The document discusses models for predicting and intervening in healthcare. For communicable diseases, the pathogenic model works well, identifying biological causes and using interventions like vaccines to disrupt disease mechanisms. However, this model fails for non-communicable diseases, which have complex bio-psycho-social causes involving human behavior. An integrated approach is needed that considers social factors as active in disease mechanisms and recognizes interventions may target the functions of causal factors rather than the factors themselves through multiple means-end relationships.
Presentation from Andreas Cebulla, Research Director of the National Centre for Social Research about risk taking behaviour by young people and the relationship with the sorts of activities they are involved with.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Presentation from Andreas Cebulla, Research Director of the National Centre for Social Research about risk taking behaviour by young people and the relationship with the sorts of activities they are involved with.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Driving Health Equity into Action: Planning Strategy to Address Complex Socia...Wellesley Institute
This presentation provides insight on the importance of a planning strategy to address complex social determinants of health.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The biomedical model of health has been dominant around the globe since several decades. The main content of shared document is to explain its actual meaning, its core principles and its claims about health and illness. At the end, some of the critical suggestions have been highlighted for the readers to create an awareness among the health professionals for adopting the other more appropriate models of health in order to exceed the longevity with health promotion.
Prof. Frank Snyder presents at the Doctoral Midwifery Research Society Alcohol & Medication in Pregnancy Conference about 'Modifiable risk in Pregnancy & Health behaviour change: Utilising the Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI)'
The impact of social policies on gender inequalities in healthsophieproject
"The impact of social policies on gender inequalities in health" by Laia Palència and Davide Malmusi, in the framework of the final conference of the European research project SOPHIE. 29th September 2015, Brussels
Driving Health Equity into Action: Planning Strategy to Address Complex Socia...Wellesley Institute
This presentation provides insight on the importance of a planning strategy to address complex social determinants of health.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The biomedical model of health has been dominant around the globe since several decades. The main content of shared document is to explain its actual meaning, its core principles and its claims about health and illness. At the end, some of the critical suggestions have been highlighted for the readers to create an awareness among the health professionals for adopting the other more appropriate models of health in order to exceed the longevity with health promotion.
Prof. Frank Snyder presents at the Doctoral Midwifery Research Society Alcohol & Medication in Pregnancy Conference about 'Modifiable risk in Pregnancy & Health behaviour change: Utilising the Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI)'
The impact of social policies on gender inequalities in healthsophieproject
"The impact of social policies on gender inequalities in health" by Laia Palència and Davide Malmusi, in the framework of the final conference of the European research project SOPHIE. 29th September 2015, Brussels
Web image size prediction for efficient focused image crawling
Paper by: Katerina Andreadou, Symeon Papadopoulos and Yiannis Kompatsiaris from Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH) – Information Technologies Institute (ITI)
Presented by Katerina Iliakopoulou on CBMI 2015, June 11, 2015, Prague, Czech Republic
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
Target of public health approaches.
The shifting role of behaviour ( simple-complex)
Behavioural risk factors (itself- determinant-consequent)
determinants of behaviour
Public health strategies to influence determinants of behaviour
The interaction of socioeconomic status (SES), environments, and behaviour
Denormalizing behaviour
Public health interventions and conclusion
Causation. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
Similar to Aetiology and prediction: the difference between pathogenesis and prevention (20)
How is Who. Evidence as clues for action in participatory approaches.
Aetiology and prediction: the difference between pathogenesis and prevention
1. The integration of
social and biological mechanisms
for healthcare prediction and intervention
A follow up from:
The integration of social, behavioural and biological
mechanisms
in models of pathogenesis
Mike Kelly, Rachel Kelly, and Federica Russo
3. Overview
The pathogenic approach for communicable diseases
Causal models of disease and Predictive models of interventions
Non-communicable diseases
Why the pathogenic model does not work
The contribution of ‘the social’
The role of human behaviour in disease aetiology
Predictive models of intervention
Regress analysis and the means-end relation
3
5. Causes and mechanisms
The conceptualisation of disease
The outcome of exposure to a pathogen or other noxious factor
Pathogens
Cause disease
Initiate complex mechanisms that lead to disease
Complications
Multiple pathogens at work
Factors that mediate interactions
Individuals experience multiple morbidities
etc
5
6. Intervening on the pathogens
T1: enough knowledge about good health state, biopathogenesis of
disease, risk of getting disease, etc
Action A: treatment of disease, alleviation, protection from risk
protecting people from microorganisms through isolation,
providing clean water,
removing sewage,
immunisation and improving nutritional status and housing conditions
T2: predict evolution of disease, prevention, etc.
