Key social determinants related to cardiovascular disease include professional context, social relationships and isolation, geographic environment, and ethnicity. A longitudinal study found that social isolation early in life increases risk of cardiovascular disease and other health issues later in adulthood. Geographic location is also a determinant, as areas with more pollution and fewer green spaces see higher rates of cardiovascular disease. Ethnic minorities often experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease due to issues like lower socioeconomic status and institutional racism.