forensic serology

1. FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCES
Presented by :
Kiran

2. FORENSIC SEROLOGY
• Serology is the study of serum and other body fluids.
• The primary activity of forensic serologists is the identification of
bodily fluids.
• It focuses on identifying the presence of blood, semen, saliva, or
other bodily fluids in a questioned sample.
• Forensic serology can be considered the process of examining and
identifying biological evidence, which occurs prior to the
individualization of the biological evidence
• Individualization of biological evidence is used to determine whether
or not a bodily fluid sample has come from a particular person.

3. TYPES OF BODY FLUIDS
• BLOOD.
• SEMEN.
• SWEAT.
• SALIVA.
• URINE.

4. TESTS FOR BLOOD IDENTIFICATION
• Benzidine test is done to detect the presence of blood. The stain to be
tested is rubbed lightly with one end of a dry filter paper. A drop of
Benzidine solution is applied on the filter paper and if no color
develops within 15 to 30 seconds hydrogen peroxide is dropped in the
same area.
• Positive reaction is indicated by immediate development of deep blue
color indicating presence of blood.
• To detect the origin of species gel diffusion test is done. for gel
diffusion test we take 2% agarose solution (2 g in 100ml) then the gel
is solidified then wells are made by puncturing gel. Anti-human
solution is used on the wells.

5. TEST FOR SEMEN DETECTION
• ACID PHOSPHATASE: The most commonly and widely used test for
detecting semen is acid phosphatase enzyme. Human semen
normally contains large amount of acid phosphatase enzyme which is
produced by prostate gland.
• Immunochromatographic Assays : These assays utilize antibodies
specific for proteins present in semen such as the prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) and seminal vesicle–specific antigens.
• PSA (also known as P30 and Kallikrein 3) is a serine protease with a
molecular weight of 30 kDa. PSA is produced in the prostate gland
and secreted into the seminal fluid.

6. TYPES OF EVIDENCES WHERE FLUIDS CAN BE
FOUND
 Clothes of victim.
 Crime scene area.
 Bed sheet.
 Clothes of culprit.
 Weapon of offence.

7. REFERENCES
• Lee, 1982; Gaensslen, 1983; Sutton, 1999; Greenfield and Sloan,
2005; Laux, 2005; Marie, 2008.
• Gaensslen, R. E. (1983). Sourcebook in Forensic Serology,
Immunology, and Biochemistry Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
• Greenfield, A., and Sloan, M. (2005). Identification of biological fluids
and stains. In:James, S., and Nord by, J. (Eds.), Forensic Science: An
Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, 2nd ed. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group