesil
zırhlara göre kolay ve maliyeti ucuzdur.
KOMPOZİT ZIRHLAR
Hafiftirler,zırhlanan araçlara hareket
kabiliyeti yönünden avantaj sağlarlar.
Elastisiteleri ve sertlikleri yüksektir. Bu
sayede gelen mermilerin uç kısımlarını
aşındırarak etkisini azaltırlar.
Bu üstün özellikleri bakımından
performansları ve sağladıkları avantajları
geleneksel zırhlara göre yüksektir.
Üretimleri oldukça karmaşık ve maliyetlidir.
26. KOMPOZİT ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
Aramid Elyaf
Kevlar , Aramid elyafının piyasa da bilinen ticari ismidir ve
düşük yoğunluk (1.44 g/cm3), yüksek darbe, aşınma ve
kimyasal dayanıklılıkları sayesinde tercih edilirler. Cam
elyafa göre %35 daha hafiftirler.
Cam Elyaf
Eritilmiş haldeki camın küçük deliklerden akıtılıp katılaştırılması
sonucu üretilir. Isıl iletim katsayıları düşük olduğundan yalıtım
malzemesi olarak kullanılırlar. Ayrıca yüksek mukavemet değerleri
nedeniyle diğer malzemelerle birleştirilerek kompozit
malzeme üretiminde kullanılır. Bunun yanında mayın kasası
yapımında bolca kullanılmaktadır. Bunda en önemli neden cam
elyafından üretilen mayının metal tarama aygıtlarına
yakalanmamasıdır. Bugün bildiğimiz cam elyafının geliştirilmesi
1930’lu yılların sonlarına doğru yapılabilmiştir. 26
27. KOMPOZİT ZIRH ÇEŞİTLERİ
Bor Karbürün Zırh
Bor karbür yüksek sertliği, düşük yoğunluğu ve diğer
üstün özellikleri nedeniyle askeri amaçlı olarak havacılık ve
personel koruma konularında zırh yapımına en uygun
malzemelerden biridir. Bu iki temel amaç dışında tank ve
hafif zırhlı araçların korunmasında da oldukça yaygın
kullanımı vardır.
Yeni nesil bütün helikopterlerde (Super Puma, Black
Hawk, Super Cobra, Apache), uçaklarda (C-130, C-17,
A400M), yüksek hız ve mobilite gerektiren zırhlı kara
araçlarında (Hummer, Zırhlı Personel Taşıyıcı vb.), havadan
taşınabilir araçlarda, personel koruyucu balistik yeleklerde,
tanklarda (zırh tabakası veya ilave zırh olarak), komuta
kontrol merkezlerinde zırh malzemesi olarak bor karbür
kullanılabilmektedir. Yeni üretilen ALTAY tankında da
kompozit zırhların bir çeşidi olan bor karbür zırh
kullanılmıştır.
27
28. BİR MERMİNİN ZIRHI DELMESİ NASIL
GERÇEKLEŞİR ?
28
Zırhlarının balistik tehditlere karşı gösterdikleri tepki,merminin hızına göre üç farklı şekilde
olabilir. Nispeten düşük hızlarda (<700m/sn) zırhtaki delinme miktarını malzemenin statik yada
mekanik özellikleri belirlemektedir.Çok yüksek hızlarda(>5000m/sn) zırh malzemesi sıvı
davranışı sergiler.Bir çok askeri silahın sahip olduğu orta hızlarda ise (700 m/sn-5000 m/sn)
delinme halini zırh malzemesinin dinamik özelliklerinin yanı sıra hidrodinamik özellikleri
belirler.
Orta hızlarda zırh malzemesi üzerinde oluşan delinme en az dört aşamada gerçekleşir. İlk çarpmanın
olduğu anda mermi ve seramik zırhta hidrodinamik akma meydana gelir.Daha sonra mermi parçalanma
ve akma aşaması meydana gelir.Diğer aşamada seramiğin kırılması,koni çatlak oluşumu ve zırh
arkasında çekme kırılmaları oluşur.Yine bu aşamada da merminin aşınma ve akması devam ederek
etkisi azalmaya devam eder.Son aşamada mermi bütünüyle erozyona uğrar ve buna karşılık zırhta da
yoğun çatlak oluşumu gerçekleşir.