Underlying conception:
Necessary and sufficient conditions
6
T1 A T2
8. Why the pathogenic model
does not work
NCDs: non-infectious, non-transmittable among people
T1 A T2 often fails
Actions:
reduce exposure to some environmental factors;
advice about physical activity, nutrition, smoking habits, …
How much control do we have?
On environmental factors – to some extent
On human behaviour – much less
8
9. Asymmetry between
aetiology and prediction in NCDs
Aetiology
Biopathogenesis of CDs
Biological causes and
mechanisms
Behaviour does contribute to
risk in NCDs
Aetiology: bio-psycho-social
pathogenesis
Prediction
Public health interventions
T1AT2 model has been
largely successful
Intervention models did not
shift to a bio-psycho-social
approach
Or, if if it did, it happened very
late
9
11. Sociology. And health.
Sociology attempts to explain and predict
human behaviour
Societies manifest observable patterns of change
Humans are thinking acting beings
Their thought and action take place within the constraints imposed by
social structures
What links behaviour and health?
11
12. Social causes are proximal
The proximal – distal distinction
Biological causes are proximal, social causes are distal
Distal causes do not exert direct influence on health
Hence, social causes are at best ‘classificatory devices’,
but not active causes in disease aetiology
Against the proximal – distal distinction
12
13. The ‘lifeworld’
Relationships with significant
others, neighbours, friends
Local services, shops
Communities and workplaces
The immediate physical and
microbiological
environments
Mediates exposure to toxins,
hazards, pathogens, etc
Drives health states of
individuals and populations
Is the product of the
interaction between human
agency and social structure
13
14. An integrated pathogenic approach
The ‘social’ and the ‘biological’ are integrated in the
aetiology
Behavioural factors are active parts of disease
mechanisms
An integrated pathogenic approach leads us
to rethink models of intervention
14
16. Communicable diseases
Causal model of disease Predictive Model of intervention
Recovery /
improved health
status
Biological
mechanisms
Treatment /
public health
intervention
Exposure to
pathogens
Biological
mechanisms
Disease
Cause-effect
Means-end
16
17. Non-Communicable diseases
Causal model of disease Predictive model of intervention
Recovery /
improved health
status
Biological
mechanisms
Public health
intervention
Life world
Bio-psycho-
social
mechanisms
Disease
Multiple
bio-
psycho-
social
paths
17
Multipl
e
means-
end
relation
s
18. Some remarks
The ‘bio-psycho-social paths’ and ‘means-end relations’
complex networks
not linear causal relations
Models of interventions are conceptualised
in terms of means-end:
Identify the function of a psycho-social factor
Intervening on the function may lead to intervene on something
different than the corresponding cause
The function of psycho-social factor is highly context dependent
18
19. What is function?
In the context of a causal mechanism:
Functions are role-functions
The theoretical underpinnings of causal factors
They are part of the description of the functioning
of a component part of a mechanism
A strong conceptual link between functions and causes
19
21. In the pathogenic approach
Alcohol consumption is a
‘single’, ‘homogeneous’
behaviour
Reduce exposure to the
pathogen ( = ethanol)
To reduce liver diseases,
cancer, obesity, accidents,
injury, violence
Actions: change in prices,
licensing regimes, education
campaign
21
T1 A T2
22. Alcohol consumption is
a social structure
It varies across friends,
family, social groups,
populations, age
groups, etc
Alcohol consumption is
part of the lifeworld
of individual and of
groups
Targeted groups
Function of alcohol
consumption in their
lifeworld
Targeted interventions
22
In an integrated pathogenic approach
24. For communicable diseases
The pathogenic approach is largely
successful
Causal model of disease
Predictive model of intervention
For non-communicable diseases
The pathogenic approach is wanting
on both sides
Causal model of disease
Integrate bio-social mechanisms
Predictive model of intervention
Recast causal paths in terms of
means-end relation, according to
the functions of social factors in the
lifeworld
24
Editor's Notes
Note about change of title – better represent our ideas, which is work in progress
Follow up paper with Mike and with Rachel Kelly on integration of biological and social mechs of disease. Will see during the presentation in what ways it builds on that.
Work in progress about different models for aetiology and prediction
Increased complexity in aetiology, but not quite in prediction