29. MERMİ ÇARPMASI SONUCU OLUŞAN
TAHRİBAT TÜRLERİ
29
Görüldüğü gibi mermilerin zırh
plakalarına çarpması sonucu zırh
plakalarına çok yüksek seviyelerde enerji
aktarımı söz konusudur.
Bu çizimlerden de anlaşılabileceği gibi
zırh malzemelerinin sertlik ve enerji
sönümleme gibi özellikleri yüksek
olmalıdır.
32. ÜLKEMİZDE YAPILAN ÇALIŞMALAR
32
Sakarya Üniversitesi Teknoloji Fakültesi Metal Eğitimi
Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Uğur Soy, yerli kaynaklar
kullanarak zırh özelliğine sahip malzeme üretti. Mekanik ve
termal testler uygulanan malzemenin gerek sertlik gerekse de
mukavemet açısından diğer zırh malzemelerine nazaran
yüksek performans gösterdiği saptandı.
Zırh kompozitinin geliştirilmesinde yüzde 100 yerli alüminyum ve bor karbür
malzemeleri kullandığını belirten Soy, malzemenin, nitrit ve elmasın yanı sıra dünyanın
en sert malzemesi olduğunu vurguladı. Soy, şunları söyledi: "Bor karbür malzemesinin
erime derecesi 2 bin 500'ün üzerinde. Bu malzeme dünyaca "kara elmas" olarak
biliniyor. Kompozit zırh malzemesinin geliştirilmesinde öncelikle replika dediğimiz bir
yöntemle bor karbür köpük ürettik. Daha sonra alüminyumu eriterek bor karbür köpük
içerisine emdirdik. Nihayetinde bor karbür takviyeli metalik kompozit üretmiş olduk.
Üretilen kompozit zırh malzemesinin yoğunluğu düşük, sertliği ve mukavemeti
yüksek, zırh özelliğine sahip ve monolitik seramik zırhlara kıyasla daha ucuz."
33. TÜBİTAK IN GELİŞTİRMİŞ OLDUĞU
KOMPOZİT ZIRH
33
Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma
Kurumu (TÜBİTAK), roketlere karşı üstün
koruyuculu “kompozit zırh” geliştirdi.
Dünyada çok az ülkenin sahip olduğu bu
teknolojiyle kaplanan platformlar,
roketlerin yarattığı tahribattan
etkilenmiyor. Kompozit zırh sisteminin
suikast silahlarına karşı geliştirilmiş
modeliyle Cumhurbaşkanlığı Köşkü’nün
kabul ve tören salonunun pencere ile
duvarları da kaplandı.
35. TÜRKİYE'NİN İLK YERLİ ZIRHI 'T-ZIRH'
35
Nurol Teknoloji AŞ Genel Müdürü Tunç Batum, 2 yıl
önce geliştirdikleri T-Zırhı, bor karbür, seramik ve
kompozit malzeme kullanarak tasarladıklarını ve bu
alanda Türkiye'de bir ilki gerçekleştirdiklerini anlattı.
Nurol Teknoloji'nin Türk mühendisler tarafından
geliştirilen Türkiye'nin ilk yerli zırhı 'T-Zırh' (Türk Zırh),
ihraç edilmeye başlandı. T
Tunç Batum, ileri balistik zırh çözümü olan T-Zırh'ın
kara, hava ve deniz araçlarına, yapısal binalara ve
çelik yelek olarak personel üzerine uygulanabildiğini
ifade ederek, bunların araçla ilgili olanlarının
ihracatına başladıklarını, şu anda 45 milyon dolarlık
ihracat bağlantısı yaptıklarını söyledi.
36. 36
FAYDALANILAN KAYNAKLAR
•Malzeme bilimi ve mühendisliği (William D. Callister, David G.
Rethwisch)(çeviri editörü; Prof.Dr.KENAN GENEL)
•GTİ savunma sanayi tanıtım dosyası
•İstanbul sanayi odası kompozit sektör raporu 2006
•Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi sayı ;1 / 2009
•Demet ESERCİ / YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ (KİMYA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ)
•Teoman ENGİN /Yüksek Lisans Tezi /TÜRK ORDUSUNDA ZIRHLI
BİRLİKLER